Hypertension in Obesity

Canoy, 2004, Fat distribution, body mass index and blood pressure in 22,090 men and women in the Norfolk cohort of the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC-Norfolk) study, J Hypertens, 22, 2067, 10.1097/00004872-200411000-00007

Hajjar, 2003, Trends in prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control of hypertension in the United States, 1988–2000, JAMA, 290, 199, 10.1001/jama.290.2.199

Flack, 2002, Cardiovascular disease costs associated with uncontrolled hypertension, Manag Care Interface, 15, 28

Must, 1999, The disease burden associated with overweight and obesity, JAMA, 282, 1523, 10.1001/jama.282.16.1523

Narkiewicz, 2006, Diagnosis and management of hypertension in obesity, Obes Rev, 7, 155, 10.1111/j.1467-789X.2006.00226.x

Cooper, 1997, ACE, angiotensinogen and obesity: a potential pathway leading to hypertension, J Hum Hypertens, 11, 107, 10.1038/sj.jhh.1000391

Engeli, 2005, Weight loss and the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, Hypertension, 45, 356, 10.1161/01.HYP.0000154361.47683.d3

Massiera, 2001, Adipose angiotensinogen is involved in adipose tissue growth and blood pressure regulation, FASEB J, 15, 2727, 10.1096/fj.01-0457fje

Hall, 1999, Mechanisms of hypertension and kidney disease in obesity, Ann N Y Acad Sci, 892, 91, 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1999.tb07788.x

Goodfriend, 1998, Aldosterone in obesity, Endocr Res, 24, 789, 10.3109/07435809809032689

Rahmouni, 2005, Obesity induced hypertension: new insights into mechanism, Hypertension, 45, 9, 10.1161/01.HYP.0000151325.83008.b4

Reisin, 1997, Lisinopril versus hydrochlorothiazide in obese hypertensive patients: a multicenter placebo-controlled trial. Treatment in obese patients with hypertension (TROPHY) study group, Hypertension, 30, 140, 10.1161/01.HYP.30.1.140

De Paula, 2004, Aldosterone antagonism attenuates obesity-induced hypertension and glomerular hyperfiltration, Hypertension, 43, 41, 10.1161/01.HYP.0000105624.68174.00

Davy, 2004, Obesity and hypertension: two epidemics or one?, Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol, 286, R803, 10.1152/ajpregu.00707.2003

Alvarez, 2002, Sympathetic neural activation in visceral obesity, Circulation, 106, 2533, 10.1161/01.CIR.0000041244.79165.25

Alvarez, 2004, Subcutaneous obesity is not associated with sympathetic neural activation, Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, 287, H14, 10.1152/ajpheart.01046.2003

Rumantir, 1999, Neural mechanisms in human obesity-related hypertension, J Hypertens, 17, 1125, 10.1097/00004872-199917080-00012

Weyer, 2000, Ethnic differences in insulinemia and sympathetic tone as links between obesity and hypertension, Hypertension, 36, 531, 10.1161/01.HYP.36.4.531

Wofford, 2001, Antihypertensive effect of alpha- and beta-adrenergic blockade in obese and lean hypertensive subjects, Am J Hypertens, 14, 694, 10.1016/S0895-7061(01)01293-6

DeFronzo, 1991, Insulin resistance. A multifaceted syndrome responsible for NIDDM, obesity, hypertension, dyslipidemia, and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, Diabetes Care, 14, 173, 10.2337/diacare.14.3.173

Modan, 1985, Hyperinsulinemia. A link between hypertension obesity and glucose intolerance, J Clin Invest, 75, 809, 10.1172/JCI111776

Hall, 1995, Hemodynamic and renal responses to chronic hyperinsulinemia in obese, insulin resistant dogs, Hypertension, 25, 994, 10.1161/01.HYP.25.5.994

Anderson, 1991, Hyperinsulinemia produces both sympathetic neural activation and vasodilation in normal humans, J Clin Invest, 87, 2246, 10.1172/JCI115260

Sawicki, 1992, Normal blood pressure in patients with insulinoma despite hyperinsulinemia and insulin resistance, J Am Soc Nephrol, 3, S64, 10.1681/ASN.V34s64

Reaven, 1991, Relationship between blood pressure, plasma insulin and triglyceride concentration, and insulin action in spontaneous hypertensive and Wistar-Kyoto rats, Am J Hypertens, 4, 34, 10.1093/ajh/4.1.34

Sechi, 1992, Insulin hypersecretion: a distinctive feature between essential and secondary hypertension, Metabolism, 41, 1261, 10.1016/0026-0495(92)90019-7

McFarlane, 2001, Insulin resistance and cardiovascular disease, J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 86, 713

Grunfeld, 1994, Hyperinsulinemia in normotensive offspring of hypertensive parents, Hypertension, 23, I12, 10.1161/01.HYP.23.1_Suppl.I12

Beatty, 1993, Insulin resistance in offspring of hypertensive parents, BMJ, 307, 92, 10.1136/bmj.307.6896.92

Hall, 1998, Abnormal kidney function as a cause and a consequence of obesity hypertension, Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol, 25, 58, 10.1111/j.1440-1681.1998.tb02146.x

Kambham, 2001, Obesity related glomerulopathy: an emerging epidemic, Kidney Int, 59, 1498, 10.1046/j.1523-1755.2001.0590041498.x

Bloomfield, 2000, Chronically increased intra-abdominal pressure produces systemic hypertension in dogs, Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord, 24, 819, 10.1038/sj.ijo.0801234

Aneja, 2004, Hypertension and obesity, Recent Prog Horm Res, 59, 169, 10.1210/rp.59.1.169

Pausova, 2006, From big fat cells to high blood pressure: a pathway to obesity-associated hypertension, Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens, 15, 173, 10.1097/01.mnh.0000214775.42103.a5

Lofgren, 2005, Long-term prospective and controlled studies demonstrate adipose tissue hypercellularity and relative leptin deficiency in the postobese state, J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 90, 6207, 10.1210/jc.2005-0596

Ehrhart-Bornstein, 2003, Human adipocytes secrete mineralocorticoid-releasing factors, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 100, 14211, 10.1073/pnas.2336140100

Steppan, 2001, The hormone resistin links obesity to diabetes, Nature, 409, 307, 10.1038/35053000

Tan, 2003, Association of resistin gene 3'-untranslated region +62G→A polymorphism with type 2 diabetes and hypertension in a Chinese population, J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 88, 1258, 10.1210/jc.2002-021453

Zhang, 2002, [The relationship between human serum resistin level and body fat content, plasma glucose as well as blood pressure], Chung-Hua i Hsueh Tsa Chih. [Chinese Medical Journal], 82, 1609

Asai, 2001, Endothelin-1 gene variant associates with blood pressure in obese Japanese subjects, Hypertension, 38, 1321, 10.1161/hy1101.095333

Cardillo, 2004, Enhanced vascular activity of endogenous endothelin-1 in obese hypertensive patients, Hypertension, 43, 36, 10.1161/01.HYP.0000103868.45064.81

Tiret, 1999, The Lys198Asn polymorphism in the endothelin-1 gene is associated with blood pressure in overweight people, Hypertension, 33, 1169, 10.1161/01.HYP.33.5.1169

Mather, 2004, Interactions between endothelin and nitric oxide in the regulation of vascular tone in obesity and diabetes, Diabetes, 53, 2060, 10.2337/diabetes.53.8.2060

Grekin, 1995, Pressor effects of portal venous oleate infusion. A proposed mechanism for obesity hypertension, Hypertension, 26, 193, 10.1161/01.HYP.26.1.193

Sarafidis, 2007, Non-esterified fatty acids and blood pressure elevation: a mechanism for hypertension in subjects with obesity/insulin resistance?, J Hum Hypertens, 21, 12, 10.1038/sj.jhh.1002103

Bujalska, 1997, Does central obesity reflect “Cushing's disease of the omentum”?, Lancet, 349, 1210, 10.1016/S0140-6736(96)11222-8

Sukhija, 2006, Enhanced 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity, the metabolic syndrome, and systemic hypertension, Am J Cardiol, 98, 544, 10.1016/j.amjcard.2006.03.028

Ferrari, 2000, The role of the 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 in human hypertension, J Hypertens, 18, 241, 10.1097/00004872-200018030-00001

Masuzaki, 2003, Transgenic amplification of glucocorticoid action in adipose tissue causes high blood pressure in mice, J Clin Invest, 112, 83, 10.1172/JCI17845

Haynes, 1997, Receptor mediated regional sympathetic nerve activation by leptin, J Clin Invest, 100, 270, 10.1172/JCI119532

Münzberg, 2005, Leptin receptor action and mechanisms of leptin resistance, Cell Mol Life Sci, 62, 642, 10.1007/s00018-004-4432-1

Wallace, 2001, Plasma leptin and the risk of cardiovascular disease in the West of Scotland Cornary Prevention Study (WOSCOPS), Circulation, 104, 3052, 10.1161/hc5001.101061

Mark, 2002, Selective leptin resistance: a new concept in leptin physiology with cardiovascular implications, J Hypertens, 20, 1245, 10.1097/00004872-200207000-00001

Yang, 2007, Leptin signaling and obesity: cardiovascular consequences, Circ Res, 101, 545, 10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.107.156596

Katagiri, 2007, Adiposity and cardiovascular disorders: disturbance of the regulatory system consisting of humoral and neuronal signals, Circ Res, 101, 27, 10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.107.151621

Vecchione, 2003, Cooperation between insulin and leptin in the modulation of vascular tone, Hypertension, 42, 166, 10.1161/01.HYP.0000082806.73530.68

Dunbar, 1997, Intracerebroventricular leptin increases lumbarand renal sympathetic nerve activity and blood pressure in normal rats, Diabetes, 46, 2040, 10.2337/diab.46.12.2040

Shek, 1998, Chronic leptin infusion increases arterial pressure, Hypertension, 31, 409, 10.1161/01.HYP.31.1.409

Quehenberger, 2002, Leptin induces endothelin-1 in endothelial cells in vitro, Circ Res, 90, 711, 10.1161/01.RES.0000014226.74709.90

Bouloumie, 1999, Leptin induces oxidative stress in human endothelial cells, FASEB J, 13, 1231, 10.1096/fasebj.13.10.1231

Kadowaki, 2005, Adiponectin and adiponectin receptors, Endocr Rev, 26, 439, 10.1210/er.2005-0005

Adamczak, 2003, Decreased plasma adiponectin concentration in patients with essential hypertension, Am J Hypertens, 16, 72, 10.1016/S0895-7061(02)03197-7

Francischetti, 2007, Hypoadiponectinemia is associated with blood pressure increase in obese insulin-resistant individuals, Metabolism, 56, 1464, 10.1016/j.metabol.2007.06.011

Iwashima, 2004, Hypoadiponectinemia is an independent risk factor for hypertension, Hypertension, 43, 1318, 10.1161/01.HYP.0000129281.03801.4b

Chow, 2007, Hypoadiponectinemia as a predictor for the development of hypertension: a 5-year prospective study, Hypertension, 49, 1455, 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.107.086835

Schillaci, 2007, Hypoadiponectinemia: a novel link between obesity and hypertension?, Hypertension, 49, 1217, 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.107.088146

Kadowaki, 2006, Adiponectin and adiponectin receptors in insulin resistance, diabetes, and the metabolic syndrome, J Clin Invest, 116, 1784, 10.1172/JCI29126

Ohashi, 2006, Adiponectin replenishment ameliorates obesity-related hypertension, Hypertension, 47, 1108, 10.1161/01.HYP.0000222368.43759.a1

Chen, 2003, Adiponectin stimulates production of nitric oxide in vascular endothelial cells, J Biol Chem, 278, 45021, 10.1074/jbc.M307878200

Motoshima, 2004, Adiponectin suppresses proliferation and superoxide generation and enhances eNOS activity in endothelial cells treated with oxidized LDL, Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 315, 264, 10.1016/j.bbrc.2004.01.049

Ouchi, 2003, Association of hypoadiponectinemia with impaired vasoreactivity, Hypertension, 42, 231, 10.1161/01.HYP.0000083488.67550.B8

Clasen, 2005, PPARgamma-activating angiotensin type-1 receptor blockers induce adiponectin, Hypertension, 46, 137, 10.1161/01.HYP.0000168046.19884.6a

Baguet, 2006, Update on hypertension management: obstructive sleep apnea and hypertension, J Hypertens, 24, 205, 10.1097/01.hjh.0000198039.39504.63

Peppard, 2000, Prospective study of the association between sleep-disordered breathing and hypertension, N Engl J Med, 342, 1378, 10.1056/NEJM200005113421901

Davies, 1994, Non-invasive beat to beat arterial blood pressure during non-REM sleep in obstructive sleep apnoea and snoring, Thorax, 49, 335, 10.1136/thx.49.4.335

Dimsdale, 1995, The effect of sleep apnea on plasma and urinary catecholamines, Sleep, 18, 377

Narkiewicz, 1998, Baroreflex control of sympathetic activity and heart rate in obstructive sleep apnea, Hypertension, 32, 1039, 10.1161/01.HYP.32.6.1039

Robinson, 2004, Sleep 6: obstructive sleep apnea/hypopnea syndrome and hypertension, Thorax, 59, 1089, 10.1136/thx.2003.015875

Lesske, 1997, Hypertension caused by chronic intermittent hypoxia–influence of chemoreceptors and sympathetic nervous system, J Hypertens, 15, 1593

Carlson, 1996, Depressed baroreflex sensitivity in patients with obstructive sleep apnea, Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 154, 1490, 10.1164/ajrccm.154.5.8912770

Kato, 2000, Impairment of endothelium-dependent vasodilation of resistance vessels in patients with obstructive sleep apnea, Circulation, 102, 2607, 10.1161/01.CIR.102.21.2607

Duchna, 2006, Vascular endothelial dysfunction in patients with mild obstructive sleep apnea syndrome, Wien Med Wochenschr, 156, 596, 10.1007/s10354-006-0341-2

Gjorup, 2007, Abnormally increased endothelin-1 in plasma during the night in obstructive sleep apnea: relation to blood pressure and severity of disease, Am J Hypertens, 20, 44, 10.1016/j.amjhyper.2006.05.021

Phillipps, 1999, Effects of obstructive sleep apnea on endothelin-1 and blood pressure, J Hypertens, 17, 61, 10.1097/00004872-199917010-00010

Moller, 2003, Abnormal vasoactive hormones and 24-hour blood pressure in obstructive sleep apnea, Am J Hypertens, 16, 274, 10.1016/S0895-7061(02)03267-3

Fletcher, 1999, Renin activity and blood pressure in response to chronic episodic hypoxia, Hypertension, 34, 309, 10.1161/01.HYP.34.2.309

Zhang, 2006, Serum adiponectin levels in adult male patients with obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome, Respiration, 73, 73, 10.1159/000088690

Makino, 2006, Obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome, plasma adiponectin levels, and insulin resistance, Clin Endocrinol (Oxf), 64, 12, 10.1111/j.1365-2265.2005.02407.x

Masserini, 2006, Reduced levels of adiponectin in sleep apnea syndrome, J Endocrinol Invest, 29, 700, 10.1007/BF03344179

Zhang, 2007, Effect of continuous positive airway pressure treatment on serum adiponectin level and mean arterial pressure in male patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome, Chin Med J (Engl), 120, 1477, 10.1097/00029330-200709010-00002