High-resolution melting analysis reveals low Plasmodium parasitaemia infections among microscopically negative febrile patients in western Kenya

Purity N. Kipanga1,2, David Omondi2,3, Paul O. Mireji4, Patrick Sawa5, Daniel K. Masiga2, Jandouwe Villinger2
1Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Egerton University Njoro Campus, Egerton, Kenya
2Martin Lüscher Emerging Infectious Diseases (ML-EID) Laboratory, Molecular Biology and Bioinformatics Unit, International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), Nairobi, Kenya
3Department of Medical Biosciences, University of Western Cape, Bellville, Republic of South Africa
4Yale School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, USA
5St. Jude’s Clinic, International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), Mbita, Kenya

Tóm tắt

Từ khóa


Tài liệu tham khảo

World Health Organization: World Malaria Report 2013. 2013, Geneva: World Health Organization

Murray CJL, Rosenfeld LC, Lim SS, Andrews KG, Foreman KJ, Haring D, Fullman N, Naghavi M, Lozano R, Lopez AD: Global malaria mortality between 1980 and 2010: a systematic analysis. Lancet. 2012, 379: 413-431. 10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60034-8.

Hommel M: Towards a research agenda for global malaria elimination. Malar J. 2008, 7: S1-10.1186/1475-2875-7-S1-S1.

Lynch M, Korenromp E, Eisele T, Newby H, Steketee R, Kachur SP, Nahlen B, Bhattarai A, Yoon S, MacArthur J, Newman R, Cibulskis R: New global estimates of malaria deaths. Lancet. 2012, 380: 559-10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61321-X.

Chinkhumba J, Skarbinski J, Chilima B, Campbell C, Ewing V, San Joaquin M, Sande J, Ali D, Mathanga D: Comparative field performance and adherence to test results of four malaria rapid diagnostic tests among febrile patients more than five years of age in Blantyre, Malawi. Malar J. 2010, 9: 209-

Roucher C, Rogier C, Dieye-Ba F, Sokhna C, Tall A, Trape J-F: Changing malaria epidemiology and diagnostic criteria for Plasmodium falciparum clinical malaria. PLoS One. 2012, 7: e46188-10.1371/journal.pone.0046188.

Amexo M, Tolhurst R, Barnish G, Bates I: Malaria misdiagnosis: effects on the poor and vulnerable. Lancet. 2004, 364: 1896-1898. 10.1016/S0140-6736(04)17446-1.

Icke G, Davis R, McConnell W: Teaching health workers malaria diagnosis. PLoS Med. 2005, 2: e11-10.1371/journal.pmed.0020011.

Harris I, Sharrock WW, Bain LM, Gray K-A, Bobogare A, Boaz L, Lilley K, Krause D, Valley A, Johnson M-L, Gatton ML, Shanks GD, Cheng Q: A large proportion of asymptomatic Plasmodium infections with low and sub-microscopic parasite densities in the low transmission setting of Temotu Province, Solomon Islands: challenges for malaria diagnostics in an elimination setting. Malar J. 2010, 9: 254-10.1186/1475-2875-9-254.

Bisoffi Z, Gobbi F, Buonfrate D, Van den Ende J: Diagnosis of Malaria Infection with or without Disease. Mediterr J Hematol Infect Dis. 2012, 4: e2012036-10.4084/mjhid.2012.036.

McMorrow ML, Aidoo M, Kachur SP: Malaria rapid diagnostic tests in elimination settings–can they find the last parasite?. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2011, 17: 1624-1631. 10.1111/j.1469-0691.2011.03639.x.

Okell LC, Ghani AC, Lyons E, Drakeley CJ: Submicroscopic infection in Plasmodium falciparum-endemic populations: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Infect Dis. 2009, 200: 1509-1517. 10.1086/644781.

Shakely D, Elfving K, Aydin-Schmidt B, Msellem MI, Morris U, Omar R, Weiping X, Petzold M, Greenhouse B, Baltzell KA, Ali SA, Björkman A, Mårtensson A: The usefulness of rapid diagnostic tests in the new context of low malaria transmission in Zanzibar. PLoS One. 2013, 8: e72912-10.1371/journal.pone.0072912.

Payne D: Use and limitations of light microscopy for diagnosing malaria at the primary health care level. Bull World Health Organ. 1988, 66: 621-626.

Wongsrichanalai C, Barcus MJ, Muth S, Sutamihardja A, Wernsdorfer WH: A review of malaria diagnostic tools: microscopy and rapid diagnostic test (RDT). Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2007, 77: 119-127.

Joanny F, Löhr SJZ, Engleitner T, Lell B, Mordmüller B: Limit of blank and limit of detection of Plasmodium falciparum thick blood smear microscopy in a routine setting in Central Africa. Malar J. 2014, 13: 234-10.1186/1475-2875-13-234.

Khairnar K, Martin D, Lau R, Ralevski F, Pillai DR: Multiplex real-time quantitative PCR, microscopy and rapid diagnostic immuno-chromatographic tests for the detection of Plasmodium spp: performance, limit of detection analysis and quality assurance. Malar J. 2009, 8: 284-10.1186/1475-2875-8-284.

Bisoffi Z, Sirima SB, Menten J, Pattaro C, Angheben A, Gobbi F, Tinto H, Lodesani C, Neya B, Gobbo M, Van den Ende J: Accuracy of a rapid diagnostic test on the diagnosis of malaria infection and of malaria-attributable fever during low and high transmission season in Burkina Faso. Malar J. 2010, 9: 192-10.1186/1475-2875-9-192.

McGuinness D, Koram K, Bennett S, Wagner G, Nkrumah F, Riley E: Clinical case definitions for malaria: clinical malaria associated with very low parasite densities in African infants. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1998, 92: 527-531. 10.1016/S0035-9203(98)90902-6.

Joshi R, Colford JM, Reingold AL, Kalantri S: Nonmalarial acute undifferentiated fever in a rural hospital in central India: diagnostic uncertainty and overtreatment with antimalarial agents. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2008, 78: 393-399.

Reyburn H, Ruanda J, Mwerinde O, Drakeley C: The contribution of microscopy to targeting antimalarial treatment in a low transmission area of Tanzania. Malar J. 2006, 5: 4-10.1186/1475-2875-5-4.

Chandler CIR, Jones C, Boniface G, Juma K, Reyburn H, Whitty CJM: Guidelines and mindlines: why do clinical staff over-diagnose malaria in Tanzania? A qualitative study. Malar J. 2008, 7: 53-10.1186/1475-2875-7-53.

Hertz JT, Munishi OM, Ooi EE, Howe S, Lim YL, Chow A, Morrissey AB, Bartlett JA, Onyango JJ, Maro VP, Kinabo GD, Saganda W, Gubler DJ, Crump JA: Chikungunya and dengue fever among hospitalized febrile patients in northern Tanzania. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2012, 86: 171-177. 10.4269/ajtmh.2012.11-0393.

Crump JA, Morrissey AB, Nicholson WL, Massung RF, Stoddard RA, Galloway RL, Ooi EE, Maro VP, Saganda W, Kinabo GD, Muiruri C, Bartlett JA: Etiology of severe non-malaria febrile illness in Northern Tanzania: a prospective cohort study. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2013, 7: e2324-10.1371/journal.pntd.0002324.

Hopkins HP, González IJ, Polley SD, Angutoko P, Ategeka J, Asiimwe C, Agaba B, Kyabayinze DJ, Sutherland CJ, Perkins MD, Bell D: Highly sensitive detection of malaria parasitemia in an endemic setting: Performance of a new LAMP kit in a remote clinic in Uganda. J Infect Dis. 2013, 208: 645-652. 10.1093/infdis/jit184.

Kersting S, Rausch V, Bier FF, von Nickisch-Rosenegk M: Rapid detection of Plasmodium falciparum with isothermal recombinase polymerase amplification and lateral flow analysis. Malar J. 2014, 13: 99-10.1186/1475-2875-13-99.

Snounou G, Viriyakosol S, Zhu XP, Jarra W, Pinheiro L, do Rosario VE, Thaithong S, Brown KN: High sensitivity of detection of human malaria parasites by the use of nested polymerase chain reaction. Mol Biochem Parasitol. 1993, 61: 315-320. 10.1016/0166-6851(93)90077-B.

Mangold KA, Manson RU, Koay ESC, Stephens L, Regner MA, Thomson RB, Peterson LR, Kaul KL: Real-time PCR for detection and identification of Plasmodium spp. J Clin Microbiol. 2005, 43: 2435-2440. 10.1128/JCM.43.5.2435-2440.2005.

GoK: Suba District PRSP: Consultation Report for the period 2001–2004. 2001, Nairobi, Kenya: Government of the Republic of Kenya, Ministry of Finance and Planning, 309-

Minakawa N, Mutero CM, Githure JI, Beier JC, Yan G: Spatial distribution and habitat characterization of anopheline mosquito larvae in Western Kenya. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1999, 61: 1010-1016.

Kenya Ministry of Public Health and Sanitation: National guidelines for the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of malaria in Kenya. 2010, Nairobi: Division of Malaria Control, Ministry of Public Health and Sanitation

Gouagna LC, Okech BA, Kabiru EW, Killeen GF, Obare P, Ombonya S, Bier JC, Knols BG, Githure JI, Yan G: Infectivity of Plasmodium falciparum gametocytes in patients attending rural health centres in western Kenya. East Afr Med J. 2003, 80: 627-634.

Kawasaki ES: Sample preparation from blood, cells, and other fluids. PCR protocols: A guide to methods and applications. Edited by: Innis MA, Gelfand DH, Sninsky JJ, White TJ. 1990, New York: Academic Press, 146-152.

Untergasser A, Cutcutache I, Koressaar T, Ye J, Faircloth BC, Remm M, Rozen SG: Primer3-new capabilities and interfaces. Nucleic Acids Res. 2012, 40: e115-10.1093/nar/gks596.

Kearse M, Moir R, Wilson A, Stones-Havas S, Cheung M, Sturrock S, Buxton S, Cooper A, Markowitz S, Duran C, Thierer T, Ashton B, Meintjes P, Drummond A: Geneious Basic: an integrated and extendable desktop software platform for the organization and analysis of sequence data. Bioinformatics. 2012, 28: 1647-1649. 10.1093/bioinformatics/bts199.

Alemayehu S, Feghali KC, Cowden J, Komisar J, Ockenhouse CF, Kamau E: Comparative evaluation of published real-time PCR assays for the detection of malaria following MIQE guidelines. Malar J. 2013, 12: 277-10.1186/1475-2875-12-277.

R Development Core Team: R: A language and environment for statistical computing. 2010, Vienna: R Foundation for Statistical Computing,http://www.R-project.org,

Boonma P, Christensen PR, Suwanarusk R, Price RN, Russell B, Lek-Uthai U: Comparison of three molecular methods for the detection and speciation of Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium falciparum. Malar J. 2007, 6: 124-10.1186/1475-2875-6-124.

Reller ME, Chen WH, Dalton J, Lichay MA, Dumler JS: Multiplex 5’ nuclease quantitative real-time PCR for clinical diagnosis of malaria and species-level identification and epidemiologic evaluation of malaria-causing parasites, including Plasmodium knowlesi. J Clin Microbiol. 2013, 51: 2931-2938. 10.1128/JCM.00958-13.

Ngasala B, Mubi M, Warsame M, Petzold MG, Massele AY, Gustafsson LL, Tomson G, Premji Z, Bjorkman A: Impact of training in clinical and microscopy diagnosis of childhood malaria on antimalarial drug prescription and health outcome at primary health care level in Tanzania: a randomized controlled trial. Malar J. 2008, 7: 199-10.1186/1475-2875-7-199.

Lin JT, Saunders DL, Meshnick SR: The role of submicroscopic parasitemia in malaria transmission: what is the evidence?. Trends Parasitol. 2014, 30: 183-190. 10.1016/j.pt.2014.02.004.

Okell LC, Bousema T, Griffin JT, Ouédraogo AL, Ghani AC, Drakeley CJ: Factors determining the occurrence of submicroscopic malaria infections and their relevance for control. Nat Commun. 2012, 3: 1237-

Schneider P, Bousema JT, Gouagna LC, Otieno S, van de Vegte-Bolmer M, Omar SA, Sauerwein RW: Submicroscopic Plasmodium falciparum gametocyte densities frequently result in mosquito infection. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2007, 76: 470-474.

Trampuz A, Jereb M, Muzlovic I, Prabhu RM: Clinical review: Severe malaria. Crit Care. 2003, 7: 315-323. 10.1186/cc2183.