Factors governing algal growth in photobioreactors: the “open” versus “closed” debate

Droop MR (1974) The nutrient status of algal cells in continuous culture. J Mar Biol Assoc 54:825–855

Grobbelaar JU (1989) Modelling phytoplankton productivity in turbid waters with small euphotic to mixing depth ratios. J Plankton Res 12:923–931

Grobbelaar JU (1991) The influence of light/dark cycles in mixed algal cultures on their productivity. Bioresource Tech 38:189–194

Grobbelaar JU (1994) Turbulence in mass algal cultures and the role of light/dark fluctuations. J Appl Phycol 6:331–335 doi: 10.1007/BF02181947

Grobbelaar JU (1995) Variations in some photosynthetic characteristics of microalgae cultured in outdoor thin-layered sloping reactors. J Appl Phycol 7:175–184 doi: 10.1007/BF00693065

Grobbelaar JU (2004) Mineral nutrition. In: Richmond A (ed) Handbook of microalgal culture biotechnology and applied phycology. Blackwell, Oxford, pp 97–115

Grobbelaar JU (2006) Photosynthetic response and acclimation of microalgae to light fluctuations. In: Subba-Rao DV (ed) Algal cultures analogues of blooms and applications. Science Publishers, Enfield, N.H., pp 671–683

Grobbelaar JU, Nedbal L, Tichy V (1996) Influence of high frequency light/dark fluctuations on photosynthetic characteristics of microalgae photoacclimated to different light intensities and implications for mass algal cultivation. J Appl Phycol 8:335–343 doi: 10.1007/BF02178576

Grobbelaar JU, Soeder CJ (1985) Respiration losses in planktic green algae cultivated in raceway ponds. J Plankton Res 7:497–506 doi: 10.1093/plankt/7.4.497

Kok B (1953) Experiments on photosynthesis by Chlorella in flashing light. In: Burlew B (ed) Algal cultures from laboratory to pilot plant. Washington DC, Carnegie Institution of Washington Publication 600, pp 63–158

Laws EA, Terry KL, Wickman J, Challup MS (1983) A simple algal production system designed to utilize the flashing light effect. Biotechnol Bioeng 25:2319–2335 doi: 10.1002/bit.260251004

Leverenz JW (1987) Chlorophyll content and the light response curve of shade-adapted conifer needles. Physiol Plant 71:20–29 doi: 10.1111/j.1399–3054.1987.tb04611.x

Pulz O (2001) Photobioreactors: production systems for phototrophic microorganisms. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 57:287–293 doi: 10.1007/s002530100702

Rhee GY, Gotham IJ (1980) Optimum N:P ratios and coexistence of planktonic algae. J Phycol 16:486–489 doi: 10.1111/j.1529–8817.1980.tb03065.x

Richmond A, Vonshak A (1978) Spirulina culture in Israel. Arch Hydrobiol Beih Ergebnisse Limnol 11:274–280

Tredici MR (2004) Mass production of microalgae: photobioreactors. In: Richmond A (ed) Handbook of microalgal culture biotechnology and applied phycology. Blackwell, Oxford, pp 273–280