Estimation of hydrodynamic forces acting on concrete blocks of toe protection works for coastal dikes by tsunami overflows

Mimura, 2011, Damage from the Great East Japan earthquake and tsunami – a quick report, Mitig. Adapt. Strateg. Glob. Change, 16, 803, 10.1007/s11027-011-9297-7 Mikami, 2012, Field survey of the 2011 Tohoku earthquake and tsunami in Miyagi and Fukushima prefectures, Coast. Eng. J., 52, 1250011-1, 10.1142/S0578563412500118 Ogasawara, 2012, Characteristics of the 2011 Tohoku earthquake and tsunami and its impact on the northern Iwate coast, Coast. Eng. J., 52, 1250003-1, 10.1142/S0578563412500039 Suppasri, 2012, Damage characteristic and field survey of the 2011 Great East Japan tsunami in Miyagi prefecture, Coastal Eng. J., 54, 1250005-1, 10.1142/S0578563412500052 Sato, 2011 Kato, 2012, Mechanisms of coastal dike failure induced by the Great East Japan Earthquake tsunami, Coast. Eng. Proc., 33, 1 Hatogai, 2012, Hydraulic model experiments on scour landward of the coastal dike induced by tsunami overflow, Ann. J. Coast. Eng., 68 Kotake, 2012, Experimental study on pressure distribution along landward slope of coastal dike due to tsunami overflow, Ann. J. Coast. Eng., 68 Kato, 2014, A study of structures of coastal dike persist disaster mitigation effects against tsunami overflow, J. JSCE Ser. B2 Coast. Eng., 70, 31 Mitobe, 2016, Experimental study of embankment reinforcement by steel sheet pile structure against tsunami overflow, Coast. Eng. J., 58, 1640018-1, 10.1142/S0578563416400180 Jayaratne, 2016, Failure mechanisms and local scour at coastal structures induced by tsunami, Coast. Eng. J., 58, 1640017-1, 10.1142/S0578563416400179 Suppasri, 2016, Improvement of tsunami countermeasures based on lessons from the 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake and tsunami – situation after five years, Coast. Eng. J., 58, 1640011-1, 10.1142/S0578563416400118 TACFDN – Technical Advisory Committee for Flood Defence in the Netherlands, 2002 USACE – U. S. Army Corps of Engineers, 2008 Zhang, 2017, Experimental study of mechanism of sea-dike failure due to wave overtopping, Appl. Ocean Res., 68, 171, 10.1016/j.apor.2017.08.009 Hayashi, 2013, Fundamental study for stability of armor concrete blocks using to reinforce coastal dikes, Ann. J. Coast. Eng., 69 Mitobe, 2014, Experiments on local scour behind coastal dikes induced by tsunami overflow, Ann. J. Hydraul. Eng., 70 Hirt, 1981, Volume of fluid (VOF) method for the dynamics of free boundaries, J. Comput. Phys., 39, 201, 10.1016/0021-9991(81)90145-5 Hirt, 1993, Volume fraction techniques: powerful tools for wind engineering, J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerodyn., 46, 171 Smagorinsky, 1963, General circulation experiments with the primitive equations, Mon. Weather Rev., 91, 99, 10.1175/1520-0493(1963)091<0099:GCEWTP>2.3.CO;2 JSCE – Japan Society of Civil Engineers, 1999 Chow, 1959