Epidural anesthesia and analgesia in small animal practice: An update

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syndrome after epidural ropivacaine in a dog, Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia, 36, 401, 10.1111/j.1467-2995.2009.00458.x Brenneis, 2014, Bupivacaine-induced cellular entry of QX-314 and its contribution to differential nerve block, British Journal of Pharmacology, 171, 438, 10.1111/bph.12466 Campagnol, 2007, Effects of epidural administration of dexmedetomidine on the minimum alveolar concentration of isoflurane in dogs, American Journal of Veterinary Research, 68, 1308, 10.2460/ajvr.68.12.1308 Campagnol, 2012, Comparison of the effects of epidural or intravenous methadone on the minimum alveolar concentration of isoflurane in dogs, The Veterinary Journal, 192, 311, 10.1016/j.tvjl.2011.08.019 Campoy, 2012, Comparison of bupivacaine femoral and sciatic nerve block versus bupivacaine and morphine epidural for stifle surgery in dogs, Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia, 39, 91, 10.1111/j.1467-2995.2011.00673.x Caniglia, 2012, Intraoperative antinociception and postoperative analgesia following epidural anesthesia versus femoral and sciatic nerve blockade in dogs undergoing stifle joint surgery, Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 241, 1605, 10.2460/javma.241.12.1605 Carregaro, 2014, Evaluation of analgesic and physiologic effects of epidural morphine administered at a thoracic or lumbar level in dogs undergoing thoracotomy, Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia, 41, 205, 10.1111/vaa.12105 Castro, 2009, Comparison between the analgesic effects of morphine and tramadol delivered epidurally in cats receiving a standardized noxious stimulation, Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery, 11, 948, 10.1016/j.jfms.2009.04.009 Cerasoli, 2017, Comparison of clinical effects of epidural levobupivacaine morphine versus bupivacaine morphine in dogs undergoing elective pelvic limb surgery, Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia, 44, 337, 10.1016/j.vaa.2016.01.001 DeRossi, 2009, Effects of lumbosacral epidural ketamine and lidocaine in xylazine-sedated cats, Journal of the South African Veterinary Association, 80, 79, 10.4102/jsava.v80i2.175 DeRossi, 2011, Evaluation of thoracic epidural analgesia induced by lidocaine, ketamine, or both administered via a lumbosacral approach in dogs, American Journal of Veterinary Research, 72, 1580, 10.2460/ajvr.72.12.1580 Dewey, 2016, Performing the neurologic examination, 9 Di Concetto, 2012, Effect of hind limb position on the craniocaudal length of the lumbosacral space in anesthetized dogs, Veterinary Anaesthesia Analgesia, 39, 99, 10.1111/j.1467-2995.2011.00676.x Ertelt, 2016, Clinical practice of epidural puncture in dogs and cats assisted by a commercial acoustic puncture assist device-epidural locator: preliminary results, Journal of Veterinary Medical Education, 43, 21, 10.3138/jvme.1114-112R1 Evangelista, 2016, Morphine-induced pruritus after epidural administration followed by treatment with naloxone in a cat, Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery Open Reports, 2, 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The results of epidural infiltration with methylprednisolone acetate: a retrospective study, Veterinary and Comparative Orthopaedics and Traumatology, 22, 486, 10.3415/VCOT-08-07-0055 Jones, 2001, Epidural analgesia in the dog and cat, The Veterinary Journal, 161, 123, 10.1053/tvjl.2000.0528 Joshi, 2015, The safety of liposome bupivacaine following various routes of administration in animals, Journal of Pain Research, 8, 781, 10.2147/JPR.S85424 Kalchofner Guerrero, 2014, Incidence of delayed hair re-growth, pruritus, and urinary retention after epidural anaesthesia in dogs, Tierarztl Prax Ausg K Kleintiere Heimtiere, 42, 94, 10.1055/s-0038-1623752 Kawalilak, 2015, Use of contrast-enhanced computed tomography to study the cranial migration of a lumbosacral injectate in cadaver dogs, Veterinary Radiology and Ultrasound, 56, 570, 10.1111/vru.12264 Kharitonov, 2014, A review of the compatibility of liposome bupivacaine with other drug products and commonly used implant materials, 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