Future stress accumulation zones around the main active faults by 3D numerical simulation in East Azerbaijan Province, Iran

Springer Science and Business Media LLC - Tập 54 - Trang 461-481 - 2019
Pouya Sadeghi-Farshbaf1, Mohammad Mahdi Khatib2, Hamid Nazari3
1Tectonics Laboratory, Department of Geology, Pardis Campus, University of Birjand Blvd, Birjand, Iran
2Department of Geology, University of Birjand, Birjand, Iran
3Research Institute for Earth Sciences, Tehran, Iran

Tóm tắt

As a preliminary three-dimensional numerical analysis, this research aims to detect future zones of high-stress accumulation caused by the interaction of active faults within a 3D topographic geological block based on finite-element analysis. Stress analysis of the three-dimensional topographic model covers both static and dynamic loading caused by topographic loads and crustal movements, and can provide more realistic results. There are many applications to create topographic models from xyz data. Nevertheless, these models do not have the properties required in analytical software. Solid meshing of topographic blocks is abstruse and consumes much time and high CPU usage. Therefore, we first try to create a validated topographic shell model through the introduced methods including nodal projection and statistical analysis, and then upgrade it to a solid model. The stress equations are then assigned to each element of the solid model. The outputs include stress accumulation zones in both pre-failure and failure mode for the whole model. In addition, energy diagrams show the rate of main energies per time and accordingly, represent the perception of power for each energy output. Energy drop during the initial run time is consistent with the collision of the blocks of the model.

Tài liệu tham khảo

Abd-Elmotaal H (2013) Behaviour of earth’s crust due to topographic loads derived by inverse and direct isostasy. NRIAG J Astron Geophys 2:196–202. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nrjag.2013.12.005 Afshar A, Norouzi GH, Moradzadeh A, Riahi MA, Porkhial S (2017) Curie point depth, geothermal gradient and heat-flow estimation and geothermal anomaly exploration from integrated analysis of aeromagnetic and gravity data on the Sabalan Area, NW Iran. Pure Appl Geophys 174:1133–1152. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00024-016-1448-z Aghajany SH, Voosoghi B, Yazdian A (2017) Estimation of north Tabriz fault parameters using neural networks and 3D tropospherically corrected surface displacement field. Geomat Nat Hazards Risk 8:918–932. https://doi.org/10.1080/19475705.2017.1289248 Allik H, Hughes TJR (1970) Finite element method for piezoelectric vibration. Int J Numer Methods Eng 2:151–157. https://doi.org/10.1002/nme.1620020202 Ambraseys N, Melville C (1982) A History of Persian Earthquakes. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge Amadei B, Stephansson O (1997) Rock stress and its measurement. Chapman and Hall, London Bai Y, Xu X (2013) Apply of explicit finite element in seismic ground motion computation. JAMP 1:11–14. https://doi.org/10.4236/jamp.2013.16003 Berberian M, Yeats RS (1999) Patterns of historical earthquake rupture in the Iranian Plateau. B Seismol Soc Am 89:120–139 Billings SD, Sambridge MS, Kennett BLN (1994) Errors in hypocenter location: picking, model, and magnitude dependence. Bull Seism Soc Am 84:1978–1990 Boissonnat JD (1988) Shape reconstruction from planar cross sections. Comput Vision Graph 44:1–29. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0734-189X(88)80028-8 Bombolakis EG (1989) Thrust fault mechanics and dynamics during a developmental stage of a foreland belt. J Struct Geol 11:439–455. https://doi.org/10.1016/0191-8141(89)90021-7 Caendish JC, Field DA, Frey WH (1985) An approach to automatic three-dimensional finite element mesh generation. Int J Numer Methods Eng 21:329–347. https://doi.org/10.1002/nme.1620210210 Carminati E, Vadacca L (2010) Two- and three-dimensional numerical simulations of the stress field at the thrust front of the Northern Apennines, Italy. J Geophys Res 115:B12425. https://doi.org/10.1029/2010JB007870 Carminati E, Toniolo Augier F, Barba S (2001) Dynamic modelling of stress accumulation in Central Italy: role of structural heterogeneities and rheology. Geophys J Int 144:373–390. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-246x.2001.00323.x Chen T, Wang X, Mukerji T (2014) Evaluation of stress concentration in a coal mine panel using seismic data. In: Sun S, Wang S (eds) An interdisciplinary response to mine water challenges. China University of Mining and Technology Press, Xuzhou, pp 269–272 Chéry J, Zoback MD, Hassani R (2001) An integrated mechanical model of the San Andreas fault in central and northern California. J Geophys Res 106:22051–22066. https://doi.org/10.1029/2001JB000382 Chéry J, Zoback MD, Hickman S (2004) A mechanical model of the San Andreas fault and SAFOD pilot hole stress measurements. Geophys Res Lett 31:1–5. https://doi.org/10.1029/2004GL019521 Cowie PA, Scholz CH, Roberts GP, Walker JF, Steer P (2013) Viscous roots of active seismogenic faults revealed by geologic slip rate variations. Nat Geosci 6:1036. https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo1991 Dal Zilio L, van Dinther Y, Gerya TV, Pranger CC (2018) Seismic behaviour of mountain belts controlled by plate convergence rate. Earth Planet Sci Lett 482:81–92. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2017.10.053 Davis JC (1986) Statistics and Data Analysis in Geology. John Wiley & Sons, New York Debnath SK, Sen S (2013) Pattern of stress-strain accumulation due to a long dip slip fault movement in a viscoelastic layered model of the lithosphere–Asthenosphere system. Int J Appl Mech Eng 18:653–670. https://doi.org/10.2478/ijame-2013-0040 Deng J, Sykes LR (1997) Evolution of the stress field in southern California and triggering of moderate-size earthquakes: a 200-year perspective. J Geophys Res 102:9859–9886. https://doi.org/10.1029/96JB03897 Earle S (2015) Physical geology. BCCampus Open Textbook Project. https://opentextbc.ca/geology/ Fathian Baneh A (2011) Paleoseismological investigations along the North Tabriz Fault. MSc thesis, Islamic Azad University. [in Persian] Freed AM, Ali ST, Bürgmann R (2007) Evolution of stress in southern California for the past 200 years from coseismic, postseismic and interseismic stress changes. Geophys J Int 169:1164–1179. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.2007.03391.x Fuis SG, Scheirer SD, Langenheim EV, Kohler DM (2012) A new perspective on the geometry of the San Andreas fault of South California and relationship to lithospheric structure. Bull Seismol Soc Am 102:1236–1251. https://doi.org/10.1785/0120110041 Garimella RV (2002) Mesh data structure selection for mesh generation and FEA applications. Int J Numer Methods Eng 55:451–478. https://doi.org/10.1002/nme.509 Ghanbari E, Saedipoor K (2015) Paleo and new earthquakes and evaluation of North Tabriz fault displacement in relation to recurrence interval of destructive earthquakes. J Civ Eng Archit 9:1012–1016. https://doi.org/10.17265/1934-7359/2015.08.013 Ghahremani A (2010) Morphotectonic investigations along the Shabestar Fault. MSc thesis, Islamic Azad University. [in Persian] Günther T, Rücker C (2005) A triple-grid technique for the 3d inversion of dc resistivity data incorporating arbitrary topography. In: 19th Annual symposium on the application of geophysics to engineering and environmental problems (Abstract), Palermo, 5–8 Sept, p 4 Herrin E, Negraru P, Golden P, Mulcahy C (2002) Local site effects at the Nevada Seismic Array (NVAR). In: Proceedings of the 24th seismic research symposium, technologies for monitoring the comprehensive nuclear-test-ban treaty, Florida, 17–19 Sept, pp 340–349 Hessami K, Jamali F, Tabassi H (2003) Major active faults of Iran. International Institute of Earthquake Engineering and Seismology, scale 1:250,000. Karakhanian AS, Trifonov VG, Philip H, Avagyan A, Hessami K, Jamali F, Bayraktutan MS, Bagdassarian H, Arakelian S, Davtian V, Adilkhanyan A (2004) Active faulting and natural hazards in Armenia, eastern Turkey and northwestern Iran. Tectonophysics 380:189–219. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2003.09.020 Lysmer J, Drake LA (1972) A finite element method for seismology. In: Fernbach S, Bolt BA (eds) Alder B. Methods in computational physics, New York, pp 181–216 Mandl G (2000) Faulting in brittle rocks: an introduction to the mechanics of tectonic faults. Springer, Berlin Mareschal JC, Kuang J (1986) Intraplate stresses and seismicity: the role of topography and density heterogeneities. Tectonophysics 132:153–162. https://doi.org/10.1016/0040-1951(86)90030-2 Mignan A, Bowman DD, King GCP (2006) An observational test of the origin of accelerating moment release before large earthquakes. J Geophys Res 111:1–14. https://doi.org/10.1029/2006JB004374 Nalbant SS, Mccloskey J, Steacy S, Barka AA (2002) Stress accumulation and increased seismic risk in eastern Turkey. Earth Planet Sci Lett 195:291–298. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0012-821X(01)00592-1 Nazari H, Talebian M, Ghorashi M (2013) Seismotectonic map of NW Iran (1:750,000). Geological Survey, Iran Nelson RA (1985) Geologic analysis of naturally fractured reservoirs. Gulf Publishing, Houston Niño F, Chéry J, Gratier JP (1998) Mechanical modeling of compressional basins: origin and interaction of faults, erosion, and subsidence in the Ventura basin, California. Tectonics 17:955–972. https://doi.org/10.1029/1998TC900007 Pain CC, Herwanger JV, Worthington MH, De Oliveira CRE (2002) Effective multidimensional resistivity inversion using finite-element techniques. Geophys J Int 151:710–728. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-246X.2002.01786.x Pereyra V, Richardson E, Zarantonello SE (1992) Large scale calculations of 3D elastic wave propagation in a complex geology. In: Proceedings of the 1992 ACM/IEEE conference on supercomputing, Supercomputing’92, Minneapolis, 16–20 Nov, pp 301-309 Pollard DD (2000) Strain and stress: discussion. J Struct Geol 22:1359–1367. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8141(00)00047-X Pollitz F, Bakun WH, Nyst M (2004) A physical model for strain accumulation in the San Francisco Bay region: stress evolution since 1838. J Geophys Res 109:1–16. https://doi.org/10.1029/2004JB003003 Rao SS (2011) The finite element method in engineering, 5th edn. Elsevier Butterworth Heinemann, Boston Rhoden AR, Wurman G, Huff EM, Manga M, Hurford TA (2012) Shell tectonics: a mechanical model for strike-slip displacement on Europa. Icarus 218:297–307. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2011.12.015 Ritz JR, Rizza M, Vernant P, Peyret M, Nazari H, Nankali H, Djamour Y, Mahan S, Salamati R, Tavakoli F (2011) Morphotectonics and geodetic evidences for a constant slip–rate along the Tabriz Fault (Iran) during the past 45 kyr. Geophys J Int 193:1083–1094. https://doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggt041 Rizza M (2010) Analyses des vitesses et des déplacements cosismiques sur des failles décrochantes en Mongolie et en Iran: approche morphotectonique et paléosismologique: PhD thesis, University of Montpellier 2. [in French] Ryder I, Bürgmann R, Fielding E (2012) Static stress interactions in extensional earthquake sequences: an example from the South Lunggar Rift, Tibet. J Geophys Res 117:1–18. https://doi.org/10.1029/2012JB009365 Sadeghi-Farshbaf P (2010) Governor model and mechanism to the structural strikes and trends for eastern region of Taftan volcano, Iran. MSc thesis, University of Sistan & Baluchestan (in Persian) Sadeghi-Farshbaf P (2016) Identifying zones with high stress accumulation around the active faults by three-dimensional simulations based on finite elements: a case study of the East Azerbaijan, Iran. PhD thesis, University of Birjand (in Persian) Sadeghi-Farshbaf P, Khatib MM, Moridi AA, Bagheri S (2015) 3D mechanical modeling of faults planes based on stress fields: a case study of Saravan fault, SE Iran. Model Earth Syst Environ 1:1–11. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40808-015-0046-x Sadeghi-Farshbaf P, Khatib MM, Nazari H (2015) Solid meshing of 3D geological model in finite element analysis: a case study of East Azerbaijan, NW Iran. Model Earth Syst Environ 2:1–7. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40808-015-0066-6 Sambridge M, Braun J, McQueen H (1995) Geophysical parametrization and interpolation of irregular data using natural neighbours. Geophys J Int 122:837–857. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.1995.tb06841.x Shafaii Moghadam H, Griffin WL, Kirchenbaur M, Garbe-Schönberg D, Zakie Khedr M, Kimura JI, Stern RJ, Ghorbani G, Murphy R, O’Reilly SY, Arai S (2018) Roll-back, extension and mantle upwelling triggered eocene potassic magmatism in NW Iran. J Petrol 59:1417–1465. https://doi.org/10.1093/petrology/egy067 Shao B, Hou G (2019) The interactions of fault patterns and stress fields during active faulting in Central North China Block: insights from numerical simulations. PLoS ONE 14:e0215893. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0215893 Smith B, Sandwell D (2003) Coulomb stress accumulation along the San Andreas Fault system. J Geophys Res 108:1–17. https://doi.org/10.1029/2002JB002136 Solaymani S (2009) Evaluation de l'aléa sismique pour les villes de Téhéran, Tabriz et Zandjan dans le NW de l'Iran. Approche morphotectonique et paléosismologique. PhD thesis, University of Montpellier 2. [in French] Talwani P (1990) Neotectonics in the southeastern United States with emphasis on the Charleston, South Carolina, area. In: Krinitzsky EL, Slemmons DB (eds) Neotectonics in earthquake evaluation. Geological Society of America, Colorado, pp 11–129 Teknik V, Ghods A (2017) Depth of magnetic basement in Iran based on fractal spectral analysis of aeromagnetic data. Geophys J Int 209:1878–1891. https://doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggx132 Thatcher W, Pollitz FF (2008) Temporal evolution of continental lithospheric strength in actively deforming regions. GSA Today 18:4. https://doi.org/10.1130/GSAT01804-5A.1 Turcotte DL (1977) Stress accumulation and release on the San Andreas Fault. Pure Appl Geophys 115:413–427. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01637118 Tutluoğlu L, Öge İF, Karpuz C (2015) Relationship between pre-failure and post-failure mechanical properties of rock material of different origin. Rock Mech Rock Eng 48:121–141. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-014-0549-1 Vasheghani-Farahani J, Zaré M (2014) Seismological aspects of the Varzeghan twin Earthquakes on 11 August 2012 (Mw 6.3 and Mw 6.1), in East Azerbaijan province, NW Iran. Episodes 37:96–104 Watts AB, Zhong SJ, Hunter J (2013) The behavior of the lithosphere on seismic to geologic timescales. Annu Rev Earth Planet Sci 41:443–468. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-earth-042711-105457 Winter HH (1987) Viscous dissipation term in energy equations. American Institute of Chemical Engineers Modular Instruction 7:261–268 Xiao J, He J (2015) 3D Finite-Element Modeling of Earthquake Interaction and Stress Accumulation on Main Active Faults around the Northeastern Tibetan Plateau Edge in the Past ~100 Years. B Seismol Soc Am 105:1–12. https://doi.org/10.1785/0120140342 Xing H, Yu W, Zhang J (2009) 3D mesh generation in geocomputing. Lect Notes Earth Sci 119:27–64. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-85879-9_2