Anderson PM (1995) Molecular aspects of carbamoyl phosphate synthesis. In: Walsh PJ, Wright PA (eds) Nitrogen metabolism and excretion. CRC, Boca Raton, pp 33–50
Anderson PM (2001) Urea and glutamine synthesis: environmental influences on nitrogen excretion. In: Wright PA, Anderson PM (eds) Fish physiology vol 20. Nitrogen excretion. Academic Press, New York, pp 239–277
Anderson PM, Walsh PJ (1995) Subcellular localization and biochemical properties of the enzyme carbamoylphosphate synthetase and urea synthesis in the batrachoidid fishes, Opsanus beta, Opsanus tau and Porichthys notatus. J Exp Biol 198:755–766
Anderson PM, Broderius MA, Fong KC, Tsui KNT, Chew SF, Ip YK (2002) Glutamine synthetase expression in liver, muscle, stomach and intestine of Bostrichyths sinensis in response to exposure to a high exogenous ammonia concentration. J Exp Biol 205:2053–2065
Balinsky JB (1970) Nitrogen metabolism in amphibians. In: Campbell JW (ed) Comparative biochemistry of nitrogen metabolism. Academic Press, London, pp 519–637
Balinsky JB, Choritz EL, Coe GL, Schans GS van der (1967) Amino acid metabolism and urea synthesis in naturally aestivating Xenopus laevis. Comp Biochem Physiol 22:59–68
Bergmeyer HU, Beutler HO (1985) Ammonia. In: Bergmeyer HU, Bergmeyer J, GraβlM (eds) Methods of enzymatic analysis, vol VIII. Academic Press, New York, pp 454–461
Campbell JW (1973) Nitrogen excretion. In: Prosser CL (ed) Comparative animal physiology. Saunders College Publishing, Philadelphia, pp 279–316
Campbell JW (1991) Excretory nitrogen metabolism. In: Prosser CL (ed) Environmental and metabolic animal physiology. Wiley-Liss, New York, pp 277–324
Campbell JW, Vorhaben JE, Smith DD Jr (1984) Hepatic ammonia metabolism in a uricotelic treefrog Phyllomedusa sauvagei. Am J Physiol 246:R805–R810
Chang TK, Boring AM (1936) A survey of the Amphibia of southeast China: an analysis of the basis of species distribution. Peking Nat Hist Bull 10:253–271
Chen Y, Atkinson BG (1997) Role for the Rana catesbiana homologue of C/EBPα in the reprogramming of gene expression in the liver of metamorphosing tadpoles. Dev Genet 20:152–162
Chew SF, Wong ME, Tam WL, Ip YK (2003) The snakehead Channa asiatica accumulates alanine during aerial exposure, but is incapable of sustaining locomotory activities on land through partial amino acid catabolism. J Exp Biol 206:693–704
Cragg MM, Balinsky JB, Baldwin E (1961) A comparative study of nitrogen excretion in some amphibian and reptiles. Comp Biochem Physiol 3:227–235
Gordon MS, Schmidt-Nielsen K, Kelly HM (1961) Osmotic regulation in the crab-eating frog (Rana cancrivora). J Exp Biol 38:659–678
Helbing C, Gergely G, Atkinson BG (1992) Sequential up-regulation of thyroid hormone ß receptor, ornithine transcarbamoylase, and carbamoyl phosphate synthetase mRNAs in the liver of Rana catesbiana tadpoles during spontaneous and thyroid hormone-induced metamorphosis. Dev Genet 13:289–301
Ip YK, Chew SF, Randall DJ (2001a) Ammonia toxicity, tolerance, and excretion. In: Wright PA, Anderson PM (eds) Fish physiology vol 20. Nitrogen excretion. Academic Press, New York, pp 109–148
Ip YK, Lim CB, Chew SF, Wilson JM, Randall DJ (2001b) Partial amino acid catabolism leading to the formation of alanine in Periophthalmodon schlosseri (mudskipper): a strategy that facilitates the use of amino acids as an energy source during locomotory activity on land. J Exp Biol 204:1615–1624
Ip YK, Chew SF, Leong, IAW, Jin Y, Lim CB, Wu RSS (2001c) The sleeper Bostrichthys sinensis (Family Eleotridae) stores glutamine and reduces ammonia production during aerial exposure. J Comp Physiol B 171:357–367
Janssens PA (1972) The influence of ammonia on the transition to ureotelism in Xenopus laevis. J Exp Zool 182:357–366
Janssens PA, Cohen PP (1968) Biosynthesis of urea in the estivating African lungfish and in Xenopus laevis under conditions of water-shortage. Comp Biochem Physiol 24: 887–898
Jow LY, Chew SF, Lim CB, Anderson PM, Ip YK (1999) The marble goby Oxyeleotris marmoratus activates hepatic glutamine synthetase and detoxifies ammonia to glutamine during air exposure. J Exp Biol 202:237–245
Julsrud EA, Walsh PJ, Anderson PM (1998) N-acetyl-L-glutamate and the urea cycle in gulf toadfish (Opsanus beta) and other fish. Arch Biochem Biophys 305:55–60
Lim CB, Chew SF, Anderson PM, Ip YK (2001) Reduction in the rates of protein and amino acid catabolism to slow down the accumulation of endogenous ammonia: a strategy potentially adopted by mudskippers during aerial exposure in constant darkness. J Exp Biol 204:1605–1614
Lindley TE, Scheiderer CL, Walsh PJ, Wood CM, Bergman HL, Bergman AL, Laurent P, Wilson P, Anderson PM (1999) Muscle as the primary site of urea cycle enzyme activity in an alkaline lake-adapted tilapia, Oreochromis alcalicus grahami. J Biol Chem 274:29858–29861
Loong AM, Chew SF, Ip YK (2002) Excretory nitrogen metabolism in the Juvenile Axoleti, Ambystoma mexicanum: difference in aquatic and terrestrial environments. Physiol Biochem Zool 75:459–468
McBean RL, Goldstein L (1967) Ornithine-urea cycle activity in Xenopus laevis, adaptation in saline. Science 157:931–932
McClave JT, Sincich T (2000) Analysis of variance: comparing more than two means. Statistics (8th edn). Prentice Hall, New Jersey, pp 435–503
Munro AF (1953) The ammonia and urea excretion of different species of Amphibia during their development and metamorphosis. Biochem J 54:29–36
Nash G, Fankhauser G (1959) Changes in the pattern of nitrogen excretion during the life cycle of the newt. Science 130:714–716
Sands JM, Timmer RT, Gunn RB (1997) Urea transporters in kidney and erythrocytes. Am J Physiol 273:F321–F339
Sparreboom M, Faria MM (1997) Sexual behaviour of the Chinese fire-bellied newt, Cynops orientalis. Amphibia-Reptilia 18: 27–38
Wright PA (1995) Nitrogen excretion: three end products, many physiological roles. J Exp Biol 198:273–281
Wright PM, Wright PA (1996) Nitrogen metabolism and excretion in bullfrog (Rana catesbiana) tadpoles and adults exposed to elevated environmental ammonia levels. Physiol Zool 69:1057–1078
Xiong X, Anderson PM (1989) Purification and properties of ornithine carbamoyl transferase from the liver of Squalus acanthias. Arch Biochem Biophys 270:198–207