International experiences with the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale-A review of validation data and clinical results

Journal of Psychosomatic Research - Tập 42 Số 1 - Trang 17-41 - 1997
Christoph S. Herrmann1
1Department of Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University of Göttingen, Germany

Tóm tắt

Từ khóa


Tài liệu tham khảo

Zigmond, 1983, The hospital anxiety and depression scale, Acta Psychiatr Scand, 67, 361, 10.1111/j.1600-0447.1983.tb09716.x

Snaith, 1994

Herrmann, 1995

Herrmann, 1991, Psychologisches Screening von Patienten einer kardiologischen Akutklinik mit einer deutschen Fassung der “Hospital Anxiety and Depression” (HAD)-Skala, Psychother Psychosom Med Psychol, 41, 83

Fallowfield, 1987, Do psychological studies upset patients?, J R Soc Med, 80, 59, 10.1177/014107688708000124

el Rufaie, 1988, Identifying anxiety and depressive disorders among primary care patients: a pilot study, Acta Psychiatr Scand, 77, 280, 10.1111/j.1600-0447.1988.tb05121.x

Ford, 1990, Is group psychotherapy feasible for oncology outpatients attenders selected on the basis of psychological morbidity?, Br J Cancer, 62, 624, 10.1038/bjc.1990.342

Salkovskis, 1990, Psychiatric morbidity in an accident and emergency department, Br J Psychiatry, 156, 483, 10.1192/bjp.156.4.483

Fraser, 1992, Psychological screening for non-specific abdominal pain, Br J Surg, 79, 1369, 10.1002/bjs.1800791244

Herrmann, 1994, Vorstellung und Validierung einer deutschen Version der “Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale” (HAD-Skala); Ein Fragebogen zur Erfassung des psychischen Befindens bei Patienten mit körperlichen Beschwerden, Diagnostica Berlin, 40, 143

Jack, 1987, Depression, anxiety and chronic pain, Anaesthesia, 42, 1235, 10.1111/j.1365-2044.1987.tb05251.x

Razavi, 1989, Validation de la version francaise du HADS dans une population de patients cancéreux hospitalisés, Rev Psychol Appliquée, 39, 295

Malasi, 1991, Validation of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale in Arab patients, Acta Psychiatr Scand, 84, 323, 10.1111/j.1600-0447.1991.tb03153.x

Mumford, 1991, The translation and evaluation of an Urdu version of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, Acta Psychiatr Scand, 83, 81, 10.1111/j.1600-0447.1991.tb07370.x

Leung, 1993, Evaluation of the Chinese version of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, Int J Psychosom, 40, 29

el Rufaie, 1995, Retesting the validity of the Arabic version of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression (HAD) scale in primary health care, Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol, 30, 26, 10.1007/BF00784431

Botega, 1995, Mood disorders among medical inpatients: a validation study of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HAD), Revista de Saude Publica, 29, 355

Moorey, 1991, The factor structure and factor stability of the hospital anxiety and depression scale in patients with cancer, Br J Psychiatry, 158, 255, 10.1192/bjp.158.2.255

Brandberg, 1992, Anxiety and depressive symptoms at different stages of malignant melanoma, Psycho-Oncology, 1, 71, 10.1002/pon.2960010204

Elliott, 1993, Comparison of three instruments for measuring patient anxiety in a coronary care unit, Intens Crit Care Nurs, 9, 195, 10.1016/0964-3397(93)90027-U

Prettyman, 1993, A three-month follow-up of psychological morbidity after early miscarriage, Br J Med Psychol, 66, 363, 10.1111/j.2044-8341.1993.tb01762.x

Kurer, 1995, Psychological mood of regular dental attenders in relation to oral hygiene behaviour and gingival health, J Clin Periodontol, 22, 52, 10.1111/j.1600-051X.1995.tb01770.x

Visser, 1995, Measuring quality of life in patients with myocardial infarction or stroke: a feasibility study of four questionnaires in The Netherlands, J Epidemiol Community Health, 49, 513, 10.1136/jech.49.5.513

Herrmann, 1995, Vorhersage der Lebensqualität männlicher Postinfarktpatienten mit koronarer 3-Gefäβ-Erkrankung, Z Kardiol, 84, 29

Sigurdardottir, 1993, The impact of generalized malignant melanoma on quality of life evaluated by the EORTC questionnaire technique, Qual Life Res, 2, 193, 10.1007/BF00435223

Chaturvedi, 1991, Clinical irrelevance of HAD factor structure, Br J Psychiatry, 159, 298, 10.1192/bjp.159.2.298a

Aylard, 1987, A validation study of three anxiety and depression self-assessment scales, J Psychosom Res, 31, 261, 10.1016/0022-3999(87)90083-3

Channer, 1985, Anxiety and depression in patients with chest pain referred for exercise testing, Lancet, ii, 820, 10.1016/S0140-6736(85)90805-0

Chandarana, 1987, The detection of psychiatric morbidity and associated factors in patients with rheumatoid arthritis, Can J Psychiatry, 32, 356, 10.1177/070674378703200506

Barczak, 1988, Patterns of psychiatric morbidity in a genito-urinary clinic, Br J Psychiatry, 152, 698, 10.1192/bjp.152.5.698

Bramley, 1988, The differentiation of anxiety and depression by rating scales, Acta Psychiatr Scand, 77, 133, 10.1111/j.1600-0447.1988.tb05089.x

Jimenez, 1989, Behavioural habits and affective disorders in old people, J Adv Nurs, 14, 356, 10.1111/j.1365-2648.1989.tb01541.x

King, 1989, Relation of lung function and exercise capacity to mood and attitudes to health, Thorax, 44, 402, 10.1136/thx.44.5.402

Lewis, 1991, Observer bias in the assessment of anxiety and depression, Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol, 26, 265, 10.1007/BF00789218

Tauschke, 1991, Evidence that defence mechanisms are more related to personality than to symptoms, Br J Med Psychol, 64, 137, 10.1111/j.2044-8341.1991.tb01651.x

Caplan, 1994, Stress, anxiety, and depression in hospital consultants, general practitioners, and senior health service managers, BMJ, 309, 1261, 10.1136/bmj.309.6964.1261

Jenkins, 1994, A prospective study of psychosocial morbidity in adult bone marrow transplant recipients, Psychosomatics, 35, 361, 10.1016/S0033-3182(94)71757-6

Farooq, 1995, Somatization: a transcultural study, J Psychosom Res, 39, 883, 10.1016/0022-3999(94)00034-6

Lepine, 1985, Evaluation de l'anxiété et de la dépression chez des patients hospitalisés dans un service de médecine interne, Ann Méd Psychol, 143, 175

Snaith, 1985, Rating scales for depression and anxiety: a current perspective, Br J Clin Pharmacol, 19, 17S, 10.1111/j.1365-2125.1985.tb02737.x

el Rufaie, 1987, Validity study of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale among a group of Saudi patients, Br J Psychiatry, 151, 687, 10.1192/bjp.151.5.687

Kenn, 1987, Validation of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale in an elderly psychiatric population, Int J Geriatr Psychiatry, 2, 189, 10.1002/gps.930020309

Hicks, 1988, The measurement of preoperative anxiety, J R Soc Med, 81, 517, 10.1177/014107688808100907

Hill, 1990, The arthritis impact measurement scales: an anglicized version to assess the outcome of British patients with rheumatoid arthritis, Br J Rheumatol, 29, 193, 10.1093/rheumatology/29.3.193

Upadhyaya, 1993, Hospital anxiety depression scale, Br J Gen Pract, 43, 349

Clark, 1994, Use of nonsomatic symptoms to differentiate clinically depressed and nondepressed hospitalized patients with chronic medical illnesses, Psychol Rep, 75, 1089, 10.2466/pr0.1994.75.3.1089

Millar, 1995, Assessment of preoperative anxiety: comparison of measures in patients awaiting surgery for breast cancer, Br J Anaesth, 74, 180, 10.1093/bja/74.2.180

Shuldham, 1995, Assessment of anxiety in hospital patients, J Adv Nurs, 22, 87, 10.1046/j.1365-2648.1995.22010087.x

Cairns, 1992, Assessing the severity of depressive illness, J Clin Psychol, 48, 455, 10.1002/1097-4679(199207)48:4<455::AID-JCLP2270480405>3.0.CO;2-Z

Andrews, 1987, Psychiatric illness in patients with inflammatory bowel disease, Gut, 28, 1600, 10.1136/gut.28.12.1600

Wilkinson, 1988, Psychiatric screening in general practice: comparison of the general health questionnaire and the hospital anxiety depression scale, J R Coll Gen Pract, 38, 311

Lewis, 1990, Comparison of the General Health Questionnaire and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, Br J Psychiatry, 157, 860, 10.1192/bjp.157.6.860

Greenough, 1991, Comparison of eight psychometric instruments in unselected patients with back pain, Spine, 16, 1068, 10.1097/00007632-199109000-00010

Hamer, 1991, Using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale to screen for psychiatric disorders in people presenting with deliberate self-harm, Br J Psychiatry, 158, 782, 10.1192/bjp.158.6.782

Hopwood, 1991, Screening for psychiatric morbidity in patients with advanced breast cancer: validation of two self-report questionnaires, Br J Cancer, 64, 353, 10.1038/bjc.1991.305

Meakin, 1992, Screening for depression in the medically ill: the future of paper and pencil tests, Br J Psychiatry, 160, 212, 10.1192/bjp.160.2.212

Ibbotson, 1994, Screening for anxiety and depression in cancer patients: the effects of disease and treatment, Eur J Cancer, 30A, 37, 10.1016/S0959-8049(05)80015-2

Jadresic, 1994, Long-term impact of HIV diagnosis on mood and substance use-St. Stephen's cohort study, Int J Std AIDS, 5, 248, 10.1177/095646249400500404

Silverstone, 1994, Poor efficacy of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale in the diagnosis of major depressive disorder in both medical and psychiatric patients, J Psychosom Res, 38, 441, 10.1016/0022-3999(94)90105-8

Ramirez, 1995, Can mood disorder in women with breast cancer be identified preoperatively?, Br J Cancer, 72, 1509, 10.1038/bjc.1995.538

Johnson, 1995, Screening instruments for depression and anxiety following stroke: experience in the Perth community stroke study, Acta Psychiatr Scand, 91, 252, 10.1111/j.1600-0447.1995.tb09778.x

Lepine, 1985, Anxiety and depression in inpatients, Lancet, ii, 1425, 10.1016/S0140-6736(85)92589-9

Razavi, 1990, Screening for adjustment disorders and major depressive disorders in cancer in-patients, Br J Psychiatry, 156, 79, 10.1192/bjp.156.1.79

Mumford, 1991, An investigation of ‘functional’ somatic symptoms among patients attending hospital medical clinics in Pakistan-II. Using somatic symptoms to identify patients with psychiatric disorders, J Psychosom Res, 35, 257, 10.1016/0022-3999(91)90079-4

Abiodun, 1994, A validity study of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale in general hospital units and a community sample in Nigeria, Br J Psychiatry, 165, 669, 10.1192/bjp.165.5.669

Razavi, 1992, Screening for psychiatric disorders in a lymphoma out-patient population, Eur J Cancer, 28A, 1869, 10.1016/0959-8049(92)90025-W

Herrmann, 1993, Angina Pectoris bei Myokardischämie: Bedeutung psychischer Distressfaktoren, Z Kardiol, 82, 180

Tignol, 1993, A double-blind, randomized, fluoxetine-controlled, multicenter study of paroxetine in the treatment of depression, J Clin Psychopharmacol, 13, 18S

Tyrer, 1988, The Nottingham study of neurotic disorder: comparison of drug and psychological treatments, Lancet, ii, 235, 10.1016/S0140-6736(88)92535-4

Greer, 1991, Evaluation of adjuvant psychological therapy for clinically referred cancer patients, Br J Cancer, 63, 257, 10.1038/bjc.1991.60

Greer, 1992, Adjuvant psychological therapy for patients with cancer: a prospective randomised trial, BMJ, 304, 675, 10.1136/bmj.304.6828.675

Burton, 1995, A randomized controlled trial of preoperative psychological preparation for mastectomy, Psycho-Oncology, 4, 1, 10.1002/pon.2960040102

Thompson, 1989, A randomized controlled trial of in-hospital nursing support for first time myocardial infarction patients and their partners: effects on anxiety and depression, J Adv Nurs, 14, 291, 10.1111/j.1365-2648.1989.tb03416.x

O'Rourke, 1990, The effects of physical exercise training and cardiac education on levels of anxiety and depression in the rehabilitation of coronary artery bypass graft patients, Int Disabil Stud, 12, 104, 10.3109/03790799009166262

Thompson, 1990, Wives' responses to counselling early after myocardial infarction, J Psychosom Res, 34, 249, 10.1016/0022-3999(90)90081-E

Thompson, 1990, A prospective evaluation of in-hospital counselling for first time myocardial infarction men, J Psychosom Res, 34, 237, 10.1016/0022-3999(90)90080-N

Lewin, 1992, Effects of self-help post-myocardial-in-farction rehabilitation on psychological adjustment and use of health services, Lancet, 339, 1036, 10.1016/0140-6736(92)90547-G

Elliott, 1994, The effects of music and muscle relaxation on patient anxiety in a coronary care unit, Heart Lung, 23, 27

Barakat, 1994, A randomized crossover study to assess the efficacy (of) group counselling in patients with implantable cardioverter defibrillators, PACE, 17, 864

Johnston, 1996, Cardiac rehabilitation: a controlled trial of the impact on patients and partners, Psychosom Med, 58, 68

Goldberg, 1985, Identifying psychiatric illness among general medical patients, BMJ, 291, 161, 10.1136/bmj.291.6489.161

Schünemann, 1996

Lam, 1995, Can the Hospital Anxiety and Depression (HAD) scale be used on Chinese elderly in general practice?, Fam Pract, 12, 149, 10.1093/fampra/12.2.149

Walker, 1994, How distressing is attendance for routine breast screening?, Psycho-On-cology, 3, 299, 10.1002/pon.2960030406

Dowell, 1990, Problems in using the hospital anxiety and depression scale for screening patients in general practice, Br J Gen Pract, 40, 27

Ali, 1993, Psychiatric morbidity: prevalence, associated factors and significance, J Pak Med Assoc, 43, 69

Razavi, 1986, Anxiety, depression and psychiatric disorders in cancer patients, Acta Psychiatr Belg, 86, 493

Hopwood, 1991, Psychiatric morbidity in patients with advanced cancer of the breast: prevalence measured by two self-rating questionnaires, Br J Cancer, 64, 349, 10.1038/bjc.1991.304

Yau, 1991, Long term prognosis and quality of life following intensive care for life-threatening complications of haematological malignancy, Br J Cancer, 64, 938, 10.1038/bjc.1991.430

Jelicic, 1993, Clinical note on the use of denial in patients undergoing surgery for breast cancer, Psychol Rep, 72, 952, 10.2466/pr0.1993.72.3.952

Telfer, 1993, Psychological distress in patients attending an oncology clinic after definitive treatment for maxillofacial malignant neoplasia, Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg, 22, 347, 10.1016/S0901-5027(05)80664-2

von Essen, 1994, Perceptions of caring behaviors and patient anxiety and depression in cancer patient-staff dyads, Scand J Caring Sci, 8, 205, 10.1111/j.1471-6712.1994.tb00246.x

Corney, 1992, Psychosocial adjustment following major gynaecological surgery for carcinoma of the cervix and vulva, J Psychosom Res, 36, 561, 10.1016/0022-3999(92)90041-Y

Berglund, 1991, Late effects of adjuvant chemotherapy and postoperative radiotherapy on quality of life among breast cancer patients, Eur J Cancer, 27, 1075, 10.1016/0277-5379(91)90295-O

Maraste, 1992, Anxiety and depression in breast cancer patients at start of adjuvant radiotherapy, Acta Oncol, 31, 641, 10.3109/02841869209083846

Bergman, 1991, Quality of life during chemotherapy for small cell lung cancer. I. An evaluation with generic health measures, Acta Oncol, 30, 947, 10.3109/02841869109088248

Morris, 1987, Choice of surgery for early breast cancer: pre-and postoperative levels of clinical anxiety and depression in patients and their husbands, Br J Surg, 74, 1017, 10.1002/bjs.1800741120

Sensky, 1989, Physicians' perceptions of anxiety and depression among their outpatients: relationship with patients and doctors' satisfaction with their interviews, J R Coll Phys Lond, 23, 33

Young, 1992, The role of a radiographer counsellor in a large centre for cancer treatment: a discussion paper based on an audit of the work of a radiographer counsellor, Clin Oncol R Coll Radiol, 4, 232, 10.1016/S0936-6555(05)81058-1

Brandberg, 1995, Psychological reactions in patients with malignant melanoma, Eur J Cancer, 31A, 157, 10.1016/0959-8049(94)00333-Z

Carroll, 1993, Screening for depression and anxiety in cancer patients using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, Gen Hosp Psychiatry, 15, 69, 10.1016/0163-8343(93)90099-A

Cull, 1995, Assessment of and intervention for psychosocial problems in routine oncology practice, Br J Cancer, 72, 229, 10.1038/bjc.1995.308

Ford, 1995, Psychological morbidity in newly referred patients with cancer, J Psychosom Res, 39, 193, 10.1016/0022-3999(94)00103-C

Pinder, 1993, Psychiatric disorder in patients with advanced breast cancer: prevalence and associated factors, Eur J Cancer, 29A, 524

Rosenqvist, 1993, Lack of correlation between anxiety parameters and oestrogen receptor status in early breast cancer, Eur J Cancer, 29A, 1325, 10.1016/0959-8049(93)90083-R

Canney, 1994, The prevalence of menopausal symptoms in patients treated for breast cancer, Clin Oncol R Coll Radiol, 6, 297, 10.1016/S0936-6555(05)80270-5

Ellman, 1995, Is psychological well being impaired in long-term survivors of breast cancer?, J Med Screen, 2, 5, 10.1177/096914139500200103

Banning, 1992, Pain in breast and lung cancer patients referred to a specialized cancer pain clinic, Pain Clin, 5, 9

Bergman, 1992, Quality of life during chemotherapy for small cell lung cancer. II. A longitudinal study of the EORTC Core Quality of Life Questionnaire and comparison with the Sickness Impact Profile, Acta Oncol, 31, 19, 10.3109/02841869209088260

Jenkins, 1991, A retrospective study of psychosocial morbidity in bone marrow transplant recipients, Psychosomatics, 32, 65, 10.1016/S0033-3182(91)72113-0

Abratt, 1995, Assessment of quality of life by clinicians-experience of a practical method in lung cancer patients, S Afr Med J, 85, 896

Morant, 1993, Preliminary results of a study assessing asthenia and related psychological and biological phenomena in patients with advanced cancer, Support Care Cancer, 1, 101, 10.1007/BF00366904

Velikova, 1995, The relationship of cancer pain to anxiety, Psychother Psychosom, 63, 181, 10.1159/000288957

Burton, 1994, Satisfaction of breast cancer patients with their medical and psychological care, J Psychosoc Oncol, 12, 41, 10.1300/J077V12N01_03

Bottomley, 1995, The development of the Bottomley Cancer Social Support Scale, Eur J Cancer Care Engl, 4, 127, 10.1111/j.1365-2354.1995.tb00070.x

Brandberg, 1994, Information to patients with malignant melanoma: a randomized group study, Patient Educ Counsel, 23, 97, 10.1016/0738-3991(94)90047-7

McHugh, 1995, The efficacy of audiotapes in promoting psychological well-being in cancer patients: a randomised, controlled trial, Br J Cancer, 71, 388, 10.1038/bjc.1995.79

Palmer, 1994, Chemotherapy prolongs survival in inoperable pancreatic carcinoma, Br J Surg, 81, 882, 10.1002/bjs.1800810629

Taylor, 1993, Clinical trial of tamoxifen in patients with irresectable pancreatic adenocarcinoma, Br J Surg, 80, 384, 10.1002/bjs.1800800341

Razavi, 1993, Prevention of adjustment disorders and anticipatory nausea secondary to adjuvant chemotherapy: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study assessing the usefulness of alprazolam, J Clin Oncol, 11, 1384, 10.1200/JCO.1993.11.7.1384

Leigh, 1995, Psychosocial morbidity in bone marrow transplant recipients: a prospective study, Bone Marrow Transplant, 16, 635

Macbeth, 1993, Randomized trial of two radiotherapy policies for patients (pts) with inoperable non-small cell lung cancer and good performance status, Br J Cancer, 67, 27

Girling, 1993, Randomized trial of etoposide, cyclophosphamide, methotrexate and vincristine versus etoposide and vincristine in the palliative treatment of patients with small-cell lung cancer and poor prognosis, Br J Cancer, 67, 14

Clover, 1995, Complementary cancer therapy: a pilot study of patients, therapies and quality of life, Complement Ther Med, 3, 129, 10.1016/S0965-2299(95)80051-4

Earlam, 1994, Continuous hepatic artery floxuridine (FUDR) infusion prolongs overall and normal-quality survival in colorectal liver metastasis (CLM) patients, Br J Cancer, 70, 17

Fallowfield, 1990, Psychological outcomes of different treatment policies in women with early breast cancer outside a clinical trial, BMJ, 301, 575, 10.1136/bmj.301.6752.575

Cody, 1994, Psychosocial factors and lung cancer prognosis, Psycho-Oncology, 3, 141

Shiell, 1991, The prevalence of psychiatric morbidity on a coronary care ward, J Adv Nurs, 16, 1071, 10.1111/j.1365-2648.1991.tb03368.x

Chignon, 1993, Panic disorder in cardiac outpatients, Am J Psychiatry, 150, 780, 10.1176/ajp.150.5.780

Chignon, 1994, Etude du trouble panique chez des patients consultant en cardiologie, Encephale, 20, 319

Bass, 1988, Panic anxiety and hyperventilation in patients with chest pain: a controlled study, Q J Med, 69, 949

Herrmann, 1994, Beziehungen kardiologischer Befunde und standardisierter psychologischer Skalenwerte zur klinischen Symptomatik bei 3705 ergometrisch untersuchten Patienten, Z Kardiol, 83, 264

Herrmann, 1994, Beziehungen von Angst und Depressivität zum Organbefund sowie zur subjektiven Symptomatik bei 3.705 Patienten einer kardiologischen Universitätsklinik, 421

Herrmann, 1994, Einstellungen, Befindlichkeit und Lebensqualität von Patienten mit implantiertem Defibrillator, 583

Herrmann, 1990, Auffällige Ängstlichkeit bei Patienten mit Angina pectoris: Risikofaktor oder Krankheitsfolge?, Klin Wochenschr, 68, 96

Underwood, 1993, Aspects of psychological and social morbidity in patients awaiting coronary artery bypass grafting, Br Heart J, 69, 382, 10.1136/hrt.69.5.382

Herrmann, 1993, Erhebliche Verbesserung der ergometrischen KHK-Vorhersage durch ein routinefähiges multivariates Diskriminanzmodell, Z Kardiol, 82, 41

Tew, 1995, A long-term follow-up study of patients with ischaemic heart disease versus patients with nonspecific chest pain, J Psychosom Res, 39, 977, 10.1016/0022-3999(95)00065-8

Heaton, 1991, How bad are the symptoms and bowel dysfunction of patients with the irritable bowel syndrome? A prospective, controlled study with emphasis on stool form, Gut, 32, 73, 10.1136/gut.32.1.73

Robertson, 1989, Personality profile and affective state of patients with inflammatory bowel disease, Gut, 30, 623, 10.1136/gut.30.5.623

Gorard, 1995, Central 5-hydroxytryptaminergic function in irritable bowel syndrome, Scand J Gastroenterol, 30, 994, 10.3109/00365529509096344

Porcelli, 1994, Psychological distress and levels of disease activity in inflammatory bowel disease, Ital J Gastroenterol, 26, 111

Song, 1993, Anxiety and depression in patients with abdominal bloating, Can J Psychiatry, 38, 475, 10.1177/070674379303800703

Sagar, 1993, Quality of life after restorative proctocolectomy with a pelvic ileal reservoir compares favorably with that of patients with medically treated colitis, Dis Colon Rectum, 36, 584, 10.1007/BF02049866

Ryu, 1995, Decreased brain function in patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, No To Shinkei, 47, 543

Blewett, 1996, Psychiatric disorder and outcome in irritable bowel syndrome, Psychosomatics, 37, 155, 10.1016/S0033-3182(96)71582-7

Huston, 1987, The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, J Rheumatol, 14, 644

Morley, 1995, Scaling the affective domain of pain: a study of the dimensionality of verbal descriptors, Pain, 62, 39, 10.1016/0304-3959(94)00226-5

Ledingham, 1993, Primary fibromyalgia syndrome-an outcome study, Br J Rheumatol, 32, 139, 10.1093/rheumatology/32.2.139

Lambert, 1994, A pilot study of the economic cost and clinical outcome of day patient vs inpatient management of active rheumatoid arthritis, Br J Rheumatol, 33, 383, 10.1093/rheumatology/33.4.383

Jobanputra, 1995, An audit of methotrexate and folic acid for rheumatoid arthritis, Br J Rheumatol, 34, 971, 10.1093/rheumatology/34.10.971

Jones, 1989, Relationships between general health measured with the sickness impact profile and respiratory symptoms, physiological measures, and mood in patients with chronic airflow limitation, Am Rev Respir Dis, 140, 1538, 10.1164/ajrccm/140.6.1538

Janson, 1994, Anxiety and depression in relation to respiratory symptoms and asthma, Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 149, 930, 10.1164/ajrccm.149.4.8143058

Bosley, 1995, The psychological factors associated with poor compliance with treatment in asthma, Eur Respir J, 8, 899, 10.1183/09031936.95.08060899

Littlejohns, 1991, Randomised controlled trial of the effectiveness of a respiratory health worker in reducing impairment, disability, and handicap due to chronic airflow limitation, Thorax, 46, 559, 10.1136/thx.46.8.559

Jones, 1994, Quality of life, symptoms and pulmonary function in asthma: long-term treatment with nedocromil sodium examined in a controlled multicentre trial, Eur Respir J, 7, 55, 10.1183/09031936.94.07010055

Harris, 1992, Association between postpartum thyroid dysfunction and thyroid antibodies and depression, BMJ, 305, 152, 10.1136/bmj.305.6846.152

Thapar, 1992, Psychological sequelae of miscarriage: a controlled study using the general health questionnaire and the hospital anxiety and depression scale, Br J Gen Pract, 42, 94

Trombelli, 1992, Sintomi orali in climaterio: studio di prevalenza, Minerva Stomatol, 41, 507

Henshaw, 1994, Psychological responses following medical abortion (using mifepristone and gemeprost) and surgical vacuum aspiration, Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand, 73, 812, 10.3109/00016349409072511

Pritchard, 1994, Depression and smoking in pregnancy in Scotland, J Epidemiol Community Health, 48, 377, 10.1136/jech.48.4.377

Holdcroft, 1995, Factors associated with mothers selecting general anesthesia for lower segment caesarean section, J Psychosom Obstet Gynaecol, 16, 167, 10.3109/01674829509024465

West, 1994, Ovarian suppression with the gonadotrophin-releasing hormone agonist goserelin (Zoladex) in management of the premenstrual tension syndrome, Hum Reprod, 9, 1058, 10.1093/oxfordjournals.humrep.a138633

Gibson, 1991, Evaluation of a comprehensive assessment battery for stroke patients, Int J Rehabil Res, 14, 93, 10.1097/00004356-199106000-00001

Jarman, 1990, High incidence of endogenous depression in migraine: confirmation by tyramine test, J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry, 53, 573, 10.1136/jnnp.53.7.573

Lee, 1991, Post-myelogram headache-physiological or psychological?, Neuroradiology, 33, 155, 10.1007/BF00588256

Lundqvist, 1991, Spinal cord injuries - clinical, functional, and emotional status, Spine, 16, 78, 10.1097/00007632-199101000-00014

Devlen, 1994, Anxiety and depression in migraine, J R Soc Med, 87, 338, 10.1177/014107689408700613

Lundqvist, 1994, Spinal arteriovenous malformations, Acta Neurol Scand, 90, 337, 10.1111/j.1600-0404.1994.tb02734.x

Hannah, 1991, Kinetics of platelet 5-hydroxytryptamine uptake in headache patients, Cephalalgia, 11, 141, 10.1046/j.1468-2982.1991.1103141.x

Jarman, 1991, Platelet [3H]imipramine binding in migraine and tension headache in relation to depression, J Psychiatr Res, 25, 205, 10.1016/0022-3956(91)90025-6

O'Carroll, 1991, Psychosexual and psychosocial sequelae of closed head injury, Brain Inj, 5, 303, 10.3109/02699059109008100

Graver, 1995, Can psychological traits predict the outcome of lumbar disc surgery when anamnestic and physiological risk factors are controlled for? Results of a prospective cohort study, J Psychosom Res, 39, 465, 10.1016/0022-3999(94)00148-X

Carney, 1994, A prospective study of the psychological impact on patients with a first episode of genital herpes, Genitourin Med, 70, 40

Langewitz, 1994, The integration of alternative treatment modalities in HIV infection-the patient's perspective, J Psychosom Res, 38, 687, 10.1016/0022-3999(94)90021-3

Pergami, 1994, How should a positive HIV result be given? The patients' view, AIDS Care, 6, 21, 10.1080/09540129408258021

Burgess, 1993, The reliability and validity of two HIV-specific health-related quality-of-life measures: a preliminary analysis, AIDS, 7, 1001, 10.1097/00002030-199307000-00015

Carney, 1993, The effect of suppressive oral acyclovir on the psychological morbidity associated with recurrent genital herpes, Genitourin Med, 69, 457

Nayani, 1989, The evaluation of psychiatric illness in Asian patients by the Hospital Anxiety Depression Scale, Br J Psychiatry, 155, 545, 10.1192/bjp.155.4.545

Silverstone, 1991, Is anhedonia a good measure of depression?, Acta Psychiatr Scand, 83, 249, 10.1111/j.1600-0447.1991.tb05534.x

Vassilas, 1995, The use of the hospital anxiety and depression scale in an outpatient alcohol treatment clinic, Irish J Psychol Med, 12, 101, 10.1017/S079096670001452X

Tauschke, 1990, Psychological defence mechanisms in patients with pain, Pain, 40, 161, 10.1016/0304-3959(90)90067-N

Wands, 1990, A questionnaire investigation of anxiety and depression in early dementia, J Am Geriatr Soc, 38, 535, 10.1111/j.1532-5415.1990.tb02404.x

Wood, 1992, Fluctuations in perceived energy and mood among patients with chronic fatigue syndrome, J R Soc Med, 85, 195, 10.1177/014107689208500405

Silverstone, 1990, Low self-esteem in eating disordered patients in the absence of depression, Psychol Rep, 67, 276, 10.2466/pr0.1990.67.1.276

Lepine, 1994, Evaluation des propriétés psychométriques de la version francaise du questionnaire tridimensionnel de la personnalité(TPQ), Encephale, 20, 747

Ray, 1995, Life-events and the course of the chronic fatigue syndrome, Br J Med Psychol, 68, 323, 10.1111/j.2044-8341.1995.tb01839.x

Stern, 1991, Group cognitive and behavioural treatment for hypochondriasis, BMJ, 303, 1229, 10.1136/bmj.303.6812.1229

Finch, 1995, A low threshold methadone stabilisation programme - description and first stage evaluation, Addict Res, 3, 63, 10.3109/16066359509005223

Lamey, 1989, The usefulness of the HAD scale in assessing anxiety and depression in patients with burning mouth syndrome, Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol, 67, 390, 10.1016/0030-4220(89)90379-4

Williams, 1991, Psychological consequences of burn injury, Burns, 17, 478, 10.1016/0305-4179(91)90075-R

McCartan, 1995, Psychological factors associated with oral lichen planus, J Oral Pathol Med, 24, 273, 10.1111/j.1600-0714.1995.tb01181.x

Fisher, 1989, Psychiatric screening for patients with faecal incontinence or chronic constipation referred for surgical treatment, Br J Surg, 76, 352, 10.1002/bjs.1800760413

Paterson, 1995, Burning mouth syndrome: the relationship between the HAD scale and parafunctional habits, J Oral Pathol Med, 24, 289, 10.1111/j.1600-0714.1995.tb01186.x

Sensky, 1988, Measurement of the quality of life in end-stage renal failure, N Engl J Med, 319, 1353, 10.1056/NEJM198811173192015

Sensky, 1989, Psychiatric morbidity in renal transplantation, Psychother Psychosom, 52, 41, 10.1159/000288297

Drewett, 1992, Measuring outcome of total knee replacement using quality of life indices, Ann R Coll Surg Engl, 74, 286

Cundall, 1987, Children and mothers at clinics: who is disturbed?, Arch Dis Child, 62, 820, 10.1136/adc.62.8.820

Ryde-Brandt, 1988, Mothers of primary school children with Down's syndrome, Acta Psychiatr Scand, 78, 102, 10.1111/j.1600-0447.1988.tb06307.x

Ryde-Brandt, 1990, Anxiety and defence strategies in mothers of children with different disabilities, Br J Med Psychol, 63, 183, 10.1111/j.2044-8341.1990.tb01611.x

Ryde-Brandt, 1990, Anxiety and depression in mothers of children with psychotic disorders and mental retardation, Br J Psychiatry, 156, 118, 10.1192/bjp.156.1.118

Anderson, 1995, A population-based assessment of the impact and burden of caregiving for long-term stroke survivors, Stroke, 26, 843, 10.1161/01.STR.26.5.843

Ashton, 1995, Personality, lifestyles, alcohol and drug consumption in a sample of British medical students, Med Educ, 29, 187, 10.1111/j.1365-2923.1995.tb02828.x

Helliwell, 1992, Work related upper limb disorder: the relationship between pain, cumulative load, disability, and psychological factors, Ann Rheum Dis, 51, 1325, 10.1136/ard.51.12.1325

Bruce-Jones, 1994, Indomethacin and cognitive function in healthy elderly volunteers, Br J Clin Pharmacol, 38, 45, 10.1111/j.1365-2125.1994.tb04320.x

Javed, 1994, Psychiatric morbidity among male students, J Pak Med Assoc, 44, 85

Harrison, 1994, Do cholesterol-lowering agents affect brain activity? A comparison of simvastatin, pravastatin, and placebo in healthy volunteers, Br J Clin Pharmacol, 37, 231, 10.1111/j.1365-2125.1994.tb04268.x

Maguire, 1989, Assessing quality of life in cancer patients, Br J Cancer, 60, 437, 10.1038/bjc.1989.301

Elliott, 1992, Measuring patient anxiety in coronary care. Part 1, Aust Crit Care, 5, 12, 10.1016/S1036-7314(92)70032-0

Herrmann, 1994, Erfassung von Angst und Depressivität in der medizinischen Routineversorgung, Dtsch Med Wochenschr, 119, 1283, 10.1055/s-2008-1058834

Mumford, 1991, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, Br J Psychiatry, 159, 729, 10.1192/bjp.159.5.729a