Evidence based review of literature on detriments to healing of diabetic foot ulcers

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Armstrong, 1998, Validation of a diabetic wound classification system. The contribution of depth, infection, and ischemia to risk of amputation, Diabetes care, 21, 855, 10.2337/diacare.21.5.855

Dos Santos, 2006, Risk factors for primary major amputation in diabetic patients, Sao Paulo Med J, 124, 66, 10.1590/S1516-31802006000200004

Nagoba, 2010, A simple and effective approach for the treatment of diabetic foot ulcers with different Wagner grades, Int Wound J, 7, 153, 10.1111/j.1742-481X.2010.00666.x

Armstrong, 2004, Diabetic foot infections: stepwise medical and surgical management, Int Wound J, 1, 123, 10.1111/j.1742-4801.2004.00035.x

Calhoun, 2002, Diabetic foot ulcers and infections: current concepts, Adv Skin Wound Care, 15, 31, 10.1097/00129334-200201000-00011

Edmonds, 2008, A natural history and framework for managing diabetic foot ulcers, Br J Nurs, 17, S20, 10.12968/bjon.2008.17.Sup5.29648

Edmonds, 2010, Multidisciplinary care of the diabetic foot patient with infection, Int J Low Extrem Wounds, 9, 6, 10.1177/1534734610363003

Fisher, 2010, A stepwise approach for surgical management of diabetic foot infections, J Am Podiatr Med Assoc, 100, 401, 10.7547/1000401

Frykberg, 1998, Diabetic foot infections: evaluation and management, Adv Wound Care, 11, 329

Frykberg, 2005, A summary of guidelines for managing the diabetic foot, Adv Skin Wound Care, 18, 209, 10.1097/00129334-200505000-00010

Gardner, 2008, Wound bioburden and infection-related complications in diabetic foot ulcers, Biol Res Nurs, 10, 44, 10.1177/1099800408319056

Gariani, 2014, Managing diabetic foot infections: a review of the new guidelines, Acta Chir Belg, 114, 7, 10.1080/00015458.2014.11680970

Xie, 2010, Diabetic foot infection in the world: - We need ways forward, Int J Low Extrem Wounds, 9, 3, 10.1177/1534734610363025

Younes, 2006, Diabetic foot infection, Saudi Med J, 27, 596

Zgonis, 2005, A systematic approach to diabetic foot infections, Adv Ther, 22, 244, 10.1007/BF02849934

Zgonis, 2008, Surgical management of diabetic foot infections and amputations, AORN J, 87, 935, 10.1016/j.aorn.2008.02.014

Marston, 2006, Risk factors associated with healing chronic diabetic foot ulcers: the importance of hyperglycemia, Ostomy Wound Manag, 52, 26

Christman, 2011, Hemoglobin A1c predicts healing rate in diabetic wounds, J Invest Dermatol, 131, 2121, 10.1038/jid.2011.176

Adler, 2010, Association between glycated haemoglobin and the risk of lower extremity amputation in patients with diabetes mellitus – review and meta-analysis, Diabetologia, 53, 840, 10.1007/s00125-009-1638-7

Winkley, 2007, Risk factors associated with adverse outcomes in a population-based prospective cohort study of people with their first diabetic foot ulcer, J Diabetes Complicat, 21, 341, 10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2007.09.004

Highlander, 2013, Perioperative laboratory assessment of diabetic foot infections undergoing amputation: a systematic review, Foot Ankle Spec, 6, 465, 10.1177/1938640013496845

Shojaiefard, 2008, Septic diabetic foot is not necessarily an indication for amputation, J Foot Ankle Surg, 47, 419, 10.1053/j.jfas.2008.05.005

Lepore, 2006, Poor glucose control in the year before admission as a powerful predictor of amputation in hospitalized patients with diabetic foot ulceration, Diabetes Care, 29, 1985, 10.2337/dc06-0912

Lacle, 2012, Diabetes-related lower-extremity amputation incidence and risk factors: a prospective seven-year study in Costa Rica, Rev Panam Salud Publica, 32, 192, 10.1590/S1020-49892012000900004

Pscherer, 2012, Amputation rate and risk factors in type 2 patients with diabetic foot syndrome under real-life conditions in Germany, Prim Care Diabetes, 6, 241, 10.1016/j.pcd.2012.02.004

Watts, 2001, The effect of age, gender, risk level and glycosylated hemoglobin in predicting foot amputation in HMO patients with diabetes, J Am Acad Nurse Pract, 13, 230, 10.1111/j.1745-7599.2001.tb00026.x

Apelqvist, 1992, The association between clinical risk factors and outcome of diabetic foot ulcers, Diabetes Res Clin Pract, 18, 43, 10.1016/0168-8227(92)90054-U

Holt, 2013, Assessment and management of patients with diabetic foot ulcers, Nurs Stand, 27, 49, 10.7748/ns2013.03.27.27.49.e7284

Malik, 2013, Medical strategies to reduce amputation in patients with type 2 diabetes, Diabet Med, 30, 893, 10.1111/dme.12169

Philbin, 2006, Lower-extremity amputations in association with diabetes mellitus, Foot Ankle Clin, 11, 791, 10.1016/j.fcl.2006.06.012

Edmonds, 2006, Diabetic foot ulcers: practical treatment recommendations, Drugs, 66, 913, 10.2165/00003495-200666070-00003

Millington, 2005, The comprehensive therapy of diabetic foot ulcers, Compr Ther, 31, 50, 10.1385/COMP:31:1:050

Hess, 2001, Management of a diabetic foot ulcer, Adv Skin Wound Care, 14, 18, 10.1097/00129334-200101000-00011

Rozsos, 1997, The basic and the practical way of treating of diabetic foot, Acta Chir Hung, 36, 299

Ahroni, 1991, The care of lower extremity lesions in patients with diabetes, Nurse Pract Forum, 2, 188

Posthauer, 2004, Diet, diabetes, and wound management: how important is glycemic control?, Adv Skin Wound Care, 17, 171, 10.1097/00129334-200405000-00013

Hinchliffe, 2012, A systematic review of the effectiveness of revascularization of the ulcerated foot in patients with diabetes and peripheral arterial disease, Diabetes Metab Res Rev, 28, 179, 10.1002/dmrr.2249

Taylor, 2011, Contemporary management of diabetic neuropathic foot ulceration: a study of 917 consecutively treated limbs, J Am Coll Surg, 212, 532, 10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2010.12.027

Shojaiefard, 2013, Large and deep diabetic heel ulcers need not lead to amputation, Foot Ankle Int, 34, 215, 10.1177/1071100712460228

Fossaceca, 2013, Endovascular treatment of diabetic foot in a selected population of patients with below-the-knee disease: is the angiosome model effective?, Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol, 36, 637, 10.1007/s00270-012-0544-4

Soderstrom, 2013, Angiosome-targeted infrapopliteal endovascular revascularization for treatment of diabetic foot ulcers, J Vasc Surg, 57, 427, 10.1016/j.jvs.2012.07.057

Ciccone, 2012, Interventional therapy in diabetic foot: risk factors, clinical events and prognosis at one year follow-up (a study of 103 cases), Pak J Biol Sci, 15, 789, 10.3923/pjbs.2012.789.794

Scatena, 2012, Outcomes of three years of teamwork on critical limb ischemia in patients with diabetes and foot lesions, Int J Low Extrem Wounds, 11, 113, 10.1177/1534734612448384

Cardaioli, 2011, Endovascular treatment of diabetic foot syndrome: results from a single center prospective registry using mixed coronary and peripheral techniques and equipment, J Interv Cardiol, 24, 562, 10.1111/j.1540-8183.2011.00676.x

Aragon-Sanchez, 2011, Surgical treatment of limb- and life-threatening infections in the feet of patients with diabetes and at least one palpable pedal pulse: successes and lessons learnt, Int J Low Extrem Wounds, 10, 207, 10.1177/1534734611426364

Claesson, 2011, Role of endovascular intervention in patients with diabetic foot ulcer and concomitant peripheral arterial disease, Int Angiol, 30, 349

Alexandrescu, 2011, A reliable approach to diabetic neuroischemic foot wounds: below-the-knee angiosome-oriented angioplasty, J Endovasc Ther, 18, 376, 10.1583/10-3260.1

Alexandrescu, 2011, Deep calf veins arterialization for inferior limb preservation in diabetic patients with extended ischaemic wounds, unfit for direct arterial reconstruction: preliminary results according to an angiosome model of perfusion, Cardiovasc Revasc Med, 12, 10, 10.1016/j.carrev.2009.12.002

Uccioli, 2010, Long-term outcomes of diabetic patients with critical limb ischemia followed in a tertiary referral diabetic foot clinic, Diabetes Care, 33, 977, 10.2337/dc09-0831

Ferraresi, 2009, Long-term outcomes after angioplasty of isolated, below-the-knee arteries in diabetic patients with critical limb ischaemia, Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg, 37, 336, 10.1016/j.ejvs.2008.12.001

Jacqueminet, 2005, Percutaneous transluminal angioplasty in severe diabetic foot ischemia: outcomes and prognostic factors, Diabetes Metab, 31, 370, 10.1016/S1262-3636(07)70206-9

Sigala, 2005, Transluminal angioplasty of isolated crural arterial lesions in diabetics with critical limb ischemia, VASA Zeitschrift fur Gefasskrankheiten, 34, 186, 10.1024/0301-1526.34.3.186

Faglia, 2005, Peripheral angioplasty as the first-choice revascularization procedure in diabetic patients with critical limb ischemia: prospective study of 993 consecutive patients hospitalized and followed between 1999 and 2003, Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg, 29, 620, 10.1016/j.ejvs.2005.02.035

Forsythe, 2014, Management of peripheral arterial disease and the diabetic foot, J Cardiovasc Surg (Torino), 55, 195

Ricco, 2013, The diabetic foot: a review, J Cardiovasc Surg, 54, 755

Setacci, 2013, Endovascular first as “preliminary approach” for critical limb ischemia and diabetic foot, J Cardiovasc Surg, 54, 679

Albayati, 2013, Peripheral arterial disease and bypass surgery in the diabetic lower limb, Med Clin North Am, 97, 821, 10.1016/j.mcna.2013.03.009

Gazzaruso, 2013, Percutaneous transluminal angioplasty for critical limb ischemia in very elderly diabetic patients, Aging Clin Exp Res, 25, 225, 10.1007/s40520-013-0033-x

Mansilha, 2013, Guidelines for treatment of patients with diabetes and infected ulcers, J Cardiovasc Surg, 54, 193

Georgakarakos, 2013, Endovascular treatment of critical ischemia in the diabetic foot: new thresholds, new anatomies, Angiology, 64, 583, 10.1177/0003319712465172

Caravaggi, 2013, The management of the infected diabetic foot, Curr Diabetes Rev, 9, 7, 10.2174/157339913804143216

Reekers, 2012, Diabetic foot and PAD: the endovascular approach, Diabetes Metab Res Rev, 28, 36, 10.1002/dmrr.2258

Peeters, 2012, Endovascular procedures and new insights in diabetic limb salvage, J Cardiovasc Surg, 53, 31

Alexandrescu, 2012, The challenging topic of diabetic foot revascularization: does the angiosome-guided angioplasty may improve outcome, J Cardiovasc Surg, 53, 3

Vuorisalo, 2009, Treatment of diabetic foot ulcers, J Cardiovasc Surg, 50, 275

Edmonds, 2007, The diabetic ischaemic foot – a challenging but treatable condition, Clin Med, 7, 115, 10.7861/clinmedicine.7-2-115

Yesil, 2009, Predictors of amputation in diabetics with foot ulcer: single center experience in a large Turkish cohort, Hormones (Athens), 8, 286, 10.14310/horm.2002.1245

Ramanujam, 2010, Split-thickness skin grafts for closure of diabetic foot and ankle wounds: a retrospective review of 83 patients, Foot Ankle Spec, 3, 231, 10.1177/1938640010375114

Benotmane, 2000, Diabetic foot lesions: etiologic and prognostic factors, Diabetes Metab, 26, 113

Gurlek, 1998, Amputation rate in 147 Turkish patients with diabetic foot: the Hacettepe University Hospital experience, Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes, 106, 404, 10.1055/s-0029-1212006

Kerstein, 2001, Lower-extremity wounds. 2. Management options, J Wound Care, 10, 401, 10.12968/jowc.2001.10.10.26262

Korzon-Burakowska, 2011, Diabetic foot – the need for comprehensive multidisciplinary approach, Ann Agric Environ Med, 18, 314

Wu, 2007, Foot ulcers in the diabetic patient, prevention and treatment, Vasc Health Risk Manag, 3, 65

Wissing, 1999, The relationship between nutritional status and physical activity, ulcer history and ulcer-related problems in patients with leg and foot ulcers, Scand J Caring Sci, 13, 123, 10.1111/j.1471-6712.1999.tb00526.x

Stadelmann, 1998, Impediments to wound healing, Am J Surg, 176, 39S, 10.1016/S0002-9610(98)00184-6

Friedrich, 2013, Nutrition 411: the diabetic foot ulcer – can diet make a difference?, Ostomy Wound Manag, 59, 10

Mueller, 2003, Effect of Achilles tendon lengthening on neuropathic plantar ulcers. A randomized clinical trial, J Bone Jt Surg Am, 85-A, 1436, 10.2106/00004623-200308000-00003

Batista, 2011, Minimally invasive surgery for diabetic plantar foot ulcerations, Diabet Foot Ankle, 2

Holstein, 2004, Achilles tendon lengthening, the panacea for plantar forefoot ulceration?, Diabetes Metab Res Rev, 20, S37, 10.1002/dmrr.452

La Fontaine, 2008, New and recurrent ulcerations after percutaneous achilles tendon lengthening in transmetatarsal amputation, J Foot Ankle Surg, 47, 225, 10.1053/j.jfas.2008.01.006

Lin, 1996, Plantar forefoot ulceration with equinus deformity of the ankle in diabetic patients: the effect of tendo-Achilles lengthening and total contact casting, Orthopedics, 19, 465, 10.3928/0147-7447-19960501-18

Willrich, 2005, Percutaneous tendo Achillis lengthening to promote healing of diabetic plantar foot ulceration, J Am Podiatr Med Assoc, 95, 281, 10.7547/0950281

Chen, 2009, Achilles lengthening procedures, Foot Ankle Clin, 14, 627, 10.1016/j.fcl.2009.08.002

Clark, 2005, Tendon balancing in pedal amputations, Clin Podiatr Med Surg, 22, 447, 10.1016/j.cpm.2005.03.003

Greenhagen, 2012, Gastrocnemius recession or tendo-achilles lengthening for equinus deformity in the diabetic foot?, Clin Podiatr Med Surg, 29, 413, 10.1016/j.cpm.2012.04.005

Hastings, 2000, Effects of a tendo-Achilles lengthening procedure on muscle function and gait characteristics in a patient with diabetes mellitus, J Orthop Sports Phys Ther, 30, 85, 10.2519/jospt.2000.30.2.85

Kaspar, 2004, Effect of Achilles tendon lengthening on neuropathic plantar ulcers, J Bone Jt Surg Am, 86-A, 870, 10.2106/00004623-200404000-00032

Laborde, 2009, Treatment of diabetic foot ulcers with tendon lengthening, Am Fam Physician, 80, 1351

Nishimoto, 2003, Lengthening the Achilles tendon for the treatment of diabetic plantar forefoot ulceration, Surg Clin North Am, 83, 707, 10.1016/S0039-6109(02)00191-3

Armstrong, 2005, Evaluation of removable and irremovable cast walkers in the healing of diabetic foot wounds: a randomized controlled trial, Diabetes Care, 28, 551, 10.2337/diacare.28.3.551

Armstrong, 2001, Off-loading the diabetic foot wound: a randomized clinical trial, Diabetes Care, 24, 1019, 10.2337/diacare.24.6.1019

Morona, 2013, Comparison of the clinical effectiveness of different off-loading devices for the treatment of neuropathic foot ulcers in patients with diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis, Diabetes Metab Res Rev, 29, 183, 10.1002/dmrr.2386

Caravaggi, 2007, Nonwindowed nonremovable fiberglass off-loading cast versus removable pneumatic cast (AircastXP Diabetic Walker) in the treatment of neuropathic noninfected plantar ulcers: a randomized prospective trial, Diabetes Care, 30, 2577, 10.2337/dc07-0990

Faglia, 2010, Effectiveness of removable walker cast versus nonremovable fiberglass off-bearing cast in the healing of diabetic plantar foot ulcer: a randomized controlled trial, Diabetes Care, 33, 1419, 10.2337/dc09-1708

Ganguly, 2008, A comparative study between total contact casting and conventional dressings in the non-surgical management of diabetic plantar foot ulcers, J Indian Med Assoc, 106, 237

Piaggesi, 2007, An off-the-shelf instant contact casting device for the management of diabetic foot ulcers: a randomized prospective trial versus traditional fiberglass cast, Diabetes Care, 30, 586, 10.2337/dc06-1750

Ali, 2008, Total contact cast for neuropathic diabetic foot ulcers, J Coll Physicians Surg Pak, 18, 695

Gutekunst, 2011, Removable cast walker boots yield greater forefoot off-loading than total contact casts, Clin Biomech, 26, 649, 10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2011.03.010

Van De Weg, 2008, Wound healing: total contact cast vs. custom-made temporary footwear for patients with diabetic foot ulceration, Prosthet Orthot Int, 32, 3, 10.1080/03093640701318672

Myerson, 1992, The total-contact cast for management of neuropathic plantar ulceration of the foot, J Bone Jt Surg Am, 74, 261, 10.2106/00004623-199274020-00012

Laing, 1992, Neuropathic foot ulceration treated by total contact casts, J Bone Jt Surg Br, 74, 133, 10.1302/0301-620X.74B1.1732242

Baker, 1995, Total contact casting, J Am Podiatr Med Assoc, 85, 172, 10.7547/87507315-85-3-172

Bell, 2008, Evidence-based rationale for offloading treatment modalities, Surg Technol Int, 17, 113

Bell, 2010, Diabetic foot ulcers: current treatment options and new developments, Surg Technol Int, 20, 97

Bentley, 2008, Management of the diabetic foot ulcer: exercising control, Br J Community Nurs, 13, S16, 10.12968/bjcn.2008.13.Sup1.28683

Malhotra, 2012, Diabetic foot ulcerations: biomechanics, charcot foot, and total contact cast, Semin Vasc Surg, 25, 66, 10.1053/j.semvascsurg.2012.05.001

Cavanagh, 2011, Off-loading the diabetic foot for ulcer prevention and healing, Plast Reconstr Surg, 127, 248S, 10.1097/PRS.0b013e3182024864

Cavanagh, 2010, Off-loading the diabetic foot for ulcer prevention and healing, J Am Podiatr Med Assoc, 100, 360, 10.7547/1000360

Cavanagh, 2010, Off-loading the diabetic foot for ulcer prevention and healing, J Vasc Surg, 52, 37S, 10.1016/j.jvs.2010.06.007

Boulton, 2008, The diabetic foot – an update, Foot Ankle Surg, 14, 120, 10.1016/j.fas.2008.05.004

Farid, 2008, Total contact casting as part of an adaptive care approach: a case study, Ostomy Wound Manag, 54, 50

Gray, 2006, Is total contact casting effective for treating diabetic foot ulcers?, J Wound Ostomy Cont Nurs, 33, 359, 10.1097/00152192-200607000-00002

Brem, 2006, Evidence-based protocol for diabetic foot ulcers, Plast Reconstr Surg, 117, 193S, 10.1097/01.prs.0000225459.93750.29

Thompson, 2006, Offloading diabetic foot ulcers, Adv Skin Wound Care, 19, 15, 10.1097/00129334-200601000-00007

Rathur, 2005, Pathogenesis of foot ulcers and the need for offloading, Horm Metab Res, 37, 61, 10.1055/s-2005-861398

Conti, 1999, Total contact casting, Instr Course Lect, 48, 305

Mueller, 1999, Off-loading techniques for neuropathic plantar wounds, Adv Wound Care, 12, 270

Caputo, 1997, The total contact cast: a method for treating neuropathic diabetic ulcers, Am Fam Physician, 55, 605

Tessler, 1997, Total contact casting: an underused intervention, Am Fam Physician, 55, 425

Sinacore, 1996, Total contact casting for diabetic neuropathic ulcers, Phys Ther, 76, 296, 10.1093/ptj/76.3.296

Laing, 1994, Diabetic foot ulcers, Am J Surg, 167, 31S, 10.1016/0002-9610(94)90008-6