Intercalated discs of mammalian heart: A review of structure and function

Tissue and Cell - Tập 17 Số 5 - Trang 605-648 - 1985
Michael S. Forbes1, Nicholas Sperelakis2
1Department of Physiology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908, USA
2Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Cincinnati, College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio 45267, USA

Tóm tắt

Từ khóa


Tài liệu tham khảo

Adomian, 1974, Significance of the multiple intercalated disc in the hypertrophied canine heart, J. Molec. Cellular Cardiol., 6, 105, 10.1016/0022-2828(74)90014-5

Arluk, 1974, The ultrastructure of calf heart conducting fibers with special reference to nexuses and their distribution, J. Ultrastruct. Res., 49, 11, 10.1016/S0022-5320(74)90074-4

Ashraf, 1979, Correlative studies on sarcolemmal ultrastructure, permeability, and loss of intracellular enzymes in the isolated heart perfused with calcium-free medium, Am. J. Pathol., 97, 411

Ashraf, 1978, Ultrastructural modifications of nexuses (gap junctions) during early myocardial ischemia, J. Molec. Cellular Cardiol., 10, 263, 10.1016/0022-2828(78)90348-6

Ashraf, 1981, Surface ultrastructural features of isolated perfused rat hearts during calcium paradox, Scanning Electron Microscopy/1981/III, 109

Ashraf, 1982, Prevention of calcium paradox-related myocardial cell injury with diltiazem, a calcium channel blocking agent, Am. J. Cardiol., 49, 1675, 10.1016/0002-9149(82)90245-4

Ashraf, 1982, Therapeutic effect of diltiazem on myocardial cell injury during the calcium paradox, J. Molec. Cellular Cardiol, 14, 323, 10.1016/0022-2828(82)90247-4

Aurell, 1945, Die Glanzscheiben des Herzmuskelgewebes und ihre Verbindungen

Baldwin, 1979, Cardiac gap junction configuration after an uncoupling treatment as a function of time, J. Cell Biol., 82, 66, 10.1083/jcb.82.1.66

Barr, 1965, Propagation of action potentials and the structure of the nexus in cardiac muscle, J. gen. Physiol., 48, 797, 10.1085/jgp.48.5.797

Beams, 1949, Electron microscope studies on the structure of cardiac muscle, Anat. Rec., 105, 59, 10.1002/ar.1091050106

Behrendt, 1977, Effect of anabolic steroids on rat heart muscle cells. I. Intermediate filaments, Cell Tiss. Res., 180, 303, 10.1007/BF00227598

Berry, 1970, Morphology and metabolism of intact muscle cells isolated from adult rat heart, Circulation Res., 26, 679, 10.1161/01.RES.26.6.679

Brager, 1977, Topographic ultrastructure of adult mammalian myocardium

Brook, 1983, Ultrastructure of the myocardium during development from early fetal life to adult life in sheep, J. Anat., 137, 729

Buja, 1974, Intracytoplasmic junctions in cardiac muscle cells, Am. J. Pathol., 74, 613

Chacko, 1976, Observations on the ultrastructure of developing myocardium of rat embryos, J. Morphal., 150, 681, 10.1002/jmor.1051500305

Challice, 1973, The embryologic development of the mammalian heart, 91

Challice, 1974, The architectural development of the early mammalian heart, Tissue & Cell., 6, 447, 10.1016/0040-8166(74)90037-8

Colaco, 1981, A biochemical dissection of the cardiac intercalated disk: isolation of subcellular fractions containing fascia adherentes and gap junctions, J. Cell Sci., 52, 313, 10.1242/jcs.52.1.313

Cowin, 1984, Identification of desmosomal surface components (desmocollins) and inhibition of desmosome formation by specific Fab, J. Cell Sci., 70, 41, 10.1242/jcs.70.1.41

Délèze, 1983, Effect of several uncouplers of cell-to-cell communication on gap junction morphology in mammalian heart, J. Membrane Biol., 74, 203, 10.1007/BF02332124

Dewey, 1969, The structure and function of the intercalated disc in vertebrate cardiac muscle, Comparative Physiology of the Heart: Current Trends, Experientia Suppl., 15, 10, 10.1007/978-3-0348-6800-6_2

Dewey, 1964, A study of the structure and distribution of the nexus, J. Cell Biol., 28, 553, 10.1083/jcb.23.3.553

Dow, 1981, Isolated cardiac myocytes: I. Preparation of adult myocytes and their homology with intact tissue., Cardiovasc. Res., 15, 483, 10.1093/cvr/15.9.483

Eberth, 1866, Die Elemente der quergestreiften Muskeln, Virchows Arch. path. Anat., 37, 100, 10.1007/BF02116554

Eisenberg, 1983, The ultrastructure of the cardiac Purkinje strand in the dog: a morphometric analysis, froc, 217, 191

Elias, 1963, Address of the president, 2

Elz, 1984, Ultrastructural damage associated with the Ca2+ paradox The protective effect of Mn+, Am. J. Pathol., 117, 131

Emberson, 1969, Changes in the ultrastructure of rat myocardium induced by hypokalaemia, Q. J. exp. Physiol., 54, 36, 10.1113/expphysiol.1969.sp002002

Eriksson, 1979, Intermediate (skeletin) filaments in heart Purkinje fibers. A correlative morphological and biochemical identification with evidence of a cytoskeletal function, J. Cell Biol., 80, 231, 10.1083/jcb.80.2.231

Fawcett, 1969, The ultrastructure of the cat myocardium. I. Ventricular papillary muscle, J. Cell Biol., 42, 1, 10.1083/jcb.42.1.1

Ferrans, 1973, Intermyofibrillar and nuclear-myofibrillar connections in human and canine myocardium. An ultrastructural study, J. Molec. Cellular Cardiol., 5, 247, 10.1016/0022-2828(73)90065-5

Ferrans, 1973, Plasma membrane extensions in intercalated discs of human myocardium and their relationship to partial dissociations of the discs, J. Molec. Cellular Cardiol., 5, 161, 10.1016/0022-2828(73)90049-7

Fischman, 1971, Reconstruction of the heart tissue from suspension of embryonic myocardial cells: ultrastructural studies on dispersed and reaggregated cells, 125

Flegler-Balon, 1982, Effects of Ca2+deficiency, collagenase, and mechanical dispersion on the ultrastructure of cardiac myocytes of adult rats, Eur. J. Cell Biol., 27, 262

Forbes, 1984, The transverse-axial tubular system (TATS) of mouse myocardium: its morphology in the developing and adult animal, Am. J. Anat., 170, 143, 10.1002/aja.1001700203

Forbes, 1977, Cytochemical staining procedures selective for sarcotubular systems of muscle: applications and modifications, J. Ultrastruct. Res., 60, 306, 10.1016/S0022-5320(77)80016-6

Forbes, 1972, Ultrastructure of cardiac muscle from dystrophic mice, Am. J. Anat., 134, 271, 10.1002/aja.1001340302

Forbes, 1973, Cardiomyopathy in the dystrophic mouse, Vol. III, 455

Forbes, 1975, The ‘imaged-desmosome’: a component of intercalated discs in embryonic guinea pig myocardium, Anat. Rec., 183, 243, 10.1002/ar.1091830203

Forbes, 1977, Myocardial couplings: their structural variations in the mouse, J. Ultrastruct. Res., 58, 50, 10.1016/S0022-5320(77)80007-5

Forbes, 1980, Structures locaed at the level of the Z bands in mouse ventricular myocardial cells, Tissue & Cell, 12, 467, 10.1016/0040-8166(80)90037-3

Forbes, 1981, Association between mitochondria and gap junctions in mammalian myocardial cells, Tissue & Cell, 14, 25, 10.1016/0040-8166(82)90004-0

Forbes, 1983, The membrane systems and cytoskeletal elements of mammalian myocardial cells, Vol. 3, 89

Forbes, 1984, Ultrastructure of mammalian cardiac muscle, 3

Franke, 1981, Antibodies to high molecular weight polypeptides of desmosomes: specific localization of a class of junctional proteins in cells and tissues, Differentiation, 20, 217, 10.1111/j.1432-0436.1981.tb01178.x

Franke, 1982, Desmoplakins of epithelial and myocardial desmosomes are immunologically and biochemically related, Differentiation, 23, 115, 10.1111/j.1432-0436.1982.tb01274.x

Gabella, 1978, Inpocketings of the cell membrane (caveolae) in the rat myocardium, J. Ultrastruct. Res., 65, 135, 10.1016/S0022-5320(78)90051-5

Ganote, 1984, 2,4-Dinitrophenol (DNP)-induced injury in calcium-free hearts, J. Molec. Cellular Cardiol., 16, 547, 10.1016/S0022-2828(84)80641-0

Geiger, 1980, Vinculin, an intracellular protein localized at specialized sites where microfilament bundles terminate at cell membranes, 77, 4127

Goldstein, 1977, Optical diffraction of the Z lattice in canine cardiac muscle, J. Cell Biol., 75, 818, 10.1083/jcb.75.3.818

Goldstein, 1979, The Z lattice in canine cardiac muscle, J. Cell Biol., 83, 187, 10.1083/jcb.83.1.187

Goodenough, 1974, The splitting of hepatocyte gap junctions and zonulae occludentes with hypertonic disaccharides, J. Cell Biol., 61, 575, 10.1083/jcb.61.3.575

Gorbsky, 1981, Isolation of the intercellular glycoproteins of desmosomes, J. Cell Biol., 90, 243, 10.1083/jcb.90.1.243

Gros, 1978, Formation and growth of gap junctions in mouse myocardium during ontogenesis: a freeze-cleave study, J. Cell Sci., 30, 45, 10.1242/jcs.30.1.45

Gros, 1979, Formation and growth of gap junctions in mouse myocardium during ontogenesis: quantitative data and their implications on the development of intercellular communication, J. Molec. Cellular Cardiol., 11, 543, 10.1016/0022-2828(79)90429-2

Green, 1984, Gap junction connexon configuration in rapidly frozen myocardium and isolated intercalated disks, J. Cell Biol., 99, 453, 10.1083/jcb.99.2.453

Hagopian, 1974, Specialized intercellular junctions in the intercalated disc of the bat heart, Anat. Rec., 178, 599, 10.1002/ar.1091780307

Hagopian, 1970, Derivation of the Z line in the embryonic chick heart, J. Cell Biol., 44, 683, 10.1083/jcb.44.3.683

Hayashi, 1962, An electron microscope study on the conduction system of the cow heart, Jap. Circ. J., 26, 765, 10.1253/jcj.26.765

Heidenhain, 1901, Uber die Structur der menschlichen Herzmuskels, Anat. Anz., 20, 33

Hertzberg, 1984, A protein homologous to the 27,000 dalton liver gap junction protein is present in a wide variety of species and tissues, Cell, 39, 61, 10.1016/0092-8674(84)90191-0

Jordan, 1952

Jordan, 1917, A study of the intercalated discs of the heart of the beef, Am. J. Anat., 22, 285, 10.1002/aja.1000220205

Jordan, 1913, The relation of the intercalated discs to the so-called ‘segmentation’ and ‘fragmenta-tion’ of heart muscle, Anat. Anz., 43, 612

Jordan, 1912, A comparative microscopic study of the intercalated discs of vertebrate heart muscle, Am. J. Anat., 13, 151, 10.1002/aja.1000130206

Junker, 1977, Anchorfibers and the topography of junctional SR, 582

Kawamura, 1971, Comparative ultrastructure of cellular junctions in working myocardium and the conduction system under normal and pathologic conditions, J. Molec. Cellular Cardiol., 3, 31, 10.1016/0022-2828(71)90031-9

Kelly, 1967, Models of muscle Z-band fine structure based on a looping filament configuration, J. Cell Biol., 34, 827, 10.1083/jcb.34.3.827

Kelly, 1981, Traversing filaments in desmosomal and hemidesmosomal attachments: freeze-fracture approaches toward their characterization, Anat. Rec., 199, 1, 10.1002/ar.1091990102

Kensler, 1977, Nexus of flog ventricle, J. Cell Biol., 73, 768, 10.1083/jcb.73.3.768

Kensler, 1980, Isolation of mouse myocardial gap junctions, J. Cell Biol., 86, 755, 10.1083/jcb.86.3.755

Kölliker, 1859

Larsen, 1977, Structural diversity of gap junctions. A review, Tissue & Cell, 9, 373, 10.1016/0040-8166(77)90001-5

Larsen, 1983, Biological implications of gap junction structure, distribution and composition: a review, Tissue & Cell, 15, 645, 10.1016/0040-8166(83)90041-1

Larsen, 1981, Response of granulosa cell gap junctions to human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) at ovulation, Biol. Reprod., 25, 1119, 10.1095/biolreprod25.5.1119

Larsen, 1985, Relating the population dynamics of gap junctions to cellular function. In All About Gap Junctions

Lazarides, 1980, Intermediate filaments as mechanical integrators of cellular space, Nature, Lond., 283, 249, 10.1038/283249a0

Legato, 1970, Sarcomerogenesis in human myocardium, J. Molec. Cellular Cardiol., 1, 425, 10.1016/0022-2828(70)90039-8

Lindner, 1957, Die submikroskopische Morphologie des Herzmuskels, Z. Zellforsch. mikrosk. Anat., 45, 702, 10.1007/BF00338712

Manjunath, 1982, Isolation and protein composition of gap junctions from rabbit hearts, Biochem. J., 205, 189, 10.1042/bj2050189

Manjunath, 1982, Protein composition of cardiac gap junctions: comparison between mammalian species and between junctions from rat heart and liver, J. Cell Biol., 95, 88

Manjunath, 1984, Cytoplasmic surface and intramembrane components of rat heart gap junctional proteins, Am. J. Physiol., 246, H865

Marceau, 1904, Recherches sur la structure et le developpement compares des fibres cardiaques dans la serie des vertebres, Annls Sci. nat. Zoo., 19/20, 191

Marino, 1979, The atrioventricular node and bundle in the ferret heart: a light and quantitative electron microscopic study, Am. J. Anat., 154, 365, 10.1002/aja.1001540305

Markwald, 1973, Distribution and relationship of precursor Z material to organizing myofibrillar bundles in embryonic rat and hamster ventricular myocytes, J. Molec. Cellular Cardiol., 5, 341, 10.1016/0022-2828(73)90026-6

Martínez-Palomo, 1971, Presence of gap junctions between cardiac cells in the heart of nonmam- malian species, J. Ultrastruct. Res., 37, 592, 10.1016/S0022-5320(71)80027-8

Matter, 1973, A morphometric study on the nexus of rat cardiac muscle, J. Cell Biol., 56, 690, 10.1083/jcb.56.3.690

Masson-Pévet, 1979, The plasma membrane of leading pacemaker cells in the rabbit sinus node. A qualitative and quantitative ultrastructural analysis, Circulation Res., 45, 621, 10.1161/01.RES.45.5.621

Mazet, 1977, Freeze-fracture studies of gap junctions in the developing and adult amphibian cardiac muscle, Devl Biol., 60, 139, 10.1016/0012-1606(77)90115-4

Mazet, 1985, Fate of intercellular junctions in isolated adult rat cardiac cells, Circulation Res., 56, 195, 10.1161/01.RES.56.2.195

McNutt, 1970, Ultrastructure of intercellular junctions in adult and developing cardiac muscle, Am. J. Cardiol., 25, 169, 10.1016/0002-9149(70)90577-1

McNutt, 1975, Ultrastructure of the myocardial sarcolemma, Circulation Res., 37, 1, 10.1161/01.RES.37.1.1

McNutt, 1969, The ultrastructure of the cat myocardium. II. Atrial muscle, J. Cell Biol., 42, 46, 10.1083/jcb.42.1.46

McNutt, 1970, The ultrastructure of the nexus. A correlated thin-section and freeze-cleave study, J. Cell Biol., 47, 666, 10.1083/jcb.47.3.666

Mcnutt, 1973, Membrane ultrastructure at mammalian intercellular junctions, Vol. 26, 45

Melax, 1969, Fine structure of developing and adult intercalated discs in rat heart, Cardiovasc. Res., 3, 261, 10.1093/cvr/3.3.261

Mobley, 1972, The surface area of sheep cardiac Purkinje fibres, J. Physiol., 220, 547, 10.1113/jphysiol.1972.sp009722

Moore, 1957, Electron microscope study of mammalian cardiac muscle cells, J. Biophys. Biochem. Cytol., 3, 261, 10.1083/jcb.3.2.261

Moses, 1982, Ultrastructure of terminally differentiated adult rat cardiac muscle cells in culture, Am. J. Anat., 164, 113, 10.1002/aja.1001640203

Muir, 1957, An electron microscope study of the embryology of the intercalated disc in the heart of the rabbit, J. Biophys. Biochem. Cytol., 3, 193, 10.1083/jcb.3.2.193

Muir, 1967, The effects of divalent cations on the ultrastructure of the perfused rat heart, J. Anat., 101, 239

Myklebust, 1978, Leptomeric fibrils and T-tubule desmosomes in the Z-band region of the mouse heart papillary muscle, Cell Tiss. Res., 188, 205, 10.1007/BF00222631

Nag, 1981, Adult mammalian cardiac muscle cells in culture, Tissue & Cell, 13, 515, 10.1016/0040-8166(81)90023-9

Nag, 1983, Long-term cell culture of adult mammalian cardiac myocytes: electron microscopic and immunofluorescent analysis of myofibrillar structure, J. Molec. Cellular Cardiol., 15, 301, 10.1016/0022-2828(83)91342-1

Page, 1983, Freeze-fractured cardiac gap junctions: structural analysis by three methods, Am. J. Physiol., 244, H525

Pardo, 1983, Vinculin is a component of an extensive network and myofibril- sarcolemma attachment regions in cardiac muscle fibers, J. Cell Biol., 97, 1081, 10.1083/jcb.97.4.1081

Peracchia, 1977, Gap junctions. Structural changes after uncoupling procedures, J. Cell Biol., 72, 628, 10.1083/jcb.72.3.628

Peracchia, 1980, Structural correlates of gap junction permeation, Int. Rev. Cytol., 66, 81, 10.1016/S0074-7696(08)61972-5

Peracchia, 1980, Gap junction dynamics: reversible effects of divalent cations, J. Cell Biol., 87, 708, 10.1083/jcb.87.3.708

Poche, 1955, Untersuchungen zur frage des Glanzstreifen des Herzmuskelgewebes beim Warmblüter und beim Kaltblüter.Z, Zellforsch. mikrosk. Anat., 43, 104, 10.1007/BF00320740

Price, 1955, Experimental needle biopsy of the myocardium of dogs with particular reference to histologie study by electron microscopy, J. exp. Med., 101, 687, 10.1084/jem.101.6.687

Rash, 1968, Urea extraction of Z bands, intercalated disks, and desmosomes, J. Ullrastruct. Res., 24, 181, 10.1016/S0022-5320(68)90057-9

Raviola, 1980, Structure of rapidly frozen gap junctions, J. Cell Biol., 87, 273, 10.1083/jcb.87.1.273

Rayns, 1969, Ultrastructure of desmosomes in mammalian intercalated disc appearances after lanthanum treatment, J. Cell Biol., 42, 322, 10.1083/jcb.42.1.322

Revel, 1967, Hexagonal array of subunits in intercellular junctions of the mouse heart and liver, J. Cell Biol., 33, C7, 10.1083/jcb.33.3.C7

Rhodin, 1961, The structure of the specialized impulse-conduction system of the steer heart, Circulation, 24, 349, 10.1161/01.CIR.24.2.349

Roy, 1972, Dilatations of transverse tubules and of the intercalated disk in human cardiac muscle, J. Molec. Cellular Cardiol., 4, 337, 10.1016/0022-2828(72)90080-6

Shibata, 1977, Comparative ultrastructure of cell membrane specializations in vertebrate cardiac muscles, Arch. histolog. Japon., 40, 391, 10.1679/aohc1950.40.391

Shibata, 1980, Ultrastructural changes during development of gap junctions in rabbit left ventricular myocardial cells, J. Ultrastruct. Res., 71, 258, 10.1016/S0022-5320(80)90078-7

Shibata, 1977, Gap junctions in the cardiac muscle cells of the lamprey, Cell Tiss. Res., 178, 477, 10.1007/BF00219569

Shibata, 1979, Freeze-fracture studies of gap junctions in vertebrate cardiac muscle cells, J Ullrastruct. Res., 67, 79, 10.1016/S0022-5320(79)80020-9

Simpson, 1973, The ultrastructure of ventricular and atrial myocardium, 1

Sjöstrand, 1954, Electron microscopy of the intercalated discs of cardiac muscle, Experientia, 10, 369, 10.1007/BF02160542

Sjöstrand, 1958, The ultrastructure of the intercalated discs of frog, mouse and guinea pig cardiac muscle, J. Ultrastruct. Res., 1, 271, 10.1016/S0022-5320(58)80008-8

Sommer, 1979, Ultrastructure of cardiac muscle, Vol. 1, 113

Sommer, 1976, The ultraslructure of the mammalian cardiac muscle cell—with special emphasis on the tubular membrane systems, Am. J. Pathol., 82, 191

Spach, 1983, The discontinuous nature of electrical propagation in cardiac muscle, Ann. Biomed. Engineering, 11, 209, 10.1007/BF02363287

Spach, 1983, The nature of electrical propagation in cardiac muscle, Am. J. Physiol., 244, H3

Sperelakis, 1979, Propagation mechanisms in heart, A. Rev. Physiol., 41, 441, 10.1146/annurev.ph.41.030179.002301

Sperelakis, 1983, The possibility of propagation between myocardial cells not connected by low-resistance pathways, 1

Sperelakis, 1983, Propagation down a chain of excitable cells by electric field interactions in the junctional clefts: effect of variation in the junctional clefts: effect of variation in extracellular resistances, including a “sucrose gap” simulation, IEEE trans. Biomed. Eng., 30, 658, 10.1109/TBME.1983.325068

Sperelakis, 1985, Potassium accumulation in intercellular junctions combined with electric field interactions for propagation in cardiac muscle, Innov. Tech. Biol. Med., 6, 24

Spira, 1971, The nexus in the intercalated disc of the canine heart: quantitative data for an estimation of its resistance, J. Ultrastruct. Res., 34, 409, 10.1016/S0022-5320(71)80055-2

Stewart, 1978, Improved stereological techniques for studying myocardial cell growth: application to external sarcolemma. T system, and intercalated disks of rabbit and rat hearts, J. Ultrastruct. Res., 65, 119, 10.1016/S0022-5320(78)90050-3

Tokuyasu, 1983, Immunoelectron microscopic studies of desmin (skeletin) localization and intermediate filament organization in chicken cardiac muscle, J. Cell Biol., 96, 1736, 10.1083/jcb.96.6.1736

Toth, 1967, Uber die Entwicklung des Arbeits- und Erregungsleitungsmuskulatur des Herzens von Ratte und Meerschweinchen.Histologische, histochemische und elektrophysiologische Untersuchungen, Z. Zellforsch. mikrosk. Anat., 76, 543, 10.1007/BF00339755

Van Breemen, 1953, Intercalated discs in heart muscle studied with the electron microscope, Anat. Rec., 117, 49, 10.1002/ar.1091170106

Van Leeuwenhoek, 1695, Epistola 82 arcana naturae, Delphis Batavorum, 1, 451

Virágh, 1973, Origin and differentiation of cardiac muscle cells in the mouse, J. Ultrastruct. Res., 42, 1, 10.1016/S0022-5320(73)80002-4

Virágh, 1973, The impulse generation and conduction system of the heart, 43

Virágh, 1977, The development of the conduction system in the mouse embryo heart. I. The first embryonic A-V conduction pathway, Devl Biol., 56, 382, 10.1016/0012-1606(77)90278-0

Virágh, 1977, The development of the conduction system in the mouse embryo heart. II. Histogenesis of the atrioventricular node and bundle, Devl Biol., 56, 397, 10.1016/0012-1606(77)90279-2

Virágh, 1980, The development of the conduction system in the mouse embryo heart. III. The development of sinus muscle and sinoatrial node, Devl Biol., 80, 28, 10.1016/0012-1606(80)90496-0

Virágh, 1981, The origin of the epicardium and the embryonic myocardial circulation in the mouse, Anat. Rec., 201, 157, 10.1002/ar.1092010117

Virágh, 1973, The fine structure of the conducting system of the monkey heart (Macaca mulatta). I. The sino-atrial node and the internodal connections, Z. Zellforsch. mikrosk. Anat., 145, 191, 10.1007/BF00307388

Virágh, 1973, On the impulse conducting system of the monkey heart (Macaca mulatta). II. The atrioventricular node and bundle, Z. Zellforsch. mikrosk. Anat., 145, 363, 10.1007/BF00307163

von Palczewska, 1910, Uber die Structur des menschlichen Herzmuskelfasern, Arch. mikr. Anat. Entwickl., 75, 41

Wagener, 1872, Uber die quergerstreiften Muskeln des Herzens, Sitz. ber. Ges. Beforderf. ges. Naturw., Marburg, 7, 141

Werner, 1910, Besteht die Herzmuskulatur der Saugetiere aus allseits scharf begrenzten Zellen oder nicht?, Arch mikr. Anat. Entwickl., 75, 101, 10.1007/BF02979005

Weidman, 1952, The electrical constants of Purkinje fibres, J. Physiol. J. (Lond.), 118, 348, 10.1113/jphysiol.1952.sp004799

Weidman, 1969, Electrical coupling between myocardial cells, Prog. Brain Res., 31, 275, 10.1016/S0079-6123(08)63246-X

White, 1983, Gap junctions between isolated adult rat myocytes: electrophysiological properties and morphological changes, Circulation, 68, HI

Williams, 1981, Electrical coupling among heart cells in the absence of ultrastructurally defined gap junctions, J. Membrane Biol., 60, 237, 10.1007/BF01992561

Zampighi, 1980, On the structure of isolated junctions between communicating cells, In Vitro, 16, 1018, 10.1007/BF02619252

Zampighi, 1980, On gap junction structure, J. Cell Biol., 86, 190, 10.1083/jcb.86.1.190

Zimmerman, 1910, Uber den Bau der Herzmuskulatur, Arch. mikr. Anat. Entwickl., 75, 40, 10.1007/BF02979004