Guidelines for the ultrasound assessment of endothelial-dependent flow-mediated vasodilation of the brachial artery

Laurent, 1990, Flow-dependent vasodilation of brachial artery in essential hypertension, Am J Physiol, 258, H1004

Anderson, 1989, Flow-mediated and reflex changes in large peripheral artery tone in humans, Circulation, 79, 93, 10.1161/01.CIR.79.1.93

Celermajer, 1992, Non-invasive detection of endothelial dysfunction in children and adults at risk of atherosclerosis, Lancet, 340, 1111, 10.1016/0140-6736(92)93147-F

Sorensen, 1995, Non-invasive measurement of human endothelium dependent arterial responses, Br Heart J, 74, 247, 10.1136/hrt.74.3.247

Cooke, 1991, Flow activates an endothelial potassium channel to release an endogenous nitrovasodilator, J Clin Invest, 88, 1663, 10.1172/JCI115481

Miura, 2001, Flow-induced dilation of human coronary arterioles, Circulation, 103, 1992, 10.1161/01.CIR.103.15.1992

Olesen, 1988, Haemodynamic shear stress activates a K+ current in endothelial cells, Nature, 331, 168, 10.1038/331168a0

Pohl, 1985, Crucial role of the endothelium in the vasodilator response to flow in vivo, Hypertension, 8, 37, 10.1161/01.HYP.8.1.37

Joannides, 1995, Nitric oxide is responsible for flow-dependent dilatation of human peripheral conduit arteries in vivo, Circulation, 91, 1314, 10.1161/01.CIR.91.5.1314

Sun, 1999, Enhanced release of prostaglandins contributes to flow-induced arteriolar dilatation in eNOS knockout mice, Circ Res, 85, 288, 10.1161/01.RES.85.3.288

Corson, 1996, Phosphorylation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase in response to fluid shear stress, Circ Res, 79, 984, 10.1161/01.RES.79.5.984

Dimmeler, 1999, Activation of nitric oxide synthase in endothelial cells by Akt-dependent phosphorylation, Nature, 399, 601, 10.1038/21224

Hashimoto, 1995, Modulation of endothelium-dependent flow-mediated dilatation of the brachial artery by sex and menstrual cycle, Circulation, 92, 3431, 10.1161/01.CIR.92.12.3431

Celermajer, 1994, Endothelium-dependent dilation in the systemic arteries of asymptomatic subjects relates to coronary risk factors and their interaction, J Am Coll Cardiol, 24, 1468, 10.1016/0735-1097(94)90141-4

Lieberman, 1994, Estrogen improves endothelium-dependent, flow-mediated vasodilation in postmenopausal women, Ann Intern Med, 121, 936, 10.7326/0003-4819-121-12-199412150-00005

Levine, 1996, Ascorbic acid reverses endothelial vasomotor dysfunction in patients with coronary artery disease, Circulation, 93, 1107, 10.1161/01.CIR.93.6.1107

Stadler, 1996, New methods for arterial diameter measurement from B-mode images, Ultrasound Med Biol, 22, 25, 10.1016/0301-5629(95)02017-9

Stadler, 1997, Comparison of B-mode, M-mode and echo-tracking methods for measurement of the arterial distension waveform, Ultrasound Med Biol, 23, 879, 10.1016/S0301-5629(97)00074-4

Mannion, 1998, Non-invasive assessment of brachial artery endothelial vasomotor function, Vasc Med, 3, 263, 10.1177/1358836X9800300401

Uehata, 1997, Noninvasive assessment of endothelium-dependent flow-mediated dilation of the brachial artery, Vasc Med, 2, 87, 10.1177/1358863X9700200203

Vogel, 2000, A comparison of the assessment of flow-mediated brachial artery vasodilation using upper versus lower arm arterial occlusion in subjects with and without coronary risk factors, Clin Cardiol, 23, 571, 10.1002/clc.4960230805

Corretti, 1995, Technical aspects of evaluating brachial artery vasodilatation using high-frequency ultrasound, Am J Physiol, 268, H1397

Ducharme, 1999, Comparison of nitroglycerin lingual spray and sublingual tablet on time of onset and duration of brachial artery vasodilation in normal subjects, Am J Cardiol, 84, 952, 10.1016/S0002-9149(99)00478-6

Lieberman, 1996, Flow-induced vasodilation of the human brachial artery is impaired in patients 40 years of age with coronary artery disease, Am J Cardiol, 78, 1210, 10.1016/S0002-9149(96)00597-8

Joannides, 1997, Role of nitric oxide in the regulation of the mechanical properties of peripheral conduit arteries in humans, Hypertension, 30, 1465, 10.1161/01.HYP.30.6.1465

Leeson, 1997, Non-invasive measurement of endothelial function, Heart, 78, 22, 10.1136/hrt.78.1.22

Stadler, 1998, Measurement of the time course of peripheral vasoactivity, Atherosclerosis, 138, 197, 10.1016/S0021-9150(97)00267-0

Herrington, 1999, Individual and combined effects of estrogen/progestin therapy and lovastatin on lipids and flow-mediated vasodilation in postmenopausal women with coronary artery disease, J Am Coll Cardiol, 33, 750, 10.1016/S0735-1097(99)00128-X

Thorne, 1998, Early endothelial dysfunction in adults at risk from atherosclerosis, J Am Coll Cardiol, 32, 110, 10.1016/S0735-1097(98)00211-3

Plotnick, 1997, Effect of antioxidant vitamins on the transient impairment of endothelium-dependent brachial artery vasoactivity following a single high-fat meal, JAMA, 278, 1682, 10.1001/jama.1997.03550200058032

Gerhard, 1998, Estradiol therapy combined with progesterone and endothelium-dependent vasodilation in postmenopausal women, Circulation, 98, 1158, 10.1161/01.CIR.98.12.1158

Koh, 1999, Vascular effects of estrogen and cholesterol-lowering therapies in hypercholesterolemic postmenopausal women, Circulation, 99, 354, 10.1161/01.CIR.99.3.354

Wilmink, 1999, Effect of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition and angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonism on postprandial endothelial function, J Am Coll Cardiol, 34, 140, 10.1016/S0735-1097(99)00154-0

Anderson, 2000, Comparative study of ACE-inhibition, angiotensin II antagonism, and calcium channel blockade on flow-mediated vasodilation in patients with coronary disease, J Am Coll Cardiol, 35, 60, 10.1016/S0735-1097(99)00537-9

Bellamy, 1998, Hyperhomocysteinemia after an oral methionine load acutely impairs endothelial function in healthy adults, Circulation, 98, 1848, 10.1161/01.CIR.98.18.1848

Hornig, 1998, Differential effects of quinaprilat and enalaprilat on endothelial function of conduit arteries in patients with chronic heart failure, Circulation, 98, 2842, 10.1161/01.CIR.98.25.2842

Simons, 1999, Common carotid intima-media thickness and arterial stiffness, Circulation, 100, 951, 10.1161/01.CIR.100.9.951

Adams, 1998, Smooth muscle dysfunction occurs independently of impaired endothelium-dependent dilation in adults at risk of atherosclerosis, J Am Coll Cardiol, 32, 123, 10.1016/S0735-1097(98)00206-X

Bhagat, 1997, Flow associated or flow mediated dilatation? More than just semantics, Heart, 78, 7, 10.1136/hrt.78.1.7

Ohara, 1993, Hypercholesterolemia increases endothelial superoxide anion production, J Clin Invest, 91, 2546, 10.1172/JCI116491

Vogel, 1998, Estrogens, progestins, and heart disease, Circulation, 97, 1223, 10.1161/01.CIR.97.13.1223

Suwaida, 2000, Long-term follow-up of patients with mild coronary artery disease and endothelial dysfunction, Circulation, 101, 948, 10.1161/01.CIR.101.9.948

Schachinger, 2000, Prognostic impact of coronary vasodilator dysfunction on adverse long-term outcome of coronary heart disease, Circulation, 101, 1899, 10.1161/01.CIR.101.16.1899