Isotopic studies of nitrogen pollution in the hydrosphere and atmosphere: A review

Ayers, 1984, Solubility of ammonia in rainwater, Tellus, 36B, 85, 10.1111/j.1600-0889.1984.tb00230.x Black, 1977, The natural abundance of 15N in the soil-water system of a small catchment area, Aust. J. Soil. Res., 15, 51, 10.1071/SR9770051 Bokhoven, 1966, Determination of the abundance of carbon and nitrogen isotopes in Dutch coals and natural gas, Nature (London), 211, 927, 10.1038/211927a0 Bremner, 1973, Nitrogen-15 enrichment of soils and soil-derived nitrate, J. Environ. Qual., 2, 363, 10.2134/jeq1973.00472425000200030013x Bremner, 1966, Assumptions and errors in nitrogen-15 research, 429 Calvert, 1985, Chemical mechanisms of acid generation in the troposphere, Nature (London), 317, 27, 10.1038/317027a0 Cheng, 1964, Variations of nitrogen-15 abundance in soils, Science, 146, 1574, 10.1126/science.146.3651.1574 Cline, 1975, Isotopic fractionation of dissolved nitrate during denitrification in the eastern tropical North Pacific Ocean, Mar. Chem., 3, 271, 10.1016/0304-4203(75)90009-2 Delwiche, 1970, The nitrogen cycle, Sci. Am., 223, 136, 10.1038/scientificamerican0970-136 Delwiche, 1970, Nitrogen isotope fractionation in soils and microbial reactions, Environ. Technol., 4, 929, 10.1021/es60046a004 Edwards, 1973, Isotopic tracer techniques for identification of sources of nitrate pollution, J. Environ. Qual., 2, 382, 10.2134/jeq1973.00472425000200030018x Feigin, 1974, Variation in the natural nitrogen-15 abundance in nitrate mineralized during incubation of several Illinois soils, 38, 90 Forman, 1985, Nitrates, nitrites and gastric cancer in Great Britain, Nature (London), 313, 620, 10.1038/313620a0 Freyer, 1979, Seasonal trends of NH4+ and NO3− nitrogen isotope composition in rain collected at Jülich, Germany, Tellus, 30, 83, 10.1111/j.2153-3490.1978.tb00820.x Freyer, 1974, Nitrogen-15 variations in fertilizer nitrogen, J. Environ. Qual., 3, 405, 10.2134/jeq1974.00472425000300040023x Freyer, 1975, Nitrogen-15 studies on identifying fertilizer excess in environmental systems, 21 Fritz, 1980, Introduction, Vol. 1, 1 Gormly, 1979, Sources and concentrations of nitrate-nitrogen in ground water of the Central Platte Region, Nebraska, Ground Water, 17, 291, 10.1111/j.1745-6584.1979.tb03323.x Grootes, 1969, Isotopic fractionation between gaseous and condensed carbon dioxide, Z. Phys., 221, 257, 10.1007/BF01392177 Hauck, 1972, Use of variations in natural nitrogen isotope abundance for environmental studies: a questionable approach, Science, 177, 453, 10.1126/science.177.4047.453 Heaton, 1984, Sources of the nitrate in phreatic groundwater in the western Kalahari, J. Hydrol., 67, 249, 10.1016/0022-1694(84)90244-0 Heaton, 1985, Isotopic and chemical aspects of nitrate in the groundwater of the Springbok Flats, Water S. Afr., 11, 199 Heaton, 1986 Heaton, 1985, The analysis of 15N/14N ratios in natural samples, with emphasis on nitrate and ammonium in precipitation, CSIR (Counc. Sci. Ind. Res.), Pretoria, Res. Rep. No. 624, 28 Heaton, 1981, “Excess air” in groundwater, J. Hydrol., 50, 201, 10.1016/0022-1694(81)90070-6 Heaton, 1983, Origin and history of nitrate in confined groundwater in the western Kalahari, J. Hydrol., 62, 243, 10.1016/0022-1694(83)90105-1 Hem, 1970, Study and interpretation of the chemical characteristics of natural water, U.S. Geol. Surv., Water-Supply Pap. 1473, 363 Hoering, 1955, Variation of nitrogen-15 abundance in naturally occurring substances, Science, 122, 1233, 10.1126/science.122.3182.1233 Hoering, 1957, The isotopic composition of the ammonia and the nitrate ion in rain, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 12, 97, 10.1016/0016-7037(57)90021-2 Hoering, 1960, Isotope effect in the fixation of nitrogen by Azotobacter, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 82, 376, 10.1021/ja01487a031 I.A.E.A. (International Atomic Energy Agency), 1968 Junk, 1958, The absolute abundance of the nitrogen isotopes in the atmosphere and compressed gas from various sources, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 14, 234, 10.1016/0016-7037(58)90082-6 Karamanos, 1981, Variation in natural N-15 abundance of central Saskatchewan soils, Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 45, 826, 10.2136/sssaj1981.03615995004500040031x Kirshenbaum, 1947, Separation of the nitrogen isotopes by the exchange reaction between ammonia and solutions of ammonium nitrate, J. Chem. Phys., 15, 440, 10.1063/1.1746562 Kohl, 1971, Fertilizer nitrogen: contribution to nitrate in surface water in a corn belt watershed, Science, 174, 1331, 10.1126/science.174.4016.1331 Kohl, 1973, Variation of 15N in corn and soil following application of fertilizer nitrogen, 37, 888 Kreitler, 1975, Determining the source of nitrate in groundwater by nitrogen isotope studies, Univ. of Texas, Austin, Texas, Bur. Econ. Geol., Rep. Invest., No. 83, 57 Kreitler, 1979, Nitrogen-isotope ratio studies of soils and groundwater nitrate from alluvial fan aquifers in Texas, J. Hydrol., 42, 147, 10.1016/0022-1694(79)90011-8 Kreitler, 1983, Nitrogen-isotope analysis of groundwater nitrate in carbonate aquifers: natural sources versus human pollution, J. Hydrol., 61, 285, 10.1016/0022-1694(83)90254-8 Kreitler, 1975, Natural soil nitrate: the cause of the nitrate contamination of groundwater in Runnels County, Texas, Ground Water, 13, 53, 10.1111/j.1745-6584.1975.tb03065.x Létolle, 1980, Nitrogen-15 in the natural environment, Vol. 1, 407 Lindau, 1984, Major procedural discrepancies in soil extracted nitrate levels and nitrogen isotopic values, Ground Water, 22, 273, 10.1111/j.1745-6584.1984.tb01399.x Mariotti, 1983, Atmospheric nitrogen as a reliable standard for natural 15N abundance measurements, Nature (London), 303, 685, 10.1038/303685a0 Mariotti, 1984, Utilisation des variations naturelles d'abondance isotopique en 15N pour tracer l'origine des pollutions des aquifères par les nitrates, 605 Mariotti, 1977, Application de l'étude isotopique de l'azote en hydrologie et hydrogéologie — Analyse des résultats obtenus sur un exemple précis: le Basin de Mélarchez (Seine-et-Marne, France), J. Hydrol., 33, 157, 10.1016/0022-1694(77)90105-6 Mariotti, 1980, Variations de la composition isotopique naturelle (15N) de l'azote minéral de sols carbonatés, suivies en incubation et au champ, Sci. Sol., 2, 141 Mariotti, 1981, Experimental determination of nitrogen kinetic isotope fractionation: some principles; illustration for the denitrification and nitrification processes, Plant Soil, 62, 413, 10.1007/BF02374138 Mariotti, 1982, Nitrogen isotope fractionation associated with the NO2− → N2O step of denitrification in soils, Can. J. Soil Sci., 62, 227, 10.4141/cjss82-027 Mariotti, 1984, Natural isotopic composition of nitrogen as a tracer of origin for suspended organic matter in the Scheldt estuary, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 48, 549, 10.1016/0016-7037(84)90283-7 Meints, 1975, Natural 15N abundance in soil, leaves, and grain as influenced by long term additions of fertilizer N at several rates, J. Environ. Qual., 4, 486, 10.2134/jeq1975.00472425000400040013x Miyake, 1967, The abundance ratio of 15N/14Nin marine environments, Rec. Oceanogr. Works Jpn., 9, 37 Miyake, 1971, The isotope effect on the nitrogen in biochemical, oxidation—reduction reactions, Rec. Oceanogr. Works Jpn., 11, 1 Moore, 1974, Isotopic measurement of atmospheric nitrogen compounds, Tellus, 26, 169, 10.1111/j.2153-3490.1974.tb01963.x Moore, 1977, The isotopic composition of ammonia, nitrogen dioxide and nitrate in the atmosphere, Atmos. Environ., 11, 1239, 10.1016/0004-6981(77)90102-0 N.A.S. (National Academy of Sciences), 1972, Accumulation of nitrate, 106 Peters, 1978, Correlation of carbon and nitrogen stable isotope ratios in sedimentary organic matter, Limnol. Oceanogr., 23, 598, 10.4319/lo.1978.23.4.0598 Reinhorn, 1974, Nitrigen release associated with the decrease in soil organic matter in newly cultivated soils, J. Environ. Qual., 3, 118, 10.2134/jeq1974.00472425000300020005x Rennie, 1976, Natural nitrogen-15 abundance of soil and plant samples, Can. J. Soil Sci., 56, 43, 10.4141/cjss76-006 Richards, 1961, Nitrogen/argon and nitrogen isotope ratios in two anaerobic environments, the Cariaco Trench in the Caribbean Sea and Dramsfjord, Norway, Deep-Sea Res., 7, 254, 10.1016/0146-6313(61)90043-0 Riga, 1971, Rapport isotopique naturel de l'azote dans quelques sols forestiers et agricoles de Belgique sournis à divers traitements culturaux, Geoderma, 6, 213, 10.1016/0016-7061(71)90064-4 Sartory, 1985, Selected methods for the analysis of freshwater biological and microbiological samples, Rep., Hydrol. Res. Inst. Dep. Water Affairs S.A.W.B. (South African Weather Bureau), 1954, Climate of South Africa, Part 1, climate statistics, 158 Shearer, 1974, The precision of determinations of the natural abundance of nitrogen-15 in soils, fertilizers, and shelf chemicals, Soil Sci., 118, 308, 10.1097/00010694-197411000-00005 Shearer, 1978, The nitrogen-15 abundance in a wide variety of soils, Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 42, 899, 10.2136/sssaj1978.03615995004200060013x Sweeney, 1978, Oceanic nitrogen isotopes and their uses in determining the source of sedimentary nitrogen, 9 Verstraete, 1981, Nitrification in agricultural systems: Call for control, 33, 565 Vogel, 1981, Gaseous nitrogen as evidence for denitrification in groundwater, J. Hydrol., 50, 191, 10.1016/0022-1694(81)90069-X Wada, 1976, Natural abundance of 15N in particulate organic matter in the North Pacific Ocean, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 40, 249, 10.1016/0016-7037(76)90183-6 Wada, 1975, 15N abundance in nitrogen of naturally occurring substances and global assessment of denitrification from isotopic viewpoint, Geochem. J., 9, 139, 10.2343/geochemj.9.139 W.H.O. (World Health Organization), 1984, Vol. 1 Yoshida, 1984, 15N/14N ratio of dissolved N2O in the eastern tropical Pacific Ocean, Nature (London), 307, 442, 10.1038/307442a0 Young, 1983, Data acquisition and evaluation of groundwater pollution by nitrates, pesticides and disease-producing bacteria, Environ. Geol., 5, 11, 10.1007/BF02381295