Experimental infections of different carp strains with the carp edema virus (CEV) give insights into the infection biology of the virus and indicate possible solutions to problems caused by koi sleepy disease (KSD) in carp aquaculture

Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations yearbook. Fishery and Aquaculture Statistics 2012. http://www.fao.org/3/478cfa2b-90f0-4902-a836-94a5dddd6730/i3740t.pdf . Accessed 21 Jan 2017

Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Fisheries and Aquaculture Department http://www.fao.org/fishery/culturedspecies/Cyprinus_carpio/en . Accessed 21 Jan 2017

Bekefi E, Varadi L (2007) Multifunctional pond fish farms in Hungary. Aquacult Int 15:227–233

Baruš V, Peňáz M, Kohlmann K (2002) Cyprinus carpio (Linnaeus, 1758). In: Bănărescu P, Paepke HJ (eds) The Freshwater Fishes of Europe, vol 5. AULA-Verlag GmbH, Wiebelsheim

Sunarto A, Rukyani A, Itami T (2005) Indonesian experience on the outbreak of koi herpesvirus in koi and carp (Cyprinus carpio). Bull Fish Res Agen Suppl 2:15–21

Miyazaki T, Isshiki T, Katsuyuki H (2005) Histopathological and electron microscopy studies on sleepy disease of koi Cyprinus carpio koi in Japan. Dis Aquat Organ 65:197–207

Oyamatsu T, Hata N, Yamada K, Sano T, Fukuda H (1997) An etiological study on mass mortality of cultured colorcarp juveniles showing edema. Fish Pathol 32:81–88

Way K, Stone D (2013) Emergence of Carp edema virus-like (CEV-like) disease in the UK. CEFAS Finfish News 15:32–34

Bachmann J, Keilholz S (2016) Frühjahrsverluste in der fränkischen Karpfenteichwirtschaft—Viraler Erreger als Ursache? Erstnachweise der KSD/CEV in Bayern. Fisch Teichwirt 03:91–92 (in German)

Hedrick RP, Antonio DB, Munn RJ (1997) Poxvirus like agent associated with epizootic mortality in juvenile koi (Cyprinus carpio). FHS Newsletter 25:1–2

Murakami Y, Shitanaka M, Toshida S, Matsuzato T (1976) Studies on mass mortality of juvenile carp: about mass mortality showing edema. Bull Hiroshima Fresh Water Fish Exp Stn 19–33 (in Japanese)

Haenen O, Way K, Stone D, Engelsma M (2014) ‘Koi Sleepy Disease’ found for the first time in Koi Carps in the Netherlands. Tijdschr Diergeneeskd 4:26–29 (in Dutch)

Lewisch E, Gorgoglione B, Way K, El-Matbouli M (2015) Carp edema virus/Koi sleepy disease: an emerging disease in Central-East Europe. Transbound Emerg Dis 62:6–12

Jung-Schroers V, Adamek M, Teitge F, Hellmann J, Bergmann SM, Schutze H, Kleingeld DW, Way K, Stone D, Runge M, Keller B, Hesami S, Waltzek T, Steinhagen D (2015) Another potential carp killer? Carp edema virus disease in Germany. BMC Vet Res 11:114

Matras M, Borzym E, Stone D, Way K, Stachnik M, Maj-Paluch J, Palusińska M, Reichert M (2017) Carp edema virus in Polish aquaculture—evidence of significant sequence divergence and a new lineage in common carp Cyprinus carpio (L.). J Fish Dis 40:319–325

Oyamatsu T (1996) Study on edema disease of carp. Ph.D. Thesis, Tokyo University of Fisheries, Tokyo. Dissertation No. 142

Haenen O, Way K, Gorgoglione B, Ito T, Paley R, Bigarre L, Waltzek T (2016) Novel viral infections threatening Cyprinid fish. Bull Eur Assoc Fish Pathol 36:11–23

Piačková V, Flajšhans M, Pokorová D, Reschová S, Gela D, Čížek A, Veselý T (2013) Sensitivity of common carp, Cyprinus carpio L., strains and crossbreeds reared in the Czech Republic to infection by cyprinid herpesvirus 3 (CyHV-3; KHV). J Fish Dis 36:75–80

Rakus KL, Wiegertjes GF, Adamek M, Siwicki AK, Lepa A, Irnazarow I (2009) Resistance of common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) to Cyprinid herpesvirus-3 is influenced by major histocompatibility (MH) class II B gene polymorphism. Fish Shellfish Immunol 26:737–743

Shapira Y, Magen Y, Zak T, Koder M, Hulata G, Levavi-Sivan B (2005) Differential resistance to koi herpes virus (KHV)/carp interstitial nephritis and gill necrosis virus (CNGV) among common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) strains and crossbreds. Aquaculture 245:1–11

Fischer MA, Davies ML, Reider IE, Heipertz EL, Epler MR, Sei JJ, Ingersoll MA, Rooijen NV, Randolph GJ, Norbury CC (2011) CD11b(+), Ly6G(+) cells produce type I interferon and exhibit tissue protective properties following peripheral virus infection. PLoS Pathog 7:e1002374

Arndt WD, Cotsmire S, Trainor K, Harrington H, Hauns K, Kibler KV, Huynh TP, Jacobs BL (2015) Evasion of the innate immune type I interferon system by monkeypox virus. J Virol 89:10489–10499

Kocour M, Gela D, Rodina M, Linhart O (2005) Testing of performance in common carp Cyprinus carpio L. under pond husbandry conditions I: top-crossing with Northern mirror carp. Aquac Res 36:1207–1215

Gilad O, Yun S, Zagmutt-Vergara FJ, Leutenegger CM, Bercovier H, Hedrick RP (2004) Concentrations of a Koi herpesvirus (KHV) in tissues of experimentally infected Cyprinus carpio koi as assessed by real-time TaqMan PCR. Dis Aquat Organ 60:179–187

García-Valtanen P, Martinez-Lopez A, Ortega-Villaizan M, Perez L, Coll JM, Estepa A (2014) In addition to its antiviral and immunomodulatory properties, the zebrafish β-defensin 2 (zfBD2) is a potent viral DNA vaccine molecular adjuvant. Antiviral Res 101:136–147

Adamek M, Jung-Schroers V, Hellmann J, Teitge F, Bergmann SM, Runge M, Kleingeld DW, Way K, Stone DM, Steinhagen D (2016) Concentration of carp edema virus (CEV) DNA in koi tissues affected by koi sleepy disease (KSD). Dis Aquat Organ 119:245–251

Granzow H, Fichtner D, Schütze H, Lenk M, Dresenkamp B, Nieper H, Mettenleiter TC (2014) Isolation and partial characterization of a novel virus from different carp species suffering gill necrosis—ultrastructure and morphogenesis. J Fish Dis 37:559–569

Ganzhorn J, LaPatra SE (2014) General Procedures for Virology. In: Thoesen John C (ed) Suggested procedures for the detection and identification of certain finfish and shellfish pathogens. American Fisheries Society, Bethesda

Adamek M, Syakuri H, Harris S, Rakus KŁ, Brogden G, Matras M, Irnazarow I, Steinhagen D (2013) Cyprinid herpesvirus 3 infection disrupts the skin barrier of common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.). Vet Microbiol 162:456–470

Neukirch M, Kunz U (2001) Isolation and preliminary characterization of several viruses from koi (Cyprinus carpio) suffering gill necrosis and mortality. Bull Eur Assoc Fish Pathol 21:125–135

Evans DH, Piermarini PM, Choe KP (2005) The multifunctional fish gill: dominant site of gas exchange, osmoregulation, acid-base regulation, and excretion of nitrogenous waste. Physiol Rev 85:97–177

Negenborn J, van der Marel MC, Ganter M, Steinhagen D (2015) Cyprinid herpesvirus-3 (CyHV-3) disturbs osmotic balance in carp (Cyprinus carpio L.)—a potential cause of mortality. Vet Microbiol 177:280–288

Miwa S, Kiryu I, Yuasa K, Ito T, Kaneko T (2015) Pathogenesis of acute and chronic diseases caused by cyprinid herpesvirus-3. J Fish Dis 38:695–712

Leef MJ, Harris JO, Powell MD (2005) Respiratory pathogenesis of amoebic gill disease (AGD) in experimentally infected Atlantic salmon Salmo salar. Dis Aquat Organ 66:205–213

Haller SL, Peng C, McFadden G, Rothenburg S (2014) Poxviruses and the evolution of host range and virulence. Infect Genet Evol 21:15–40

Brownstein DG, Bhatt PN, Gras L (1993) Ectromelia virus replication in major target organs of innately resistant and susceptible mice after intravenous infection. Arch Virol 129:65–75

Bidgood SR, Mercer J (2015) Cloak and dagger: alternative immune evasion and modulation strategies of poxviruses. Viruses 7:4800–4825

Mahalingam S, Foster PS, Lobigs M, Farber JM, Karupiah G (2000) Interferon-inducible chemokines and immunity to poxvirus infections. Immunol Rev 177:127–133

Verrier ER, Langevin C, Tohry C, Houel A, Ducrocq V, Benmansour A, Quillet E, Boudinot P (2012) Genetic resistance to rhabdovirus infection in teleost fish is paralleled to the derived cell resistance status. PLoS One 7:e33935

Adamek M, Rakus KL, Brogden G, Matras M, Chyb J, Hirono I, Kondo H, Aoki T, Irnazarow I, Steinhagen D (2014) Interaction between type I interferon and Cyprinid herpesvirus 3 in two genetic lines of common carp Cyprinus carpio. Dis Aquat Organ 111:107–118

Brownstein DG, Bhatt PN, Gras L, Jacoby RO (1991) Chromosomal locations and gonadal dependence of genes that mediate resistance to ectromelia (mousepox) virus-induced mortality. J Virol 65:1946–1951

Brownstein DG, Gras L (1995) Chromosome mapping of Rmp-4, a gonad-dependent gene encoding host resistance to mousepox. J Virol 69:6958–6964

Kocour M, Piackova V, Vesely T, Gela D, Pokorova D, Flajshans M (2012) Perspectives for utilization of Amur mirror carp strains in cross-breeding program of common carp, Cyprinus carpio L., in the Central Europe. In: Abstract Book of AQUA 2012 Conference, Global Aquaculture: securing our future, Prague, September 2012, World Aquaculture Society, p 356

Ono SI, Nagai A, Sugai N (1986) A histopathological study on Juvenile Colorcarp, Cyprinus carpio showing edema. Fish Pathol 21:167–175

Wada S, Kurata O, Hatai K, Ishii H, Kasuya K, Watanabe Y (2008) Proliferative branchitis associated with pathognomonic, atypical gill epithelial cells in cultured ayu Plecoglossus altivelis. Fish Pathol 43:89–91

Nylund A, Watanabe K, Nylund S, Karlsen M, Sæther PA, Arnesen CE, Karlsbakk E (2008) Morphogenesis of salmonid gill poxvirus associated with proliferative gill disease in farmed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) in Norway. Arch Virol 153:1299–1309

McFadden G (2005) Poxvirus tropism. Nat Rev Microbiol 3:201–213

Neukirch M, Böttcher R, Bunnajirakul S (1999) Isolation of a virus from koi with altered gills. Bull Eur Assoc Fish Pathol 19:221–223

Hedrick RP, Gilad O, Yun S, Spangenberg JV, Marty GD, Nordhausen RW, Kebus MJ, Bercovier H, Eldar A (2000) A herpesvirus associated with mass mortality of juvenile and adult koi, a strain of common carp. J Aquat Anim Health 12:44–57