How safe are anti-rheumatic drugs during pregnancy?

Østensen, 2006, Anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive drugs and reproduction, Arthritis Res Ther, 8, 209, 10.1186/ar1957

Østensen, 2009, Management of RA medications in pregnant patients, Nature Rev Rheumatol, 5, 382, 10.1038/nrrheum.2009.103

Hazes, 2011, Rheumatoid arthritis and pregnancy: evolution of disease activity and pathophysiological considerations for drug use, Rheumatology (Oxford), 50, 1955, 10.1093/rheumatology/ker302

Hyoun, 2012, Teratogen update: methotrexate, Birth Defects Res, 94, 187, 10.1002/bdra.23003

Beghin, 2011, Paternal exposure to methotrexate and pregnancy outcomes, J Rheumatol, 38, 628, 10.3899/jrheum.100600

Viktil, 2012, Outcomes after anti-rheumatic drug use before and during pregnancy: a cohort study among 150,000 pregnant women and expectant fathers, Scand J Rheumatol, 41, 196, 10.3109/03009742.2011.626442

Anderka, 2009, Reviewing the evidence for mycophenolate mofetil as a new teratogen: case report and review of the literature, Am J Med Genet A, 149A, 1241, 10.1002/ajmg.a.32685

Hoeltzenbein, 2012, Teratogenicity of mycophenolate confirmed in a prospective study of the European Network of Teratology Information Services, Am J Med Genet A, 158A, 588, 10.1002/ajmg.a.35223

Chambers, 2010, Birth outcomes in women who have taken leflunomide during pregnancy, Arthritis Rheum, 62, 1494, 10.1002/art.27358

Cassina, 2012, Pregnancy outcome in women exposed to leflunomide before or during pregnancy, Arthritis Rheum, 64, 2085, 10.1002/art.34419

Hviid, 2011, Corticosteroid use during pregnancy and risk of orofacial clefts, Can Med Ass J, 183, 796, 10.1503/cmaj.101063

Willis, 2012, Effect of hydroxychloroquine treatment on pro-inflammatory cytokines and disease activity in SLE patients: data from LUMINA (LXXV), a multiethnic US cohort, Lupus, 21, 830, 10.1177/0961203312437270

Ruiz-Irastorza, 2010, Clinical efficacy and side effects of antimalarials insystemic lupus erythematosus: a systematic review, Ann Rheum Dis, 69, 20, 10.1136/ard.2008.101766

Izmirly, 2010, Evaluation of the risk of anti-SSA/Ro-SSB/La antibody-associated cardiac manifestations of neonatal lupus in fetuses of mothers with systemic lupus erythematosus exposed to hydroxychloroquine, Ann Rheum Dis, 69, 1827, 10.1136/ard.2009.119263

Gisbert, 2010, Safety of immunomodulators and biologics for the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease during pregnancy and breast-feeding, Inflamm Bowel Dis, 16, 881, 10.1002/ibd.21154

Perales-Puchalt, 2012, Pregnancy outcomes after kidney transplantation-immunosuppressive therapy comparison, Matern Fetal Neonatal Med, 25, 1363, 10.3109/14767058.2011.634461

Armenti, 2008, Pregnancy after transplantation, Transplant Rev, 22, 223, 10.1016/j.trre.2008.05.001

Akbari, 2012, Systematic review and meta-analysis on the effects of thiopurines on birth outcomes from female and male patients with inflammatory bowel disease, Inflamm Bowel Dis

Teruel, 2010, Outcomes of pregnancies fathered by inflammatory bowel disease patients exposed to thiopurines, Am J Gastroenterol, 105, 2003, 10.1038/ajg.2010.138

Chambers, 2012, Emerging data on the use of anti-tumor necrosis factor-alpha medications in pregnancy, Birth Defects Research (Part A), 94, 607, 10.1002/bdra.23033

Cheent, 2010, Case report: fatal case of disseminated BCG infection in an infant born to a mother taking infliximab for Crohn's disease, J Crohns Colitis, 4, 603, 10.1016/j.crohns.2010.05.001

Berthelsen, 2010, Etanercept concentrations in maternal serum, umbilical cord serum, breast milk and child serum during breastfeeding, Rheumatology, 49, 2225, 10.1093/rheumatology/keq185

Mahadevan, 2012, Placental transfer of anti-tumor necrosis factor agents in pregnant patients with inflammatory bowel disease, Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol

Clowse, 2012, Outcomes of pregnancy in subjects exposed to certolizumab pegol, Arthritis Rheum, 64, S702

Villiger, 2010, Effects of TNF antagonists on sperm characteristics in patients with spondyloarthritis, Ann Rheum Dis, 69, 1842, 10.1136/ard.2009.127423

Wildi, 2012, Reversible male infertility under treatment with an anti-TNFα agents: a case report, Ann Rheum Dis, 71, 473, 10.1136/annrheumdis-2011-200299

Puchner, 2012, Impact of TNF-blocking agents on male sperm characteristics and pregnancy outcomes in fathers exposed to TNF-blocking agents at time of conception, Clin Exp Rheumatol, 30, 765

Chakravarty, 2011, Pregnancy outcomes following maternal exposure to rituximab, Blood, 117, 1499, 10.1182/blood-2010-07-295444

Ton, 2011, Safety of rituximab therapy during twins’ pregnancy, Rheumatology (Oxford), 50, 806, 10.1093/rheumatology/keq403