From the retailing revolution to the consumer revolution: Department stores in modern Shanghai
Tóm tắt
Following the Industrial Revolution in Europe and America, the market was flooded with manufacturing goods. To promote sales, the department store that stressed a “low profit, high volume” model appeared in Shanghai. Sellers lowered prices to encourage purchases, and used rapid and high volume turnover to make up for lower profits. To speed up turnover, department stores invented various devices to increase sales, including intensive media advertising, open and comfortable store spaces, and free and attentive services. The new sales philosophy and tactics not only brought about a breakthrough in the retailing, but also reshaped consumer life and urban culture. The Shanghai department store evinced the social and cultural meaning of consumption in its building and inner design, its application of new technology, and its promotional activities and products display. A consumer lifestyle centering on the department store also remolded the Shanghai society.
Tài liệu tham khảo
“Architecture in Shanghai.” North China Herald, Jan. 9, 1901.
Benson, Susan Porter. Counter Cultures: Saleswomen, Managers, and Customers in American Department Stores, 1890–1940. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1988.
Bin 滨. “Xianshi gongsi yinian yidu de ‘ertong shijie’ jinchen jiemu” 先施公司一年一度的“ 儿童世界” 今晨揭幕 (The grand opening of the annual children’s world of the Sincere Department Store). Dawanbao 大晚报 (Big Evening Paper), Dec. 12, 1936.
Cao Zhongyuan 曹仲渊. “Sannianlai Shanghai wuxian dianhua zhi qingxing” 三年来上海无线电话之情形 (The condition of the wireless telephone in the past three years). Dongfang zazhi 东方杂志 (Eastern Miscellancy), Vol. 21, No. 18, Aug. 15, 1924.
Chan, Wellington K. K. “Personal styles, cultural values, and management: The Sincere and Wing On companies in Shanghai and Hong Kong, 1900–1941.” In MacPherson, Kerrie L. ed. Asian Department Stores. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1998.
—. “The organizational structure of the traditional Chinese firms and its modern reform.” Business History Review, Vol. 56, 1982, No. 2.
—. “The origins and early years of the Wing On Company group in Australia, Fiji, Hong Kong, and Shanghai: Organization and strategy of a new enterprise.” In Brown, Rajeswary Ampalavanar ed. Chinese Business Enterprise in Asia. London: Routledge, 1995.
Chang Qing 常青 et al. eds. Daduhui cong zheli kaishi-Shanghai Nanjinglu Waitanduan yanjiu 大都会从这里开始—上海南京路外滩段研究 (The metropolitan was born here: Research on the Waitan section of the Nanjing Road in Shanghai). Shanghai: Tongji daxue chubanshe, 2005.
Chen Chunfang 陈春舫. “Yiyun Moxing zheng gaodi” 旖云摩星争高低 (Yiyun and Moxing compete for height). Shanghai shangye 上海商业 (Shanghai Business), Vol. 2, 2002.
Chen Congzhou 陈从周, Zhang Ming 章明 et al. eds. Shanghai jindai jianzhu shigao 上海近代建筑史稿 (The history of modern architecture in Shanghai). Shanghai: Dushu · shenghuo · xinzhi sanlian shudian, 1988.
Chen Heqin 陈鹤琴. “Ertong xinli ji jiaoyu ertong zhi fangfa” 儿童心理及教育儿童之方法 (Children psychology and education). Xin jiaoyu 新教育 (New Education), Vol. 3, No. 2, 1921. In Beijingshi jiaoyu kexue yanjiusuo 北京市教育科学研究所 (Beijing Academy of Educational Sciences) eds. Chen Heqin jiaoyu wenji 陈鹤琴教育文集 (The collection of Chen Heqin’s essays on education), I. Beijing: Beijing chubanshe, 1983.
Dai Zhi 戴之. “Buyao hairen haiji” 不要害人害己 (Do not abuse others and self). Funü zazhi 妇女杂志 (The Ladies’ Journal), Vol. 15, No. 9, Sep. 1929.
Du Xuncheng 杜恂诚. “Shanghai yong’an gongsi gudong Guo Qiong fangwenlu” 上海永安公司股东郭琼访问录 (The interview of the Guo Qiong, the shareholder of the Wong On Company in Shanghai). Feb. 26, 1979.
Gao Boshi 高伯时. “Shangpin chenlie de yanjiu” 商品陈列的研究 (The study of the merchandise display). Shangye yuebao 商业月报 (Business Monthly Report), Vol. 13, No. 8, Aug. 1933.
Gennie, Paul. “Consumption within historical studies.” In Miller, Daniel ed. Acknowledging Consumption: A Review of New Studies. New York: Routledge, 1995.
Gerth, Karl. China Made: Consumer Culture and the Creation of the Nation. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2003.
Guang Jun 光骏. “Jiu shangdian de waiguan” 旧商店的外观 (The appearance of old stores). Shenbao 申报 (Shen Newspaper), Sep. 10, 1920.
Guo Guanchang 郭官昌. “Shanghai yong’an gongsi zhi qiyuan ji yingye xianzhuang” 上海永安公司之起源及营业现状 (The birth and current business of the Shanghai Wong On Company). Xinshangye jikan 新商业季刊 (New Business Quarterly), No. 2, Feb. 1936.
Guo Quan 郭泉. Yong’an jingshen zhi faren yu zhangcheng 永安精神之发轫与长成 (The birth and development of the Wong On spirit). Self printed. Hong Kong, 1960.
Huang Guoxin 黄国新, Shen Fuxu 沈福煦 eds. Lao jianzhu de quwen—Shanghai jindai gonggong jianzhu shihua 老建筑的趣闻—上海近代公共建筑史话 (The stories of the old buildings: The history of modern public architecture in Shanghai). Shanghai: Tongji daxue chubanshe, 2005.
Jian Wen 剑文. “Shanghai Daxin gongsi gaishu” 上海大新公司概述 (The brief introduction of the Shanghai Daxin Company). Shenbao, Jan. 10, 1936.
Jitai gongchengsi jianzhushi 基泰工程司建筑师 (The architects of the Jitai Construction). “Shanghai Daxin youxian gongsi jianzhu jihua dayi” 上海大新有限公司建筑计划大意 (The architectural plan of the Shanghai Daxin Company). Shenbao, Jan. 10, 1936.
Ke Ding’an 柯定盦. “Zhongguo guohuo gongsi juban de ertong youleshi yipie, xia” 中国国货公司举办的儿童游乐市一瞥, 下 (A glance of the children’s fun market held by the Company of National Products, II). Shenbao, Apr. 13, 1933.
Kuan Dao 宽道. Xiaoxian riji 消闲日记 (The diary of leisure). Shanghai: Sanmeisi, 1936.
Lancaster, Bill. The Department Store: A Social History. London: Leicester University Press, 1995.
Leach, William. Land of Desire: Merchants, Power and the Rise of a New American Culture. New York: Vintage Books, 1993.
Lewis, Russell. “Everything under one roof: World fairs and department stores in Paris and Chicago.” Chicago History, Vol. 12, 1983, No. 3.
Li Chengji 李承基. Jifan fengyu yi qianchen: Li Chengji jiazu yu Shanghai Xinxin baihuo gongsi 几番风雨忆前尘s: 李承基家族与上海新新百货公司 (Remembering the past: The family of Li Chengji and the Xinxin Department Store in Shanghai). Hong Kong: Tiandi tushu youxian gongsi, 2002.
Li Wazhou 李挖周, Ruan Deyi 阮德懿. “Shangdian zhi chuchuang chenlie yu shangye zhi guanxi” 商店之橱窗陈列与商业之关系 (The relation between the window display and commerce). Shangye yuekan 商业月刊 (Business Monthly), Vol. 1, No. 1.
Li Zhigang 黎志刚. Li Chengji xiansheng fangwen jilu 李承基先生访问记录 (The record of Mr. Li Chenji’s interview). Taipei: Zhongyang yanjiuyuan jindaishi yanjiusuo, 2000.
Lian Lingling 连玲玲. “Qiye wenhua de xingcheng yu zhuanxing: yi Minguo shiqi de Shanghai yong’an gongsi weili” 企业文化的形成与转型: 以民国时期的上海永安公司为例 (The shaping and transformation of business culture: The Wing On Company in Shanghai in the Republican Period). Zhongyang yanjiuyuan jindaishi yanjiusuo jikan 中央研究院近代史研究所集刊 (Bulletin of the Institute of Modern History, Academia Sinica), Vol. 49, Sep. 2005.
—. “Richang shenghuo de quanli changyu: Yi Minguo Shanghai baihuo gongsi dian zhiyuan weili” 日常生活的权力场域:以民国上海百货公司店职员为例 (Everyday life as an arena of power relations: Department store clerks in Republican Shanghai). Zhongyang yanjiuyuan jindaishi yanjiusuo jikan 中央研究院近代史研究所集刊 (Bulletin of the Institute of Modern History, Academia Sinica), Vol. 55, Mar. 2007.
Lu, Hanchao. Beyond the Neon Light: Everyday Shanghai in the Early 20th Century. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1999.
Miller, Daniel, Peter Jackson, Nigel Thrify, Beverley Holbrook, and Michael Rowlands, eds. Shopping, Place, and Identity. London: Routledge, 1998.
Miller, Michael B. The Bon Marché: Bourgeois Culture and the Department Store, 1869–1920. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1981.
Pan Junxiang 潘君祥. Jindai Zhongguo guohuo yundong yanjiu 近代中国国货运动研究 (The study of the modern movement of the Chinese products). Shanghai: Shanghai shehui kexueyuan chubanshe, 1998.
Pasdermadjian, H. The Department Store: Its Origins, Evolution and Economics. London: Newman Books, 1954.
Shanghai guangbo dianshizhi bianji weiyuanhui 上海广播电视志编辑委员会 (The editorial committee of Shanghai guangbo dianshizhi) eds. Shanghai guangbo dianshizhi 上海广播电视志 (The history of radio and television broadcast in Shanghai). Shanghai: Shanghai shehui kexueyuan chubanshe, 1999.
Shanghai shehui kexueyuan jingji yanjiusuo 上海社会科学院经济研究所 (The Institute of Economics, Shanghai Academy of Social Sciences) eds. Shanghai yong’an gongsi de chansheng, fazhan he gaizao 上海永安公司的产生、发展和改造 (The birth, development, and reformation of the Shanghai Wing On Company). Shanghai: Shanghai renmin chubanshe, 1980.
—. Shanghai jindai baihuo shangyeshi 上海近代百货商业史 (The history of modern department stores in Shanghai). Shanghai: Shanghai shehui kexueyuan chubanshe, 1988.
Shanghaishi dang’anguan 上海市档案馆 (Shanghai Municipal Archives) eds. Jiuzhongguo de shanghai guanbo shiye 旧中国的上海广播事业 (The business of radio broadcast in Shanghai of the old China). Beijing: Dangan chubanshe, 1985.
Shanghaishi zhengxie wenshi ziliao weiyuanhui 上海市政协文史资料委员会 (Committee of Cultural and Historical Data, Shanghai Municipal Committee of CPPCC) eds. Shanghai wenshi ziliao cungao huibian 上海文史资料存稿汇编 (The collection of Shanghai literary and historical materials), Vol. 7. Shanghai: Shanghai guji chubanshe, 2001.
Shen Songqiao 沈松侨. “Jiangshan ruci duojiao—1930 niandai de Xibei lüxing shuxie yu guozu xiangxiang” 江山如此多娇—1930 年代的西北旅行书写与国族想象 (The nation being so beautiful: The writing of travel in northwestern China and the imagination of the nationality). Taida lishi xuebao 台大历史学报 (History Journal of Taiwan University), Vol. 37, June 2006.
Shi Yuanhua 石源华. “Wangwei zhenfu ’shouhui’ zujie ji ‘chefei’ zhiwai faquan shulun” 汪伪政府“收回”租界及“撤废”治外法权述论 (On the return of the foreign concessions and the abolishment of the extraterritoriality of the Wang Jingwei’s government). Fudan xuebao 复旦学报 (Fudan journal), 2004, No. 5.
Sun Zongfu 孙宗复. Shanghai youlan zhinan 上海游览指南 (The travelers’ guide of Shanghai). Shanghai: Zhonghua shuju, 1935.
Tan 叹. “Ertong shijie xunli” 儿童世界巡礼 (The visit to the children’s world). Shenbao, Dec. 11, 1938.
“The File of the Shanghai Sun Sun Company.” Shanghai Municipal Archives, File No. Q226-1-63.
“The File of the Shanghai Wing On Company.” The Shanghai Municipal Archives, File No. Q223-2-43, Q225-2-2, Q225-2-79, Q225-3-21, Q225-3-22, Q225-3-23, Q225-3-26.
Tian Feng 田丰. “Daxin gongsi jincheng kaimu” 大新公司今晨开幕 (The Daxin Department Store opens today). Dawanbao, Jan. 10, 1936.
Wang Xinggong 王行恭. Zhongguo chuantong shizhao 中国传统市招 (The traditional shop flags in China). Taipei: Yishujia chubanshe, 1994.
Xianshi leyuan ribao 先施乐园日报 (The daily report of the Sincere theatre), Aug. 20, 1918.
Xianggang Xianshi gongsi 香港先施公司 (Sincere Company, Hong Kong) eds. Xianshi gongsi ershiwu zhounian jiniance 先施公司二十五周年纪念册 (The memorable booklet of the Sincere Company’s 25th anniversary). Hong Kong: Sincere Company, 1924.
Xiong Bingzhen 熊秉真. Tongnian yiwang: Zhongguo haizi de lishi 童年忆往: 中国孩子的历史 (Remembering the childhood: The history of Chinese children). Taipei: Maitian chubanshe, 2000.
Xu Qiwen 徐启文. “Shangye guanggao zhi yanjiu” 商业广告之研究 (The study of the commercial advertisement). Shangye yuebao 商业月报 (Business Monthly Report), Vol. 14, No.1, Jan. 1934.
You Jianming 游鉴明. “Funü zazhi (1915–1931) dui jindai jiazheng zhishi de jiangou” «妇女杂志»(1915–1931) 对近代家政知识的建构 (The construction of the knowledge of housekeeping by The Ladies’ Journal: 1915–1931 in modern China). In Zouxiang jindai bianji xiaozu 走向近代编辑小组 (The editorial team of Zouxiang jindai) eds. Zouxiang jindai: Guoshi fazhan yu quyu dongxiang 走向近代:国史发展与区域动向 (Moving toward the modern era: The development of the Chinese history and the regional changes). Taipei: Donghua shuju, 2004.
Zhang Kebiao 章克标. “Xingqi zahua” 星期杂话 (Small talk of the week). Shenbao, Mar. 3, 1933.
Zhang Zhenshan 张镇山. “Canguan xiangzao zhifa biaoyan” 参观香皂制法表演 (Watching the show of soap production). Shenbao, June 21, 1939.
Zhao Chen 赵琛. Zhongguo guanggaoshi 中国广告史 (The Chinese history of advertisement). Beijing: Gaodeng jiaoyu chubanshe, 2005.
Zhen Yi 振翼. “Daxin gongsi canguanji” 大新公司参观记 (On visiting the Daxin Deparmtnet Store). Shenbao, Jan. 10, 1936.
Zhongguo bianyinsuo 中国编印所 (Chinese compiling and printing house) eds. Shanghai gongshang ren minglu 上海工商人名录 (The name list of people in Shanghai industry and commerce). Shanghai: Zhongguo bianyinsuo, 1936.
Zhou Guoxian 周国贤. “Tan shangdian chuangshi” 谈商店窗饰 (On the window decoration). Shenbao, June 5, 1920.
