First Sagittarius A* Event Horizon Telescope Results. I. The Shadow of the Supermassive Black Hole in the Center of the Milky Way

Astrophysical Journal Letters - Tập 930 Số 2 - Trang L12 - 2022
Kazunori Akiyama, A. Alberdi1, W. Alef2, Keiichi Asada3,4,5, Rebecca Azulay6, Anne-Kathrin Baczko2, David Ball7, M. Baloković8, John Barrett9, Michi Bauböck10, B. A. Benson11,12, Lindy Blackburn13,14, R. Blundell4, Geoffrey C. Bower15, Hope Boyce16,17, Michael Bremer18, Christiaan D. Brinkerink19, Roger Brissenden3,4, S. Britzen2, Avery E. Broderick20,21,22, Dominique Broguière18, Sandra Bustamante19, Do‐Young Byun23,24, Chiara Ceccobello11,25,26,27, Andrew Chael28,29, Koushik Chatterjee30,31,7, S. Chatterjee3,4, Ming‐Tang Chen32, Xiaopeng Cheng, Ilje Cho23, Pierre Christian1, Nicholas S. Conroy4,33, J. E. Conway34, J. M. Cordes32, T. M. Crawford11,27, Alejandro Cruz-Osorio9, Yuzhu Cui35, Jordy Davelaar36,37,19, Roger Deane38,39,35, Jessica Dempsey40,13,14, G. Desvignes41,2, Jason Dexter42, Sheperd S. Doeleman10, Sean Dougal7, Sergio A. Dzib18,2, Razieh Emami2,43, Joseph Farah19, Vincent L. Fish44,45, E. B. Fomalont46, H. Alyson Ford7, Raquel Fraga-Encinas19, William T. Freeman47,48, Per Friberg13,14, Christian M. Fromm49,35,2, Antonio Fuentes1, Charles F. Gammie3,50,51, Roberto García18, Olivier Gentaz18, C. Goddi20,21,22, Roman Gold52,53, Arturo I. Gómez-Ruiz54,55, J. L. Gómez1, Minfeng Gu, M. A. Gurwell4, Daryl Haggard56,57, M. H. Hecht4, R. Hesper58, Dirk Heumann7, Luis C. Ho, Paul T. P. Ho13,6,14, Chih-Wei L. Huang56,59,57, Lei Huang, Shiro Ikeda55, C. M. V. Impellizzeri60,61,62,63, Makoto Inoue6, Sara Issaoun4,28, Buell T. Jannuzi64, Michaël Janssen7, Britton Jeter6, Michael D. Johnson19, Svetlana G. Jorstad65, Abhishek V. Joshi10, Taehyun Jung23,24, Mansour Karami20,21, Tomohisa Kawashima2, Garrett K. Keating4, Mark Kettenis66, Jae-Young Kim2, Junhan Kim23, Jun Yi Koay67,62, Prashant Kocherlakota6, Patrick M. Koch59,57, Shoko Koyama6,68, M. Krämer18, T. P. Krichbaum2, Cheng‐Yu Kuo6,69, Noemi La Bella19, Daeyoung Lee70, Sang-Sung Lee23, Po Kin Leung71, Aviad Levis15, Zhiyuan Li, Rocco Lico72,1, Greg Lindahl4, M. Lindqvist34, M. M. Lisakov2, Jun Liu, R. Lucas2, Wen-Ping Lo73,6, A. P. Lobanov2, C. J. Lonsdale74,75, Ru-Sen Lu, N. Marchili, Sera Markoff76,77, Daniel P. Marrone7, Alan P. Marscher65, Satoki Matsushita78,79, Lia Medeiros9, K. M. Menten2, Daniel Michalik11,80, Izumi Mizuno13,14, J. M. Moran35,81,82, Kotaro Moriyama35,9,57, Monika Mościbrodzka19, Alejandro Mus19,2, I. Myserlis76,19, Andrew Nadolski33, Neil M. Nagar56,62, Masanori Nakamura6,83, Ramesh Narayan3,4, Gopal Narayanan84, Iniyan Natarajan85,86, Antonios Nathanail87,35, Santiago Navarro Fuentes88, Joey Neilsen89, R. Neri18, Chunchong Ni20,21,22, K. J. Orford2, Michael A. Nowak90, Junghwan Oh91, Hiroki Okino59,57, Gisela N. Ortiz-León19, Tomoaki Oyama57, Feryal Özel7, Georgios Filippos Paraschos3,4, Jongho Park2, Harriet Parsons13,14, Ue‐Li Pen4, Dominic W. Pesce3,4, R. L. Plambeck92, Aleksandar PopStefanija84, Oliver Porth76,35, Ben Prather93,2, Jorge A. Preciado-López10, Hung-Yi Pu7, Ramprasad Rao94,95,96, Mark G. Rawlings13,97,14, Alexander W. Raymond3,4, Angelo Ricarte98,35,99, Bart Ripperda36,100, Freek Roelofs3,4,19, E. Ros9, C. Romero-Cañizales2, Arash Roshanineshat7, Helge Rottmann2, A. L. Roy2, Ignacio Ruiz88, K. L. J. Rygl9, Salvador Sánchez88, David Sánchez-Argüelles54,55, Mahito Sasada88, T. Savolainen7, Jonathan F. Schonfeld4, Lijing Shao18, Zhi-Qiang Shen, Des Small66, Bong Won Sohn101,23,24, Jason Soohoo9, Kamal Souccar84, He Sun, Alexandra J. Tetarenko57, Paul Tiede3,4, R. P. J. Tilanus19,102,103,7, Michael Titus9, Pablo Torné88,2, Efthalia Traianou1,2, Tyler Trent7, Sascha Trippe104, Matthew Turk33, H. J. van Langevelde66, Jesse Vos19, J. Wagner2, J. F. C. Wardle105, Jonathan Weintroub106, Dimitrios Psaltis2, Maciek Wielgus2, K. Wiik107, Gunther Witzel2, Michael F. Wondrak19,108, George N. Wong109,110, Qingwen Wu, Paul Yamaguchi4, Doosoo Yoon76, André Young19, Ken Young4, Ziri Younsi35,111, Feng Yuan, J. A. Zensus2, Guang-Yao Zhao112, Shan-Shan Zhao, C. Agurto113, Alexander Allardi114, U. Bach115, Juan Pablo Araneda113, Oriel Arriagada113, Alessandra Bertarini116,2, Ryan Berthold13,14, J. Blanchard117, Ken Brown13,14, Mauricio Cárdenas113, Michael Cantzler113, Patricio Caro113, R. J. Cappallo54,118, Tin Chan71, Tsun‐Jen Cheng6,119, Dominic O. Chang3,4, Shu-Hao Chang6, Song-Chu Chang119, Chung-Chen Chen6, Ryan Chilson120, Rodrigo Córdova Rosado13,14, Mirosław Ciechanowicz113,2, Edgar Colín-Beltrán54,55, I. M. Coulson13,14, Joseph Crowley9, N. Degenaar76, Sven Dornbusch2, C. Durán113, W. Everett121, Karl Förster122, Miriam Fuchs123, David M. Gale55, Gertie Geertsema124, E. Gómez González113, Dave Graham2, Chih-Chiang Han125, Kuo-Chang Han119, Yutaka Hasegawa126, José Luis Hernández-Rebollar55, Cristian Herrera113, R. Herrero‐Illana113, Akihiko Hirota2, James Hoge13,14, Sven Schimpf4, R. A. Howie127, Homin Jiang6, H. Jinchi119, John David88, Kimihiro Kimura126, Thomas Klein113, Derek Kubo120, John Kuroda13,14, Richard Lacasse115, R. A. Laing128,129, E. M. Leitch27, E. M. Leitch6, Ching-Tang Liu6, Kuan-Yu Liu13,6,14, L. C.-C. Lin130, Li-Ming Lu119, F. Mac-Auliffe113, Pierre Martin-Cocher6, Callie Matulonis13,14, John K. Maute4, Hugo Messias113,131, F. M. Montenegro‐Montes40, D. Muders13,14,132, Hiroaki Nishioka6, Timothy Norton4, George Nystrom120, Hiroyuki Ohsaki126, R. Olivares113, Peter Oshiro120, J. P. Pérez-Beaupuits133,113,2, N. Phillips113, Michael Poirier9, Nicolas Pradel6, Richard Qiu134,135, Philippe Raffin120, A. S. Rahlin12,27, Jorge Ramírez113, Sean M. Ressler136, M. T. Reynolds137, Iván Rodríguez-Montoya54,55, Alejandro F. Sáez-Madaín131,115, Jorge Santana113, Paul Shaw6, Kevin M. Silva4, W. M. Snow120, Don Sousa9, T. K. Sridharan4, A. A. Stark13,14, John Test4, K. Torstensson113, Paulina Venegas113, Craig Walther13,14, Ta-Shun Wei6, R. Wijnands76, J. G. A. Wouterloot13,14, Chen-Yu Yu6, Wei Yu4, Shuo Zhang55,138
1Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía-CSIC, Glorieta de la Astronomía s/n, E-18008 Granada, Spain
2Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
3Black Hole Initiative at Harvard University, 20 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
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Tóm tắt

Abstract We present the first Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) observations of Sagittarius A* (Sgr A*), the Galactic center source associated with a supermassive black hole. These observations were conducted in 2017 using a global interferometric array of eight telescopes operating at a wavelength of λ = 1.3 mm. The EHT data resolve a compact emission region with intrahour variability. A variety of imaging and modeling analyses all support an image that is dominated by a bright, thick ring with a diameter of 51.8 ± 2.3 μas (68% credible interval). The ring has modest azimuthal brightness asymmetry and a comparatively dim interior. Using a large suite of numerical simulations, we demonstrate that the EHT images of Sgr A* are consistent with the expected appearance of a Kerr black hole with mass ∼4 × 106 M , which is inferred to exist at this location based on previous infrared observations of individual stellar orbits, as well as maser proper-motion studies. Our model comparisons disfavor scenarios where the black hole is viewed at high inclination (i > 50°), as well as nonspinning black holes and those with retrograde accretion disks. Our results provide direct evidence for the presence of a supermassive black hole at the center of the Milky Way, and for the first time we connect the predictions from dynamical measurements of stellar orbits on scales of 103–105 gravitational radii to event-horizon-scale images and variability. Furthermore, a comparison with the EHT results for the supermassive black hole M87* shows consistency with the predictions of general relativity spanning over three orders of magnitude in central mass.

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