Global, Regional, and National Cancer Incidence, Mortality, Years of Life Lost, Years Lived With Disability, and Disability-Adjusted Life-years for 32 Cancer Groups, 1990 to 2015
Christina Fitzmaurice1,2, Christine A. Allen2, Ryan M Barber2, Lars Barregård3, Zulfiqar A Bhutta4, Hermann Brenner5, Daniel Dicker2, Odgerel Chimed‐Ochir6, Rakhi Dandona7, Lalit Dandona2, Tom Fleming2, Mohammad H Forouzanfar2, Jamie Hancock2, Roderick J. Hay8, Rachel Hunter-Merrill2, Chantal Huynh2, Hung Chak Ho9, Catherine O. Johnson2, Jost B Jonas10, Jagdish Khubchandani11, G Anil Kumar7, Michael Kutz2, Qing Lan12, Heidi J. Larson13, Xiaofeng Liang14, Stephen S Lim2, Alan D Lopez15, Michael F MacIntyre2, Laurie B. Marczak2, Neal Marquez2, Ali H. Mokdad2, Christine Pinho2, Farshad Pourmalek16, Joshua A. Salomon17, Juan Sanabria18, Logan Sandar2, Benn Sartorius19, Stephen M. Schwartz20, Katya Anne Shackelford2, Kenji Shibuya21, Jeffrey D Stanaway2, Caitlyn Steiner2, Jiandong Sun22, Ken Takahashi23, Dan J. Stein24, Theo Vos2, Joseph A. Wagner2, Haidong Wang2, Ronny Westerman25, Hajo Zeeb26, Leo Zoeckler2, Foad Abd-Allah27, Muktar Beshir Ahmed28, Samer Alabed29, Noore Alam30, Saleh Fahed Aldhahri31, Girma Alem32, Mulubirhan Assefa Alemayohu33, Raghib Ali34, Rajaa Al‐Raddadi35, Azmeraw T. Amare36,37, Yaw Ampem Amoako38, Al Artaman39, Hamid Asayesh40, Niguse Tadele Atnafu41, Ashish Awasthi42, Huda Ba Saleem43, Aleksandra Barać44, Neeraj Bedi45, Isabela M. Benseñor46, Adugnaw Berhane47, Eduardo Bernabé48, Balem Demtsu Betsu49, Agnès Binagwaho50,51, Dube Jara Boneya32, Ismael Campos‐Nonato52, Carlos A Castañeda-Orjuela53, Ferrán Catalá-López54,55, Peggy Pei-Chia Chiang56, Chioma Chibueze57, Abdulaal Chitheer58, Jee-Young Jasmine Choi59, Benjamin Cowie60, Solomon Abrha Damtew61, José das Neves62, Suhojit Dey63, Samath D Dharmaratne64, Preet K. Dhillon65, Eric L. Ding66, Tim Driscoll67, Donatus U. Ekwueme68, Aman Yesuf Endries69, Maryam S. Farvid70,71, Farshad Farzadfar72, João Carlos Fernandes73, Florian Fischer74, Reta Tsegaye75, Alemseged Aregay Gebru76, Sameer Vali Gopalani77, Alemayehu Hailu78, Masako Horino79, Nobuyuki Horita80, Abdullatif Husseini81, Inge Huybrechts82, Manami Inoue21, Farhad Islami83, Mihajlo Jakovljević84, Spencer L James85, Mehdi Javanbakht86, Sun Ha Jee87, Amir Kasaeian88, Muktar Sano Kedir89, Yousef Khader90, Young‐Ho Khang91,92, Daniel Kim93, James Leigh94, Shai Linn95, Raimundas Lunevičius96, Hassan Magdy Abd El Razek97, Reza Malekzadeh98, Déborah Carvalho Malta99, Wagner Marcenes48, Desalegn Markos100, Yohannes Adama Melaku76, Kidanu Gebremariam Meles101, Walter Mendoza102, Desalegn Tadese Mengiste76, Tuomo J Meretoja103, Ted R. Miller104,105, Karzan Abdulmuhsin Mohammad106,107, Alireza Mohammadi108, Shafiu Mohammed109, Maziar Moradi‐Lakeh110, Gabriele Nagel111, Devina Nand112, Quyen Le Nguyen113, Sandra Nolte114, Felix Akpojene Ogbo115, Kelechi Elizabeth Oladimeji116, Eyal Oren117, P A Mahesh118, Eun‐Kee Park119, David M. Pereira120, Dietrich Plaß121, Mostafa Qorbani122, Amir Radfar123, Anwar Rafay124, Mahfuzar Rahman125, Chhabi Lal Ranabhat126, Kjetil Søreide127,128, Maheswar Satpathy129, Monika Sawhney130, Sadaf G Sepanlou131, Masood Ali Shaikh132, Jun She133, Ivy Shiue134, Hirbo Shore Roba135, Mark G. Shrime136, Samuel So137, Samir Soneji138,139, Vasiliki Stathopoulou140, Konstantinos Stroumpoulis141, Mu’awiyyah Babale Sufiyan142, Bryan L. Sykes143, Rafael Tabarés‐Seisdedos144, Fentaw Tadese145, Bemnet Amare Tedla146, Gizachew Assefa Tessema147,148, JS Thakur149, Bach Xuan Tran150, Kingsley Nnanna Ukwaja151, Benjamin S. Chudi Uzochukwu152, Vasily Vlassov153, Elisabete Weiderpass154,155, Mamo Wubshet Terefe156, Henock G. Yebyo76, Hamid Yimam Hassen157, Naohiro Yonemoto158, Mustafa Z Younis159, Chuanhua Yu160, Zoubida Zaidi161, Maysaa El Sayed Zaki162, Zerihun Menlkalew Zenebe163, Christopher J L Murray2, Mohsen Naghavi2
1Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle2Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle
2Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle
3University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
4Aga Khan University, Pakistan
5German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
6University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Fukuoka, Japan
7Public Health Foundation of India, New Delhi, India
8International Foundation for Dermatology, London, England
9Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Global Health Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, New York
10Department of Ophthalmology, Ruprecht-Karls-University Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
11Ball State University, Muncie, Indiana
12National Cancer Institute, Rockville, Maryland
13London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, England
14Chinese Center For Disease Control And Prevention, Beijing, China
15School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
16University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia
17Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts
18School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, West Virginia
19University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
20Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
21University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
22Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
23University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka, Japan
24Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Bergen, Norway
25Federal Institute for Population Research, Hessen, Germany
26Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology, Bremen, Germany
27Department of Neurology, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
28College of Health Sciences, Department of Epidemiology, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
29College of Health Sciences, Department of Epidemiology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, England
30Queensland Health Herston, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
31Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
32Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia
33School of Public Health, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia
34Cancer Epidemiology Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, England
35Public Health Directorate, Department of Preventive Medicine, Ministry of Health, Jeddah, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
36School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
37School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia37Bahir Dar University, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
38Department of Medicine, Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital Ghana, Kumasi, Ghana
39Department of Community Health Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
40Department of Medical Emergency, School of Paramedic, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran
41College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Nursing, Mizan Tepi University, Mizan Teferi, Ethiopia
42Department of Biostatistics, Nayati Multi Super Speciality Hospital, Mathura, India
43Department of Community Medicine, Aden Cancer Registry, and Research Center Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Aden University, Aden, Yemen
44Clinic for Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Clinical Center of Serbia, Faculty of Medicine University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
45Department of Epidemiology, Tropical Disease Unit, College of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
46Department of Internal Medicine, University of São Paul, São Paul, Brazil
47College of Health Sciences, Debre Berhan University, Debre Berhan, Ethiopia
48Division of Population and Patient Health, King's College London Dental Institute, London, England
49Mekelle University, Tigray, Ethiopia
50University of Global Health Equit, Kigali, Rwanda
51University of Global Health Equit, Kigali, Rwanda51Department of Global Health and Social Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts
52National Institute of Public Health, Morelos, Mexico
53Instituto Nacional de Salud Bogota, Bogota, Colombia
54Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
55Department of Medicine, University of Valencia/INCLIVA Health Research Institute and CIBERSAM, Valencia, Spain55Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
56Clinical Governance Unit, Gold Coast Health, Southport, Queensland, Australia
57National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
58Ministry of Health, Baghdad, Iraq
59Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
60WHO Collaborating Centre for Viral Hepatitis, Doherty Institute, Melbourne, Australia
61School of Public Health, College of Health Sciences and Medicine, Wolaita Sodo University, Wolaita Sodo, Ethiopia
62I3S–Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
63Indian Institute of Public Health Delhi, Public Health Foundation of India, Gurgaon, India
64Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
65Centre for Chronic Conditions and Injuries, Public Health Foundation of India, Gurgaon, India
66Department of Nutrition, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts
67Sydney School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
68Division of Cancer Prevention and Control, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, Georgia
69Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
70Department of Nutrition, T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
71Department of Nutrition, T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts71Harvard/MGH Center on Genomics, Vulnerable Populations, and Health Disparities, Mongan Institute for Health Policy, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
72Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Population Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
73Center for Biotechnology and Fine Chemistry–Associate Laboratory, Faculty of Biotechnology, Catholic University of Portugal, Porto, Portugal
74Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
75Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
76Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia
77Government of the Federated States of Micronesia, Palikir, Federated States of Micronesia
78Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
79Nevada Division of Public and Behavioral Health, Carson City
80Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
81Institute of Community and Public Health, Birzeit University, Birzeit, Palestine
82International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
83Surveillance and Health Services Research, American Cancer Society, Atlanta, Georgia
84University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
85Emergency Medicine, Denver Health/University of Colorado, Denver
86Health Economics Group, Institute of Health and Society, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, England
87Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
88Hematology Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
89Department of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Mizan Tepi University, Mizan Teferi, Ethiopia
90Department of Community Medicine, Public Health and Family Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology Irbid, Irbid, Jordan
91Department of Health Policy and Management, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
92Department of Health Policy and Management, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea92Institute of Health Policy and Management, Seoul National University Medical Research Center, Seoul, South Korea
93Department of Health Science, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts
94Asbestos Disease Research Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
95School of Public Health, Faculty of Social Welfare and Health, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
96Aintree University Hospital National Health Service Foundation Trust, Liverpool, England
97Surgery Department, Mansoura Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura, Egypt
98Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Fars, Iran
99Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
100College of Health Sciences, Arsi University, Assela, Ethiopia
101Department of Epidemiology, College of Health Science, School of Public Health, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia
102Peru Country Office, United Nations Population Fund, Lima, Peru
103Comprehensive Cancer Center, Breast Surgery Unit, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
104Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation, Calverton, Maryland
105Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation, Calverton, Maryland105Center for Population Health Research, The Curtin University, Calverton, Maryland
106Faculty of Education, Ishik University, Erbil, Iraq
107Faculty of Education, Ishik University, Erbil, Iraq107Faculty of Education, University of Salahaddin, Erbil, Iraq
108Neuroscience Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
109Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria Nigeria
110Department of Community Medicine, Preventive Medicine and Public Health Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
111Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
112Ministry of Health, Suva, Fiji
113Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Vietnam
114Charité, Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
115Centre for Health Research, Western Sydney University, Sydney, Australia
116Department of Public Health Medicine, College of Health Science, Howard College Campus, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
117Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, Tucson
118Department of Pulmonary Medicine, JSS Medical College, JSS University, Mysore, India
119Kosin University, Busan, South Korea
120Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
121Department of Environmental Hygiene, German Environment Agency, Berlin, Germany
122Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
123College of Graduate Heath Study, A. T. Still University, Kirksville, Missouri
124Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Contech International Health Consultants, Lahore Pakistan
125BRAC, Dhaka, Bangladesh
126Contech School of Public Health, Lahore, Pakistan
127Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
128Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway128Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
129Jai Prakash Narayan Apex Trauma Centre, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
130Department of Public Health, College of Health Professions, Marshall University, Huntington, West Virginia
131Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
132Independent Consultant, Karachi, Pakistan
133Fudan University, Shanghai, China
134Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, England.
135College of Health and Medical Sciences, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia
136Program in Global Surgery and Social Change, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
137Asian Liver Center, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California
138Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Dartmouth Medical School, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire
139The Dartmouth Institute for Health Policy and Clinical Practice, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire139Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Dartmouth Medical School, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire
140Attikon University Hospital, Athens, Greece
141Alexandra General Hospital of Athens, Athens, Greece
142Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
143Department of Criminology, Law & Society, University of California Irvine, Irvine
144Department of Medicine, University of Valencia, INCLIVA Health Research Institute and CIBERSAM, Valencia, Spain
145Department of Public Health, Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia
146University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
147Institute of Public Health, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia147School of Public Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
148School of Public Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
149Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
150Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
151Department of Medicine, Federal Teaching Hospital, Abakaliki, Nigeria
152Institute of Public Health, College of Medicine, University of Nigeria Nsukka, Enugu, Nigeria
153Center for Health Policy, National Research University, Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russia
154Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
155Department of Research, Group of Etiological Cancer Research, Cancer Registry of Norway, Institute of Population-Based Cancer Research, Oslo154Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden155Genetic Epidemiology Group, Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland156Department of Community Medicine, University of Tromsø, The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
156Department of Public Health, St. Paul's Hospital Millenium Medical College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
157Mizan Tepi University, Mizan Teferi, Ethiopia
158Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
159Department of Health Policy and Management, Jackson State University, Jackson, Mississippi
160Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
161Department of Epidemiology, University Hospital of Setif, Algeria
162Clinical Pathology Department, Mansoura Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura, Egypt
163College of Health Sciences, Department of Midwidery, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia