Guidelines for the Prevention of Stroke in Patients With Stroke and Transient Ischemic Attack

10.1161/01.cir.0000441139.02102.80

10.1161/01.str.0000158917.59233.b7

10.1001/jama.284.22.2901

10.1212/01.wnl.0000201253.93811.f6

10.1056/NEJMoa061894

10.1016/S0140-6736(01)06178-5

10.1056/NEJMoa1204133

10.1001/jama.291.5.565

10.1001/jama.298.24.2877

10.1161/01.STR.31.2.456

10.1212/01.WNL.0000110311.09970.83

10.1161/01.str.0000072985.24967.7f

10.1161/circulationaha.109.934786

10.1001/jama.1970.03170330025003

10.1161/STR.0b013e3181f7d043

10.1161/01.cir.0000437738.63853.7a

10.1161/01.cir.0000437740.48606.d1

10.1378/chest.11-2300

10.1001/jama.2012.39

10.1056/NEJMoa1200303

10.1161/str.0b013e318266722a

10.1161/STR.0b013e3182112d08

10.1378/chest.11-2305

10.1161/01.CIR.101.12.1483

10.1161/strokeaha.108.192218

10.1161/01.str.0000064323.65539.a7

10.1161/str.0b013e318296aeca

10.1161/01.STR.24.1.35

10.1161/strokeaha.106.480988

10.1212/01.wnl.0000176058.09848.bb

10.1016/S0140-6736(02)11911-8

10.1161/01.str.0000116869.64771.5a

PATS Collaborating Group. Post-stroke Antihypertensive Treatment Study: a preliminary result. Chin Med J (Engl). 1995;108:710–717.

PROGRESS Management Committee. PROGRESS: Perindopril Protection Against Recurrent Stroke Study: characteristics of the study population at baseline. J Hypertens. 1999;17:1647–1655.

10.1097/01.hjh.0000226212.34055.86

10.1038/hr.2009.139

10.1161/01.STR.0000092488.40085.15

10.1161/01.str.0000166048.35740.a9

10.1056/NEJM200001203420301

10.1016/S0140-6736(03)14739-3

10.1093/eurheartj/eht151

10.1016/S0140-6736(97)05381-6

10.1001/jama.1991.03460240051027

10.1001/jama.289.19.2560

10.1161/HYP.0000000000000003

10.1001/jama.2013.284427

10.1161/STR.0b013e318284056a

10.1056/NEJMoa1001286

10.1001/jama.2010.884

10.1001/jama.2011.1650

10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2011.12.003

Benavente OR McClure LA Coffey CS Conwit R Pergola PE Hart RG; for the SPS3 Investigators. The Secondary Prevention of Small Subcortical Strokes (SPS3) trial: results of the blood pressure intervention. Presented at: International Stroke Conference 2013; February 8 2013; Honolulu HI. Abstract LB8.

10.1161/str.0b013e3181fcb238

10.1161/strokeaha.111.639922

10.7326/0003-4819-145-1-200607040-00004

10.1056/NEJM200101043440101

10.1136/bmj.38855.610324.80

10.1056/NEJM198904063201405

10.1161/01.STR.30.12.2535

10.1016/S1474-4422(09)70058-4

10.1161/strokeaha.108.534107

10.1212/01.wnl.0000327339.55844.1a

10.1161/strokeaha.107.513747

10.1212/01.wnl.0000296277.63350.77

10.1016/S0140-6736(04)15690-0

10.1161/strokeaha.107.493106

10.1056/NEJMoa064278

10.1016/j.jacc.2007.10.038

10.1016/j.jacc.2011.12.035

10.1212/01.wnl.0000294323.48661.a9

10.1001/jama.2008.621

10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2008.08.040

10.1001/jama.2009.1619

10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2008.09.008

10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2007.07.033

10.1161/01.str.0000258347.19449.0f

10.1161/strokeaha.106.480657

10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2009.12.023

10.1016/S0140-6736(10)60656-3

10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2010.02.011

10.1056/NEJMoa1107579

10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2013.06.006

10.1056/NEJMoa0706628

10.1056/NEJMoa1206797

10.1001/jama.285.19.2486

10.1161/01.cir.0000437741.48606.98

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Diabetes Report Card 2012. Atlanta, GA: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, US Department of Health and Human Services; 2012

10.2337/dc13-S011

10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60283-9

10.2337/dc08-1296

10.1016/S0140-6736(11)60679-X

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. National Diabetes Fact Sheet: National diabetes fact sheet: national estimates and general information on diabetes and prediabetes in the United States. Atlanta GA: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. US Department of Health and Human Services; 2011.

10.1001/jama.1987.03390070069025

10.1016/S0140-6736(10)60834-3

10.1001/archinte.164.13.1422

10.2337/diacare.22.7.1077

10.1001/archinte.1991.00400060077013

10.1016/S0140-6736(10)60484-9

10.1001/jama.1979.03290450033020

10.1161/strokeaha.108.539650

10.1136/bmj.e3564

10.1056/NEJMoa0908359

10.1161/01.STR.30.12.2517

10.1001/archinte.165.2.227

10.1093/ageing/afh026

10.2337/diacare.29.04.06.dc05-1818

10.1161/strokeaha.111.633784

10.1159/000094853

10.1161/01.STR.22.2.155

10.1001/archneurol.2011.146

10.1212/WNL.50.1.208

10.1016/S0140-6736(11)60614-4

10.1161/strokeaha.111.620773

10.1001/archneurol.2010.235

10.1056/NEJM200105033441801

10.1056/NEJMoa012512

10.1016/S0140-6736(02)08905-5

10.1016/S0140-6736(06)69420-8

10.1056/NEJMoa1010949

10.1001/jama.290.4.486

10.1161/atvbaha.112.300346

10.2337/dc07-9917

10.1016/S0140-6736(08)60104-X

10.1016/S0140-6736(04)16895-5

10.7326/0003-4819-151-6-200909150-00137

10.1016/S0140-6736(09)60697-8

10.1056/NEJMoa0802987

10.1056/NEJMoa0808431

The CONTROL GroupTurnbull FM, Abraira C, Anderson RJ, Byington RP, Chalmers JP, Duckworth WC, Evans GW, Gerstein HC, Holman RR, Moritz TE, Neal BC, Ninomiya T, Patel AA, Paul SK, Travert F, Woodward M. Intensive glucose control and macrovascular outcomes in type 2 diabetes [published correction appears in Diabetologia. 2009;52:2470]. Diabetologia. 2009;52:2288–2298.

10.2337/dc10-2415

10.1056/NEJMoa1212914

10.1016/S0140-6736(98)07037-8

10.1016/S0140-6736(05)67528-9

10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60691-6

10.1161/01.str.0000257974.06317.49

10.2337/dc12-0413

10.1001/jama.289.2.187

10.1161/01.cir.0000013074.73995.6c

10.1016/j.maturitas.2011.04.010

10.1586/ern.11.99

10.2188/jea.JE20090186

10.1001/archneur.62.3.386

10.1161/strokeaha.111.624957

10.1093/eurheartj/ehs340

10.1161/strokeaha.110.593434

10.1016/j.amjmed.2012.06.018

10.1111/j.1463-1326.2011.01554.x

10.2165/11592040-000000000-00000

10.1056/NEJMoa1003114

10.1016/S0140-6736(10)60935-X

10.1001/jama.2011.1914

10.1007/s11883-012-0288-2

10.1161/01.cir.0000437739.71477.ee

10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.192644

10.1016/j.jacc.2005.11.046

10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a010069

Després J-P. Abdominal obesity as important component of insulin-resistance syndrome. Nutrition. 1993;9:452–459.

10.2337/diab.37.12.1595

10.1016/S0021-9150(99)00025-8

10.1093/aje/152.10.897

10.1001/jama.287.3.356

10.1161/strokeaha.108.523035

10.1212/01.wnl.0000168862.09764.9f

10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2003.12.033

10.1161/01.str.0000169935.35394.38

10.1212/01.wnl.0000210530.46058.5c

10.1016/j.jns.2008.10.002

10.1210/jc.2003-031005

10.1056/NEJM200111013451814

10.1172/JCI10583

10.1007/s00125-007-0711-3

10.1016/S0140-6736(05)66378-7

10.1016/j.jacc.2010.05.034

10.1016/S0140-6736(08)60602-9

10.1001/archinte.165.22.2644

10.1016/S0140-6736(08)60731-X

10.1161/strokeaha.107.496588

10.1161/01.str.0000206458.58142.f3

10.1161/01.str.0000169945.75911.33

10.1161/01.str.0000204354.06965.44

10.1001/archinte.166.1.106

10.1161/strokeaha.108.518878

10.1161/strokeaha.107.499830

10.1161/strokeaha.107.505073

10.1161/01.str.0000199081.17935.81

10.1136/jnnp.2007.134809

10.1001/jama.299.3.316

10.1093/ajcn/87.1.8

10.1161/hc0502.103331

10.1016/S0140-6736(06)69292-1

10.1001/jama.292.12.1440

10.1016/j.jacc.2006.08.054

10.1161/strokeaha.107.490391

10.1161/circulationaha.108.772822

10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.185649

10.1123/jpah.6.5.548

10.1161/01.str.0000127303.19261.19

Mendis S, Abegunde D, Yusuf S, Ebrahim S, Shaper G, Ghannem H, Shengelia B. WHO study on Prevention of REcurrences of Myocardial Infarction and StrokE (WHO-PREMISE). Bull World Health Organ. 2005;83:820–829.

10.1161/01.str.0000091843.02517.9d

10.3390/ijerph9020391

10.1016/j.amepre.2004.02.007

10.1212/WNL.0b013e31821f4472

10.7326/0003-4819-136-7-200204020-00006

10.1002/ana.10722

10.1097/00008483-199903000-00003

10.1172/JCI30566

10.1001/jama.2010.1505

10.1093/ije/dyh168

10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.914721

10.1186/1471-2377-10-122

10.1161/strokeaha.111.620187

10.1161/CIR.0b013e3181e52e69

10.1161/01.str.0000083699.95351.f2

10.1177/0269215507081580

10.1161/01.str.0000174192.87887.70

10.1161/01.STR.29.2.380

HealthyPeople.gov Web site. http://www.healthypeople.gov/2020/default.aspx. Accessed April 20 2013.

10.1093/pubmed/fdh197

10.2337/diacare.26.2.404

10.1136/bmj.b2810

10.1161/01.STR.25.2.366

10.1016/S0140-6736(05)70998-3

10.1001/archneurol.2007.12

10.1111/j.1600-0404.1998.tb07292.x

10.1161/01.STR.27.6.1028

10.1161/01.str.0000135227.10451.c9

10.1161/01.str.0000074037.49197.8c

10.1001/archneurol.2007.5

10.1016/S0140-6736(05)70999-5

10.1212/01.wnl.0000327092.39422.3c

10.1016/j.clnu.2010.01.011

10.1161/strokeaha.111.622142

10.1016/j.jacc.2010.09.070

10.1161/strokeaha.111.636910

10.1136/bmj.f1378

10.1161/01.str.0000195184.24297.c1

10.1016/S1474-4422(10)70187-3

10.1161/01.str.0000185929.38534.f3

10.1001/jama.293.9.1082

10.1016/S1474-4422(11)70265-4

10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60854-X

10.1136/bmj.b4567

10.1136/bmj.d2040

10.1001/jama.288.24.3130

10.1136/bmj.e6698

10.1161/strokeaha.111.630319

10.1016/S0140-6736(06)68069-0

10.1161/01.str.0000135762.89154.92

10.1212/WNL.0b013e318220abeb

10.3945/ajcn.2009.28060

10.1016/S0140-6736(02)11472-3

10.1016/S0140-6736(94)92580-1

10.1001/jama.295.6.655

10.1007/PL00007787

10.1161/01.str.0000023576.94311.27

10.1093/qjmed/95.11.741

10.1212/WNL.58.6.911

10.1161/01.STR.27.3.401

10.1093/sleep/22.2.217

10.1164/ajrccm.161.2.9903139

10.1046/j.1532-5415.2001.49081.x

Deleted in press.

10.1183/09031936.00034410

10.5665/SLEEP.1254

10.1161/strokeaha.109.566745

10.1016/S0003-9993(95)80046-8

10.1378/chest.115.3.863

10.5664/jcsm.27760

Colten H, Abboud F, Block G, Boat T, Litt I, Mignot E, Miller R, Nieto J, Pack A, Parker K, Potolicchio S, Redline S, Reynolds C, Saper CSleep Disorders and Sleep Deprivation: An Unmet Public Health Problem. Washington, DC: National Academy of Sciences; 2006.

10.5664/jcsm.27497

Balk E, Moorthy D, Obadan N, Patel K, Ip S, Chung M, Bannuru R, Kitsios G, Sen S, Iovin R, Gaylor J, D’Ambrosio C, Lau JDiagnosis and Treatment of Obstructive Sleep Apnea in Adults. Rockville, MD: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality; 2011.

10.1161/strokeaha.110.597468

10.1164/rccm.200505-702OC

10.1007/s11325-009-0325-8

10.1016/j.jocn.2004.08.014

10.1007/s00415-012-6803-0

10.1016/j.jocn.2010.04.048

10.1310/tsr1901-45

10.1183/09031936.00011311

10.1161/strokeaha.111.637611

10.1161/01.STR.27.2.252

10.1136/thx.2003.005348

10.1183/09031936.04.00061503

10.1001/archinternmed.2007.70

10.1097/01.PHM.0000069194.61078.6E

10.1093/sleep/26.3.293

Giles T, Lasserson T, Smith B, White J, Wright J, Cates C. Continuous positive airways pressure for obstructive sleep apnoea in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006;(3):CD001106.

10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2011.06.010

10.1183/09031936.01.00070301

10.1136/jnnp.2005.086686

10.1161/01.str.0000208215.49243.c3

10.1097/00002060-200208000-00011

10.1007/s10072-011-0835-6

10.1016/j.jocn.2006.01.017

10.1378/chest.122.3.852

10.1001/jama.1993.03500020066033

10.1161/01.STR.29.5.913

10.1161/01.STR.29.5.908

10.7326/0003-4819-120-6-199403150-00002

10.1136/bmj.298.6676.789

10.1001/jama.1988.03720070025028

10.1001/jama.1995.03530020073035

10.1136/bmj.293.6538.6

10.1212/WNL.0b013e3181a711df

10.1093/pubmed/fdr025

10.1159/000073973

10.1161/circulationaha.108.784801

10.1016/j.amepre.2008.05.024

10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2006.05.002

10.1093/aje/kwi028

10.1161/01.str.0000177475.30281.7f

10.1136/tc.8.2.156

10.1097/HJR.0b013e32828da1b5

10.1161/01.str.0000027209.59821.98

10.2105/AJPH.89.4.572

10.2105/AJPH.92.6.990

10.1161/01.str.0000147967.49567.d6

10.1161/01.str.0000027210.50936.d0

10.1136/bmjopen-2011-000366

10.1097/01376517-200512000-00003

Rigotti NA, Clair C, Munafò MR, Stead LF. Interventions for smoking cessation in hospitalised patients. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012;5:CD001837.

Stead LF, Lancaster T. Combined pharmacotherapy and behavioural interventions for smoking cessation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012;10:CD008286.

Fiore MC, Jaen CR, Baker TBTreating Tobacco Use and Dependence: 2008 Update. Clinical practice guideline. Rockville, MD: US Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service; 2008. www.surgeongeneral.gov/tobacco/treating_tobacco_use08.pdf. Accessed January 27, 2013.

10.1212/01.wnl.0000279338.18776.26

10.1161/strokeaha.110.597443

10.1161/strokeaha.110.580092

10.1161/strokeaha.108.520817

10.1161/strokeaha.107.505438

10.1136/bmj.d671

10.1186/1471-2458-10-258

10.1001/archinternmed.2011.443

10.1136/bmj.d636

10.1097/01.alc.0000183011.86768.61

10.1111/jch.12008

10.1016/j.jacc.2010.08.641

10.2337/dc09-0227

10.7326/0003-4819-140-7-200404060-00016

10.7326/0003-4819-157-9-201211060-00544

10.1056/NEJM199108153250701

10.1016/0140-6736(91)92916-P

10.1001/jama.1991.03470230047029

10.1016/S0140-6736(03)12228-3

10.1056/NEJM199811123392002

10.1161/01.str.0000092491.45227.0f

10.1161/01.STR.30.9.1751

10.1007/S10016-006-9028-9

10.1056/NEJMoa0912321

10.1016/S1474-4422(11)70080-1

10.1080/00015458.2004.11679578

10.1161/strokeaha.109.558528

Rerkasem K, Rothwell PM. Carotid endarterectomy for symptomatic carotid stenosis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011;(4):CD001081.

10.1016/S0140-6736(04)15785-1

10.1161/01.CIR.95.2.376

10.1016/j.jacc.2011.05.054

10.1016/j.jvs.2005.10.069

10.1016/S0140-6736(00)04893-5

Yadav JS Wholey MH Kuntz RE Fayad P Katzen BT Mishkel GJ Bajwa TK Whitlow P Strickman NE Jaff MR Popma JJ Snead DB Cutlip DE Firth BG Ouriel K; for the Stenting and Angioplasty with Protection in Patients at High Risk for Endarterectomy Investigators. Protected carotid-artery stenting versus endarterectomy in high-risk patients. N Engl J Med. 2004;351:1493–1501.

10.1016/j.avsg.2011.09.009

10.1016/j.jvs.2012.08.107

10.1016/S0140-6736(10)60239-5

10.1016/S0140-6736(10)61009-4

10.1161/strokeaha.111.624155

Bonati LH, Lyrer P, Ederle J, Featherstone R, Brown MM. Percutaneous transluminal balloon angioplasty and stenting for carotid artery stenosis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012;9:CD000515.

10.1016/0741-5214(89)90010-4

10.1161/01.STR.18.6.1031

10.1016/S0741-5214(98)70353-2

10.1016/S0950-821X(05)80253-1

10.1016/S1474-4422(09)70227-3

10.1016/S1474-4422(08)70196-0

10.1016/0741-5214(88)90142-5

10.1016/S1474-4422(12)70159-X

10.1056/NEJM198511073131904

10.1001/jama.280.12.1055

10.3171/jns.1994.81.2.0236

10.1001/jama.2011.1610

10.1001/archneur.55.4.470

10.1161/strokeaha.110.610451

10.1161/strokeaha.106.471862

10.1056/NEJMoa1105335

10.1111/j.1747-4949.2010.00528.x

10.1161/strokeaha.110.611459

10.1097/00000658-198104000-00008

10.1227/01.NEU.0000347099.17437.64

10.1161/strokeaha.107.505776

10.1056/NEJMoa043033

10.1161/circulationaha.105.578229

10.1212/01.wnl.0000238506.76873.2f

10.1161/strokeaha.108.528281

10.1161/circulationaha.106.622464

10.1161/01.str.0000157667.06542.b7

10.1161/strokeaha.110.609370

10.1111/j.1747-4949.2012.00828.x

10.3171/jns.1999.91.3.0415

10.1161/01.str.0000206142.03677.c2

10.3174/ajnr.A2670

10.1227/01.NEU.0000360138.54474.52

10.1161/01.STR.0000128708.86762.d6

10.1161/strokeaha.106.477711

10.1161/01.str.0000257963.65728.e8

10.1212/01.wnl.0000306308.08229.a3

10.1161/strokeaha.112.661173

Food and Drug Administration Executive Summary. Current Knowledge of the Safety and Effectiveness of the Wingspan Stent System with Gateway PTA Balloon Catheter for the Treatment of Intracranial Arterial Stenosis. Prepared for the March 23, 2012 meeting of the Neurologic Devices Panel Meeting. http://www.fda.gov/downloads/AdvisoryCommittees/CommitteesMeetingMaterials/MedicalDevices/MedicalDevicesAdvisoryCommittee/NeurologicalDevicesPanel/UCM296664.pdf. Accessed January 22, 2013.

Derdeyn CP, Chimowitz MI, Lynn MJ, Fiorella D, Turan TN, Janis LS, Montgomery J, Nizam A, Lane BF, Lutsep HL, Barnwell SL, Waters MF, Hoh BL, Hourihane JM, Levy EI, Alexandrov AV, Harrigan MR, Chiu D, Klucznik RP, Clark JM, McDougall CG, Johnson MD, Pride GL, Lynch JR, Zaidat OO, Rumboldt Z, Cloft HJfor the Stenting and Aggressive Medical Management for Preventing Recurrent Stroke in Intracranial Stenosis Trial Investigators. Aggressive medical treatment with or without stenting in high-risk patients with intracranial artery stenosis (SAMMPRIS): the final results of a randomised trial. Lancet. 2014;383:333–341.

10.1161/strokeaha.112.665844

10.1001/jama.285.22.2864

10.1378/chest.09-1584

10.1212/01.wnl.0000267275.68538.8d

10.1016/0140-6736(93)92358-Z

10.1378/chest.11-2304

10.1161/strokeaha.112.654954

10.1212/WNL.0b013e3181e19559

10.1161/strokeaha.109.571455

10.1016/j.amjcard.2012.06.034

10.1161/circep.109.849638

10.1161/01.CIR.0000057981.70380.45

10.1056/NEJMoa1105575

10.7326/0003-4819-146-12-200706190-00007

10.1001/archinte.1994.00420130036007

10.1378/chest.08-0678

10.1056/NEJM199608223350802

10.1016/S0140-6736(96)03487-3

10.1378/chest.129.5.1155

10.1056/NEJMoa0901301

10.7326/0003-4819-155-9-201111010-00004

10.1016/S0140-6736(06)68845-4

10.1056/NEJMc1007378

10.1056/NEJMoa0905561

10.7326/0003-4819-157-10-201211200-00532

10.1056/NEJMp1302834

10.1016/S1474-4422(10)70274-X

10.1056/NEJMoa1009638

10.1016/S1474-4422(12)70042-X

10.1056/NEJMoa1007432

10.1056/NEJMoa1107039

10.1016/S1474-4422(12)70092-3

10.7326/0003-4819-143-4-200508160-00005

10.1161/01.str.0000258004.64840.0b

10.1378/chest.10-3270

10.1001/archinternmed.2010.271

10.1160/TH09-08-0580

10.1136/bmj.324.7329.71

10.1016/j.jacc.2012.06.004

10.1001/jama.288.19.2411

10.1056/NEJMoa010746

10.1016/S0140-6736(12)62177-1

10.1016/j.jacc.2012.11.019

10.1016/S0140-6736(09)61343-X

10.1016/S0140-6736(00)02085-7

10.1159/000319048

10.1378/chest.11-2302

10.1161/strokeaha.110.611905

10.1378/chest.11-2298

10.1159/000047740

10.1056/NEJM198108063050601

10.7326/0003-4819-100-6-789

10.1016/0002-9149(88)91360-4

10.1016/0735-1097(90)90275-T

10.1016/j.ahj.2009.03.020

10.1016/j.amjcard.2010.06.043

10.1007/s11239-010-0448-6

10.1016/0735-1097(93)90409-T

10.1056/NEJMoa020496

10.1378/chest.11-2306

10.1016/j.ijcard.2009.05.039

10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.661397

10.1016/j.amjcard.2011.05.039

10.1186/1471-2261-9-37

10.3810/pgm.2008.04.1757

10.1371/journal.pone.0035116

10.1161/strokeaha.109.560854

10.1212/WNL.54.2.288

10.1016/j.ahj.2004.03.010

10.1016/j.ejheart.2006.02.012

10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.108.801753

10.1056/NEJMoa1202299

10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2012.09.015

10.1161/circheartfailure.112.971697

10.1056/NEJM199701233360407

10.1586/erc.10.41

10.1007/s00392-010-0144-8

10.1161/circulationaha.111.040246

10.1016/j.healun.2011.08.014

10.1161/circulationaha.104.532498

Otto CM, Bonow RO. Valvular heart disease. In: , Bonow RO, Mann DL, Zipes DP, Libby P Braunwald’s Heart Disease: A Textbook of Cardiovascular Medicine. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2012:chap 66.

10.1016/S0140-6736(09)60994-6

10.1161/01.CIR.45.4.878

10.1136/bmj.1.5392.1209

10.1136/hrt.32.1.26

10.1016/S0140-6736(65)91473-X

10.1016/0002-8703(51)90152-4

10.1161/circulationaha.106.176857

10.1016/S0735-1097(02)01686-8

10.1001/archinte.167.2.117

10.1016/S0140-6736(06)69208-8

10.1016/S0140-6736(09)60692-9

10.1056/NEJM198001173020303

10.1056/NEJM199907013410101

10.1056/NEJM199907013410102

10.1212/WNL.45.6.1083

10.1056/NEJM198511213132101

10.3949/ccjm.69.11.889

10.1016/S0002-9149(99)80718-8

10.1161/01.str.0000072274.12041.ff

10.1016/j.jacc.2011.01.034

10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2003.12.018

10.1161/01.CIR.0000058168.26163.BC

10.1016/j.jcmg.2008.07.006

10.1056/NEJM196211012671802

10.1056/NEJM199208063270602

10.1016/S0002-9149(99)00623-2

10.1016/S0002-9149(01)01863-X

10.1161/01.str.0000190005.09442.ad

10.7326/0003-4819-116-1-6

10.1016/j.amjcard.2006.12.053

10.1161/circulationaha.105.552844

10.1016/j.amjcard.2005.02.010

10.1016/j.jns.2009.07.018

10.1016/j.jjcc.2008.10.011

10.1016/S0002-9149(77)80185-9

10.1161/01.CIR.72.5.1059

10.1161/01.CIR.89.2.635

10.1056/NEJM199507063330103

10.1016/j.jacc.2008.05.007

10.1056/NEJM199308193290802

Little SH, Massel DR. Antiplatelet and anticoagulation for patients with prosthetic heart valves. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2003;(4):CD003464.

10.1016/0735-1097(94)00563-6

10.1136/jnnp.54.12.1044

10.1056/NEJM199110313251801

10.1056/NEJM197807132990201

10.1136/bmj.308.6921.81

10.1001/archinte.159.11.1248

10.1016/0140-6736(91)92233-R

10.1001/archinte.162.19.2197

10.1016/S0140-6736(96)09457-3

10.1001/jama.280.22.1930

10.1001/jama.289.22.2947

10.1056/NEJM198908243210804

10.1016/S0140-6736(89)92327-1

10.1056/NEJMoa0805002

10.7326/0003-4819-146-6-200703200-00008

10.1056/NEJM200006153422402

10.1016/j.jacc.2008.05.053

10.7326/0003-4819-153-6-201009210-00005

10.3748/wjg.v18.i18.2161

10.1056/NEJMoa0809171

The ESPS Group. The European Stroke Prevention Study: principal endpoints. Lancet. 1987;2:1351–1354.

10.1016/S0022-510X(96)00308-5

10.1016/S0140-6736(06)68734-5

10.1016/S1474-4422(09)70361-8

10.1016/S0140-6736(04)16721-4

10.1056/NEJMoa060989

10.1056/NEJMoa1215340

10.1016/S1474-4422(07)70250-8

10.2165/11539160-0000000000-00000

10.1016/j.jacc.2010.04.047

10.1056/NEJMoa1209979

10.1161/strokeaha.112.655084

10.1161/circulationaha.106.653048

10.1136/hrt.2005.071209

10.1161/strokeaha.110.609404

10.1161/strokeaha.107.505131

10.1016/S1474-4422(08)70094-2

10.1212/01.WNL.0000113757.34662.AA

10.1016/S1474-4422(10)70198-8

10.1016/S0140-6736(11)60600-4

10.1002/ana.410420606

10.1056/NEJMoa011258

10.1016/S1474-4422(06)70685-8

10.1159/000093450

10.1161/01.STR.14.5.677

10.1161/01.STR.11.1.4

De Schryver EL, Algra A, Kappelle LJ, van Gijn J, Koudstaal PJ. Vitamin K antagonists versus antiplatelet therapy after transient ischaemic attack or minor ischaemic stroke of presumed arterial origin. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012;9:CD001342.

10.1056/NEJM199605093341902

10.1056/NEJM199201233260402

10.1161/01.CIR.96.11.3838

10.1212/WNL.46.6.1560

Jones EF, Kalman JM, Calafiore P, Tonkin AM, Donnan GA. Proximal aortic atheroma: an independent risk factor for cerebral ischemia. Stroke. 1995;26:218–224.

10.1161/circulationaha.106.671727

10.1016/S0002-8703(99)70191-2

10.1016/0002-8703(95)90243-0

10.1161/strokeaha.109.577775

10.1016/j.jacc.2004.05.075

10.1016/S0002-9149(02)02870-9

10.1016/S0002-9149(98)00886-8

10.1161/circulationaha.108.811935

10.1016/S0735-1097(97)00449-X

10.1016/S0735-1097(99)00003-0

10.1161/CIR.0b013e3181d4739e

10.1016/S0741-5214(96)70075-7

Mokri B. Cervicocephalic arterial dissections. In: , Bogousslavsky J, Caplan LR Uncommon Causes of Stroke. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press; 2001:211–229.

10.1212/WNL.55.11.1738

10.1080/02841850410004184

10.1161/strokeaha.106.479501

10.1159/000117396

10.1016/S0733-8619(18)31177-0

10.1007/BF00919596

10.1161/01.STR.29.12.2646

10.1161/01.STR.28.10.1993

10.1161/01.STR.26.2.235

Lyrer P, Engelter S. Antithrombotic drugs for carotid artery dissection. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010;(10):CD000255.

10.1136/jnnp.2007.138800

10.1212/01.WNL.0000094325.95097.86

10.1212/WNL.0b013e3181a2a50a

10.1136/jnnp.2009.192153

10.1111/j.1747-4949.2007.00165.x

Jacobs A, Lanfermann H, Szelies B, Schroder R, Neveling M. MRI- and MRA-guided therapy of carotid and vertebral artery dissections. Cerebrovasc Dis. 1996;6 (suppl 2):80. Abstract.

Saver JL, Easton JD. Dissections and trauma of cervicocerebral arteries. In: , Mohr JP, Yatsu FM, Stein BM, Barnett HJM Stroke: Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Management. 3rd ed. New York, NY: Elsevier Health Sciences; 1998:769–786.

10.1159/000008236

10.1212/WNL.53.1.117

10.1097/00127893-199703000-00005

10.1001/archneur.1987.00520140009010

10.1111/jon199773187

10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2006.12.041

10.1007/s10016-004-0149-8

10.1227/NEU.0b013e318209ce03

10.1056/NEJMicm066931

10.1016/j.acvd.2008.08.011

10.1016/j.jacc.2006.08.063

10.1016/j.jacc.2005.10.044

10.4065/81.5.602

10.1056/NEJM198805053181802

10.1161/01.str.0000106137.42649.ab

10.1161/STROKEAHA.109.547828

10.1212/WNL.55.8.1172

10.1161/01.STR.24.12.1865

10.1161/STROKEAHA.111.631648

10.1056/NEJMoa1009639

10.1056/NEJMoa1301440

10.1056/NEJMoa1211716

10.1212/WNL.0b013e31824d58bc

10.1056/NEJMoa011503

10.1161/01.CIR.0000017498.88393.44

10.1007/s00392-011-0392-2

10.1161/STROKEAHA.108.521427

10.1056/NEJMe1201173

10.1056/NEJMe1301680

10.1161/01.str.0000115161.10646.67

10.1093/eurheartj/ehn515

10.1001/jama.1992.03490070059042

10.1016/S0140-6736(95)92407-8

10.1161/01.STR.21.4.572

10.1056/NEJM199104253241701

10.1001/jama.1995.03530130055028

10.1161/hs0102.100483

10.7326/0003-4819-131-5-199909070-00003

10.7326/0003-4819-123-10-199511150-00002

10.1001/jama.288.16.2015

10.1136/bmj.325.7374.1202

10.1016/S0140-6736(11)60872-6

10.1056/NEJMoa060900

10.1016/S1474-4422(12)70091-1

10.1161/01.STR.32.8.1793

10.1136/jnnp.65.4.508

10.1161/circulationaha.109.913673

10.1038/369064a0

10.1161/strokeaha.110.581256

10.1001/archneur.61.11.1652

10.1161/strokeaha.110.595199

10.1056/NEJM199504063321403

10.1161/01.STR.29.3.577

10.1182/blood.V90.9.3806

10.1161/01.CIR.99.8.999

10.1182/blood.V91.10.3562

10.1161/01.ATV.19.7.1751

10.1055/s-0037-1613791

10.7326/0003-4819-139-9-200311040-00010

10.1161/01.str.0000046457.54037.cc

10.1182/blood-2002-01-0111

10.1160/TH03-11-0690

10.1016/S0002-8703(03)00519-2

10.1212/WNL.59.4.529

10.1016/S0140-6736(05)70152-5

Anderson JA, Weitz JI. Hypercoagulable states. In , Hoffman R, Benz EJ, Silberstein LE, Heslop HE, Weitz JI, Anastasi J. Hematology: Basic Principles and Practice. 6th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Saunders; 2012:2013–2024.

10.1111/j.1538-7836.2009.03577.x

10.1212/WNL.41.9.1371

10.1016/0002-9343(90)90392-Q

10.1212/WNL.0b013e3181b59aaf

10.1378/chest.119.1_suppl.176S

10.1056/NEJMoa035029

10.1378/chest.126.3_suppl.311S

10.1097/00003246-200009001-00005

Kakkar AK, Williamson RC. Thromboprophylaxis in the cancer patient. Haemostasis. 1998;28(suppl 3):61–65.

10.1111/j.1538-7836.2004.00853.x

10.1161/str.0b013e31820a8364

10.1016/S0140-6736(10)60709-X

10.1136/ard.2004.025759

10.1111/j.1538-7836.2006.01753.x

10.1161/01.str.0000031927.25510.d1

10.1016/S1474-4422(09)70239-X

10.1161/01.str.0000117575.48205.2d

10.1002/ana.410380119

10.1001/jama.291.5.576

Kittner SJ, Gorelick PB. Antiphospholipid antibodies and stroke: an epidemiological perspective. Stroke. 1992;23(suppl):I19–I22.

10.1007/s004150170176

10.1159/000048623

10.1212/WNL.43.10.2069

10.7326/0003-4819-117-12-997

10.1111/j.1600-0404.1994.tb02685.x

Levine SR, Brey RL, Joseph CL, Havstad S. Risk of recurrent thromboembolic events in patients with focal cerebral ischemia and antiphospholipid antibodies: the Antiphospholipid Antibodies in Stroke Study Group. Stroke. 1992;23(suppl):I29–I32.

10.1161/01.STR.28.9.1660

10.1161/01.STR.23.2.189

10.1161/01.STR.30.8.1561

10.1177/0961203310395803

10.1056/NEJMoa035241

Okuma H, Kitagawa Y, Yasuda T, Tokuoka K, Takagi S. Comparison between single antiplatelet therapy and combination of antiplatelet and anticoagulation therapy for secondary prevention in ischemic stroke patients with antiphospholipid syndrome. Int J Med Sci. 2009;7:15–18.

10.1056/NEJM199406093302303

Ohene-Frempong K, Weiner SJ, Sleeper LA, Miller ST, Embury S, Moohr JW, Wethers DL, Pegelow CH, Gill FM. Cerebrovascular accidents in sickle cell disease: rates and risk factors. Blood. 1998;91:288–294.

10.1016/S0002-9343(96)00407-X

10.1212/WNL.38.7.1012

Jeffries BF, Lipper MH, Kishore PR. Major intracerebral arterial involvement in sickle cell disease. Surg Neurol. 1980;14:291–295.

Koshy M, Thomas C, Goodwin J. Vascular lesions in the central nervous system in sickle cell disease (neuropathology). J Assoc Acad Minor Phys. 1990;1:71–78.

10.1177/088307389701200103

10.1046/j.1365-2141.1998.01121.x

10.1016/S0022-2143(99)90149-X

10.1007/BF00588087

10.1056/NEJM199807023390102

10.1161/strokeaha.108.189696

10.1016/S0022-3476(95)70204-0

10.1182/blood.V63.1.162.162

10.1001/archneur.58.12.2017

10.1182/blood-2007-08-102244

10.1002/ajh.10205

Ware RE, Zimmerman SA, Schultz WH. Hydroxyurea as an alternative to blood transfusions for the prevention of recurrent stroke in children with sickle cell disease. Blood. 1999;94:3022–3026.

10.1002/ajh.22142

10.1182/blood-2011-11-392340

10.1038/bmt.2011.79

10.1053/bbmt.2001.v7.pm11787529

10.1016/S0887-8994(03)00047-X

10.3171/PED/2008/1/3/211

10.1056/NEJMra042354

10.1016/0140-6736(91)90607-Q

10.1161/01.STR.30.3.484

Stam J, De Bruijn SF, DeVeber G. Anticoagulation for cerebral sinus thrombosis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2002;(4):CD002005.

10.1161/strokeaha.110.581223

10.1378/chest.08-0658

10.1056/NEJM199609123351102

10.1097/00001648-200107000-00016

10.1212/WNL.55.2.269

10.1016/j.ajog.2003.11.002

10.1007/s00404-012-2352-0

10.1161/STROKEAHA.111.635276

10.1002/ana.22091

10.1034/j.1600-0412.2002.810303.x

10.1038/clpt.2008.73

10.1016/S0140-6736(94)92633-6

10.1111/j.1471-0528.1995.tb10872.x

Duley L, Henderson-Smart DJ, Meher S, King JF. Antiplatelet agents for preventing pre-eclampsia and its complications. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2007:CD004659.

10.1067/mob.2002.127376

10.1016/j.ajog.2004.10.598

10.1093/aje/kwm335

10.1016/j.ajog.2011.11.019

Content and format of labeling for human prescription drug and biological products; requirements for pregnancy and lactation labeling. Fed Regist. 2008;73:30831.

10.1161/strokeaha.108.536425

10.1136/bmj.1.6076.1564

Schindler D, Graham TP. Warfarin overdose in a breast-feeding woman. West J Emerg Med. 2011;12:216–217.

10.1046/j.0306-5251.2001.01517.x

10.1177/000992288102000107

10.1016/S0002-9378(11)90771-6

10.2165/00002018-200326130-00002

10.1016/j.cjca.2010.12.033

10.1161/str.0b013e3181ec611b

10.1001/archneur.65.10.1313

10.1161/strokeaha.110.593087

10.1016/j.cjca.2011.10.002

10.1136/jnnp.2006.106500

10.1001/archinte.1996.00440080047006

10.1161/01.str.0000090841.90286.81

10.1212/WNL.59.2.193

10.1016/S0167-5273(02)00317-0

10.1159/000330643

10.1161/01.str.0000078311.18928.16

10.1046/j.1365-2141.1998.01078.x

10.1378/chest.119.2.478

10.1001/archneur.57.12.1710

10.1038/nrneurol.2011.6

10.1007/s004150050565

10.1001/jama.1976.03270130027021

10.1161/01.STR.32.6.1330

10.1161/01.STR.30.11.2280

10.1212/WNL.43.7.1298

10.1016/S0140-6736(00)04235-5

10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a009957

10.1053/euhj.2002.3193

10.1001/jama.289.3.305

10.1016/S0735-1097(00)00996-7

10.1161/strokeaha.108.539619

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Vital signs: prevalence, treatment, and control of high levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol: United States, 1999–2002 and 2005–200. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2011;60:109–114.

10.1161/circ.106.25.3143

10.1161/circoutcomes.109.921858

10.1001/archneurol.2010.190

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Use of a registry to improve acute stroke care: seven states, 2005–2009. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2011;60:206–210.

Committee on Quality of Health Care in America, Institute of Medicine. Crossing the Quality Chasm: A New Health System for the 21st Century. Washington, DC: National Academy Press; 2001.

10.1212/WNL.50.4.883

10.1161/strokeaha.106.479477

10.1001/archneur.1991.00530170040018

Kenton EJ, Gorelick PB, Cooper ES. Stroke in elderly African-Americans. Am J Geriatr Cardiol. 1997;6:39–49.

Saxena R, Koudstaal PJ. Anticoagulants for preventing stroke in patients with nonrheumatic atrial fibrillation and a history of stroke or transient ischaemic attack. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2004;(2):CD000185.

10.1016/j.jvs.2003.12.037

10.3949/ccjm.70.11.991

Lewis SJ. Statin therapy in the elderly: observational and randomized controlled trials support event reduction. Am J Geriatr Cardiol. 2004;13(suppl 1):10–16.

10.1161/01.STR.0000254602.58896.d2

10.1161/circulationaha.109.892497

10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2011.04.019

10.1212/WNL.46.5.1471

10.1056/NEJMsa003376

10.1016/j.amjmed.2004.02.035

10.1212/WNL.0b013e3181fb84bc

10.1161/strokeaha.108.519355

10.1161/strokeaha.108.529255

10.1161/strokeaha.111.645861

10.1161/strokeaha.112.652305

Keppel KG, Pearcy JN, Wagener DK. Trends in racial and ethnic-specific rates for the health status indicators: United States, 1990–98. Healthy People 2000 Stat Notes. 2002:1–16.

10.1212/01.wnl.0000203335.45804.72

10.1161/circulationaha.109.881490

10.1161/01.str.0000096459.62826.1f

10.1212/WNL.0b013e31825f04c5

10.1161/01.STR.29.12.2656

10.1111/j.1524-6175.2004.03563.x

10.1161/01.STR.32.8.1725

10.1161/01.STR.32.1.37

10.1161/strokeaha.108.543157

National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke. Proceedings of the Stroke Disparities Advisory Panel Meeting. November 7-8 2002 Bethesda MD. http://www.ninds.nih.gov/news_and_events/proceedings/stroke_report_nov_2002.htm. Accessed April 7 2014.

10.1212/01.wnl.0000232738.02278.28

10.1212/01.wnl.0000327524.16575.ca