In vitro selection of resistance in haemophilus influenzae by 4 quinolones and 5 β-lactams

Baquero, 1996, Trends in antibiotic resistance of respiratory pathogens, J Antimicrob Chemother, 38, 117, 10.1093/jac/38.suppl_A.117 Biedenbach, 2003, Five-year analysis of Haemophilus influenzae isolates with reduced susceptibility to fluoroquinolones, Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis, 46, 55, 10.1016/S0732-8893(03)00016-6 Bootsma, 1997, Isolation and characterization of a ciprofloxacin-resistant isolate of Haemophilus influenzae from The Netherlands, J Antimicrob Chemother, 39, 292, 10.1093/jac/39.2.292 Canu, 2002, Diversity of ribosomal mutations conferring resistance to macrolides, clindamycin, streptogramin, and telithromycin in Streptococcus pneumoniae, Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 46, 125, 10.1128/AAC.46.1.125-131.2002 Clark, 2002, In vitro selection of resistance in Haemophilus influenzae by amoxicillin/clavulanate, cefpodoxime, cefprozil, azithromycin, and clarithromycin, Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 46, 2956, 10.1128/AAC.46.9.2956-2962.2002 Dabernat, 2002, Diversity of β-Lactam resistance-conferring amino acid substitutions in penicillin-binding protein 3 of Haemophilus influenzae, Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 46, 2208, 10.1128/AAC.46.7.2208-2218.2002 Davies, 2000, Activities and postantibiotic effects of gemifloxacin compared to those of 11 other agents against Haemophilus influenzae and Moraxella catarrhalis, Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 44, 633, 10.1128/AAC.44.3.633-639.2000 Davies, 1999, In vitro development of resistance to five quinolones and amoxicillin-clavulanate in Streptococcus pneumoniae, Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 43, 1177, 10.1128/AAC.43.5.1177 Doern, 1997, Antibiotic resistance among clinical isolates of Haemophilus influenzae in the United States in 1994 and 1995 and detection of beta-lactamase-positive strains resistant to amoxicillin-clavulanate, Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 41, 292, 10.1128/AAC.41.2.292 Felmingham, 2000, The Alexander Project 1996-1997, J Antimicrob Chemother, 45, 191, 10.1093/jac/45.2.191 Georgiou, 1996, Ciprofloxacin-resistant Haemophilus influenzae strains possess mutations in analogous positions of gyrA and parC, Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 40, 1741, 10.1128/AAC.40.7.1741 Jacobs, 1999, Susceptibilities of Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae to 10 oral antimicrobial agents based on pharmacodynamic parameters, Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 43, 1901, 10.1128/AAC.43.8.1901 Nagai, 2002, Susceptibilities to telithromycin and six other agents and prevalence of macrolide resistance due to L4 ribosomal protein mutation among 992 pneumococci from 10 Central and Eastern European countries, Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 46, 371, 10.1128/AAC.46.2.371-377.2002 Nagai, 2000, In vitro selection of resistance to clinafloxacin, ciprofloxacin, and trovafloxacin in Streptococcus pneumoniae, Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 44, 2740, 10.1128/AAC.44.10.2740-2746.2000 2000 Needham, 1988, Haemophilus influenzae antibiotic susceptibility, Clinical Microbiology Reviews, 1, 218, 10.1128/CMR.1.2.218 Pankuch, 1998, In vitro selection of resistance to four β-lactams and azithromycin in Streptococcus pneumoniae, Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 42, 2914, 10.1128/AAC.42.11.2914 Peric, 2003, Effects of an efflux mechanism and ribosomal mutations on macrolide susceptibility of Haemophilus influenzae clinical isolates, Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 47, 1017, 10.1128/AAC.47.3.1017-1022.2003 Perilli, 2002, Molecular characterization of extended-spectrum β-lactamases produced by nosocomial isolates of Enterobacteriaceae from an Italian nationwide survey, J Clin Microbiol, 40, 611, 10.1128/JCM.40.2.611-614.2002 Sanchez, 1997, The acrAB homolog of Haemophilus influenzae codes for a functional multidrug efflux pump, J Bacteriol, 179, 6855, 10.1128/jb.179.21.6855-6857.1997 Scriver, 1994, Determination of antimicrobial susceptibilities of Canadian isolates of Haemophilus influenzae and characterization of their β-lactamases. Canadian Haemophilus Study Group, Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 38, 1678, 10.1128/AAC.38.7.1678 Seki, 1999, Increasing prevalence of ampicillin- resistant, non-beta-lactamase-producing strains of Haemophilus influenzae in children in Japan, Chemotherapy, 45, 15, 10.1159/000007160 Steinke, 2001, Association between antibiotic resistance and community prescribing, Clin Infect Dis, 33 (Suppl 3), S193, 10.1086/321848 Straker, 2003, Cefuroxime resistance in non-β-lactamase Haemophilus influenzae is linked to mutations in ftsI, J Antimicrob Chemother, 51, 523, 10.1093/jac/dkg107 Tristram, 2003, Effect of extended-spectrum β-lactamases on the susceptibility of Haemophilus influenzae to cephalosporins, J Antimicrob Chemother, 51, 39, 10.1093/jac/dkg015 Ubukata, 2001, Association of amino acid substitutions in penicillin-binding protein 3 with beta-lactam resistance in beta-lactamase-negative ampicillin-resistant Haemophilus influenzae, Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 45, 1693, 10.1128/AAC.45.6.1693-1699.2001 Vila, 1999, Increase in quinolone resistance in a Haemophilus influenzae strain isolated from a patient with recurrent respiratory infections treated with ofloxacin, Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 43, 161, 10.1128/AAC.43.1.161 Yang, 2003, Relative contributions of the AcrAB, MdfA and NorE efflux pumps to quinolone resistance in Escherichia coli, J Antimicrob Chemother, 51, 545, 10.1093/jac/dkg126 Zeckel, 1992, Loracarbef (LY 163892) versus amoxicillin/clavulanate in the treatment of acute bacterial exacerbations of chronic bronchitis, Clin Ther, 14, 214