Initial Soil Organic Matter Content Influences the Storage and Turnover of Litter, Root and Soil Carbon in Grasslands
Tóm tắt
Grassland degradation is a worldwide problem that often leads to substantial loss of soil organic matter (SOM). To estimate the potential for carbon (C) accumulation in degraded grassland soils, we first need to understand how SOM content influences the transformation of plant C and its stabilization within the soil matrix. We conducted a greenhouse experiment using C3 soils with six levels of SOM content; we planted the C4 grass Cleistogenes squarrosa or added its litter to the soils to investigate how SOM content regulates the storage of new soil C derived from litter and roots, the decomposition of extant soil C, and the formation of soil aggregates. We found that with the increase in SOM content, microbial biomass carbon (MBC) and the mineralization of litter C increased. Both the litter addition and planted treatments increased the amount of new C inputs to soil. However, the mineralization of extant soil C was significantly accelerated by the presence of living roots but was not affected by litter addition. Accordingly, the soil C content was significantly higher in the litter addition treatments but was not affected by the planted treatments by the end of the experiment. The soil macroaggregate fraction increased with SOM content and was positively related to MBC. Our experiment suggests that as SOM content increases, plant growth and soil microbial activity increase, which allows microbes to process more plant-derived C and promote new soil C formation. Although long-term field experiments are needed to test the robustness of our findings, our greenhouse experiment suggests that the interactions between SOM content and plant C inputs should be considered when evaluating soil C turnover in degraded grasslands.
Từ khóa
Tài liệu tham khảo
Bastida F, Moreno JL, Hernandez T, García C. 2006. Microbiological degradation index of soils in a semiarid climate. Soil Biol Biochem 38:3463–73.
Bird JA, Kleber M, Torn MS. 2008. 13C and 15N stabilization dynamics in soil organic matter fractions during needle and fine root decomposition. Org Geochem 39:465–77.
Bird JA, Torn MS. 2006. Fine Roots vs. Needles A Comparison of 13C and 15N Dynamics in a Ponderosa Pine Forest Soil. Biogeochemistry 79:361–82.
Blagodatskaya E, Khomyakov N, Myachina O, Bogomolova I, Blagodatsky S, Kuzyakov Y. 2014. Microbial interactions affect sources of priming induced by cellulose. Soil Biol Biochem 74:39–49.
Blanco-Canqui H, Lal R. 2004. Mechanisms of Carbon Sequestration in Soil Aggregates. Crit Rev Plant Sci 23:481–504.
Bowden RD, Deem L, Plante AF, Peltre C, Nadelhoffer K, Lajtha K. 2014. Litter Input Controls on Soil Carbon in a Temperate Deciduous Forest. Soil Sci Soc Am J 78:66–75.
Bronick CJ, Lal R. 2005. Soil structure and management: a review. Geoderma 124:3–22.
Castellano MJ, Mueller KE, Olk DC, Sawyer JE, Six J. 2015. Integrating Plant Litter Quality, Soil Organic Matter Stabilization and the Carbon Saturation Concept. Global Change Biol 21:3200–9.
Certini G. 2005. Effects of fire on properties of forest soils: a review. Oecologia 143:1–10.
Cheng L, Booker FL, Tu C, Burkey KO, Zhou L, Shew HD, Rufty TW, Hu S. 2012. Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi Increase Organic Carbon Decomposition Under Elevated CO2. Science 337:1084–7.
Cheng W. 1996. Measurement of rhizosphere respiration and organic matter decomposition using natural 13C. Plant Soil 183:263–8.
Cheng W. 2009. Rhizosphere priming effect: Its functional relationships with microbial turnover, evapotranspiration, and C-N budgets. Soil Biol Biochem 41:1795–801.
Cotrufo MF, Wallenstein MD, Boot CM, Denef K, Paul E. 2013. The Microbial Efficiency-Matrix Stabilization (MEMS) framework integrates plant litter decomposition with soil organic matter stabilization: do labile plant inputs form stable soil organic matter? Global Change Biol 19:988–95.
Dakora FD, Phillips DA. 2002. Root exudates as mediators of mineral acquisition in low-nutrient environments. Plant Soil 245:35–47.
Denef K, Zotarelli L, Boddey RM, Six J. 2007. Microaggregate-associated carbon as a diagnostic fraction for management-induced changes in soil organic carbon in two Oxisols. Soil Biol Biochem 39:1165–72.
Dungait JAJ, Hopkins DW, Gregory AS, Whitmore AP. 2012. Soil organic matter turnover is governed by accessibility not recalcitrance. Global Change Biol 18:1781–96.
Feng W, Aufdenkampe AK, Six J, Plante AF. 2014. Soil organic matter stability in organo-mineral complexes as a function of increasing C loading. Soil Biol Biochem 69:398–405.
Fontaine S, Bardoux G, Abbadie L, Mariotti A. 2004. Carbon input to soil may decrease soil carbon content. Ecol Lett 7:314–20.
Fontaine S, Henault C, Aamor A, Bdioui N, Bloor JMG, Maire V, Mary B, Revaillot S, Maron PA. 2011. Fungi mediate long term sequestration of carbon and nitrogen in soil through their priming effect. Soil Biol Biochem 43:86–96.
German DP, Chacon SS, Allison SD. 2011. Substrate concentration and enzyme allocation can affect rates of microbial decomposition. Ecology 92:1471–80.
Gibson DJ. 2009. Grasses and grassland ecology. New York: Oxford University Press Inc.
Haddix ML, Paul EA, Cotrufo MF. 2016. Dual, differential isotope labeling shows the preferential movement of labile plant constituents into mineral-bonded soil organic matter. Global Change Biol. 22:2301–12.
Hanson EJ, Throop PA, Serce S, Ravenscroft J, Paul EA. 2002. Comparison of Nitrification Rates in Blueberry and Forest Soils. J Amer Soc Hort Sci 127:136–42.
Hatton PJ, Castanha C, Torn MS, Bird JA. 2015. Litter type control on soil C and N stabilization dynamics in a temperate forest. Global Change Biol 21:1358–67.
Jastrow JD, Amonette JE, Bailey VL. 2007. Mechanisms controlling soil carbon turnover and their potential application for enhancing carbon sequestration. Climatic Change 80:5–23.
Kuzyakov Y, Blagodatskaya E. 2015. Microbial hotspots and hot moments in soil: Concept and review. Soil Biol Biochem 83:184–99.
Kuzyakov Y, Domanski G. 2000. Carbon input by plants into the soil. Review. J Plant Nutr Soil Sci 163:421–31.
Kuzyakov Y, Friedel JK, Stahr K. 2000. Review of mechanisms and quantification of priming effects. Soil Biol Biochem 32:1485–98.
Lajtha K, Bowden RD, Nadelhoffer K. 2014. Litter and Root Manipulations Provide Insights into Soil Organic Matter Dynamics and Stability. Soil Sci Soc Am J 78:261–9.
Lal R. 2001. Soil degradation by erosion. Land Degrad Develop 12:519–39.
Lal R. 2003. Soil erosion and the global carbon budget. Environ Int 29:437–50.
Lange M, Eisenhauer N, Sierra CA, Bessler H, Engels C, Griffiths RI, Mellado-Vázquez PG, Malik AA, Roy J, Scheu S, Steinbeiss S, Thomson BC, Trumbore SE, Gleixner G. 2015. Plant diversity increases soil microbial activity and soil carbon storage. Nat Commun 6:6707.
Li FR, Kang LF, Zhang H, Zhao LY, Shirato Y, Taniyama I. 2005. Changes in intensity of wind erosion at different stages of degradation development in grasslands of Inner Mongolia, China. J Arid Environ 62:567–85.
Magdoff F, Weil RR. 2004. Soil organic matter in sustainable Agriculture. Boca Raton: CRC Press.
Mambelli S, Bird JA, Gleixner G, Dawson TE, Torn MS. 2011. Relative contribution of foliar and fine root pine litter to the molecular composition of soil organic matter after in situ degradation. Org Geochem 42:1099–108.
Manzoni S, Taylor P, Richter A, Porporato A, Agren GI. 2012. Environmental and stoichiometric controls on microbial carbon-use efficiency in soils. New Phytol 196:79–91.
McSherry ME, Ritchie ME. 2013. Effects of grazing on grassland soil carbon: a global review. Global Change Biol 19:1347–57.
Nguyen C. 2003. Rhizodeposition of organic C by plants: mechanisms and controls. Agronomie 23:375–96.
Pascual JA, Garcia C, Hernandez T, Moreno JL, Ros M. 2000. Soil microbial activity as a biomarker of degradation and remediation processes. Soil Biol Biochem 32:1877–83.
Prescott CE. 2010. Litter decomposition: what controls it and how can we alter it to sequester more carbon in forest soils? Biogeochemistry 101:133–49.
Rasse DP, Rumpel C, Dignac M-F. 2005. Is soil carbon mostly root carbon? Mechanisms for a specific stabilisation. Plant Soil 269:341–56.
Reid RS, Thornton PK, McCrabb GJ, Kruska RL, Atieno F, Jones PG. 2004. Is It Possible to Mitigate Greenhouse Gas Emissions in Pastoral Ecosystems of the Tropics? Environ Dev and Sustainability 6:91–109.
Santos F, Nadelhoffer K, Bird JA. 2016. Rapid fine root C and N mineralization in a northern temperate forest soil. Biogeochemistry 128:187–200.
Saxton KE, Rawls WJ. 2006. Soil Water Characteristic Estimates by Texture and Organic Matter for Hydrologic Solutions. Soil Sci Soc Am J 70:1569–78.
Sayer EJ, Heard MS, Grant HK, Marthews TR, Tanner EVJ. 2011. Soil carbon release enhanced by increased tropical forest litterfall. Nature Clim Change 1:304–7.
Schmidt MWI, Torn MS, Abiven S, Dittmar T, Guggenberger G, Janssens IA, Kleber M, Kögel-Knabner I, Lehmann J, Manning DAC, Nannipieri P, Rasse DP, Weiner S, Trumbore SE. 2011. Persistence of soil organic matter as an ecosystem property. Nature 478:49–56.
Sinsabaugh RL, Turner BL, Talbot JM, Waring BG, Powers JS, Kuske CR, Moorhead DL, Follstad Shah JJ. 2016. Stoichiometry of microbial carbon use efficiency in soils. Ecol Monogr 86:172–89.
Six J, Conant RT, Paul EA, Paustian K. 2002a. Stabilization mechanisms of soil organic matter: Implications for C-saturation of soils. Plant Soil 241:155–76.
Six J, Elliott ET, Paustian K. 2000. Soil macroaggregate turnover and microaggregate formation: a mechanism for C sequestration under no-tillage agriculture. Soil Biol Biochem 32:2099–103.
Six J, Elliott ET, Paustian K, Doran JW. 1998. Aggregation and Soil Organic Matter Accumulation in Cultivated and Native Grassland Soils. Soil Sci Soc Am J 62:1367–77.
Six J, Feller C, Denef K, Ogle S, de Moraes JC, Albrecht A. 2002b. Soil organic matter, biota and aggregation in temperate and tropical soils - Effects of no-tillage. Agronomie 22:755–75.
Six J, Paustian K. 2014. Aggregate-associated soil organic matter as an ecosystem property and a measurement tool. Soil Biol Biochem 68:A4–9.
Smith P. 2014. Do grasslands act as a perpetual sink for carbon? Global Change Biol 20:2708–11.
Stewart CE, Paustian K, Conant RT, Plante AF, Six J. 2007. Soil carbon saturation: concept, evidence and evaluation. Biogeochemistry 86:19–31.
Sylvia DM, Fuhrmann JJ, Hartel PG, Zuberer DA. 2005. Principles and applications of soil microbiology. No. QR111 S674 2005. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall. p 2005.
Tan B, Fan J, He Y, Luo S, Peng X. 2014. Possible effect of soil organic carbon on its own turnover: A negative feedback. Soil Biol Biochem 69:313–19.
Tan KH, Hajek BF, Barshad I. 1986. Thermal analysis techniques. In: Klute A, Ed. Methods of soil analysis. 1. Physical and mineralogical methods. Madison, WI: American Society of Agronomy and Soil Science Society of America. p 151–83.
Tisdall JM, Oades JM. 1982. Organic matter and water-stable aggregates in soils. J Soil Sci 33:141–63.
Vance ED, Brookes PC, Jenkinson DS. 1987. An extraction method for measuring soil microbial biomass C. Soil Biol Biochem 19:703–7.
Wang S, Wilkes A, Zhang Z, Chang X, Lang R, Wang Y, Niu H. 2011. Management and land use change effects on soil carbon in northern China’s grasslands: a synthesis. Agr Ecosyst Environ 142:329–40.
Warton DI, Duursma RA, Falster DS, Taskinen S. 2012. smatr 3 - an R package for estimation and inference about allometric lines. Methods Ecol Evol 3:257–9.
Wiesmeier M, Munro S, Barthold F, Steffens M, Schad P, Kogel-Knabner I. 2015. Carbon storgae capacity of semi-arid grassland soils and sequestration potentials in Northern China. Global Change Biol 21:3836–45.
Wright CK, Wimberly MC. 2013. Recent land use change in the Western Corn Belt threatens grasslands and wetlands. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 110:4134–9.
Xu S, Liu LL, Sayer EJ. 2013. Variability of above-ground litter inputs alters soil physicochemical and biological processes: a meta-analysis of litterfall-manipulation experiments. Biogeosciences 10:7423–33.
Zhou RL, Li YQ, Zhao HL, Drake S. 2008. Desertification effects on C and N content of sandy soils under grassland in Horqin, northern China. Geoderma 145:370–5.