Effects of high environmental temperatures on physiological and nutritional status of prepubertal Holstein heifers

AFFRC, 1999, 24 Alnaimy, 1992, Heat stress, 27 AOAC, 1995 ARC, 1980, The nutrient requirements of ruminant livestock, 3 Baccari, 1983, Environmental heat effects on growth, plasma T3, and postheat compensatory effects on Holstein calves, Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med., 173, 312, 10.3181/00379727-173-41648 Badinga, 1985, Effects of climatic and management factors on conception rate of dairy cattle in subtropical environment, J. Dairy Sci., 68, 78, 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(85)80800-6 Beede, 1986, Potential nutritional strategies for intensively managed cattle during thermal stress, J. Anim. Sci., 62, 543, 10.2527/jas1986.622543x Brouwer, 1965, Report of sub-committee on constants and factors, 442 Cavestany, 1985, Effect of season and high environmental temperature on fertility of Holstein cattle, J. Dairy Sci., 68, 1471, 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(85)80985-1 Christon, 1988, The effect of tropical ambient temperature on growth and metabolism in pigs, J. Anim. Sci., 66, 3112, 10.2527/jas1988.66123112x Christopherson, 1985, The thermal environment and the ruminant digestive system, 163 Christopherson, 1983, Effect of the thermal environment on digestion in ruminants, Can. J. Anim. Sci., 63, 477, 10.4141/cjas83-058 Colditz, 1972, The effect of diet heat stress on feed intake, growth, and nitrogen metabolism in Friesian, F1 Brahman×Friesian, and Brahman heifers, Aust. J. Agric. Res., 23, 717, 10.1071/AR9720717 El-Fouly, 1979, Effect of short-term heat exposure on urinary allantoin-N in Friesian calves, World Rev. Anim. Prod., 15, 61 Gitay, 2001, Ecosystems and their goods and services, 257 Grovum, 1973, Rate of passage of digesta in sheep. 4. Passage of marker through the alimentary tract and the biological relevance of rate-constants derived from the changes in concentration of marker in feces, Br. J. Nutr., 30, 313, 10.1079/BJN19730036 Hart, 1984, Simultaneous extraction and determination of ytterbium and cobalt ethylenediaminetetraacetate complex in feces, J. Dairy Sci., 67, 888, 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(84)81383-1 Hartnell, 1979, Extent of particulate marker (samarium, lanthanum and cerium) movement from one digesta particle to another, J. Anim. Sci., 48, 375, 10.2527/jas1979.482375x Itoh, 1977, Determination of heat of combustion in fresh feces and urine with polyethylene film, Bull. Natl. Inst. Anim. Ind., 32, 39 Iwasaki, 1982, New animal metabolism facility especially the description of respirational apparatus, Bull. Natl. Inst. Anim. Ind., 39, 41 Johnson, 1991, Effects of somatotropin on milk yield and physiological responses during summer farm and hot laboratory conditions, J. Dairy Sci., 74, 1250, 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(91)78281-7 Kamiya, 2006, Effects of high ambient temperature and restricted feed intake on urinary and plasma 3-methylhistidine in lactation Hostein cows, Anim. Sci. J., 77, 201, 10.1111/j.1740-0929.2006.00338.x Katsumata, 1996, Growth and carcass fatness responses of finishing pigs to dietary fat supplementation and at a high ambient temperature, Anim. Sci., 63, 591, 10.1017/S1357729800015149 Kellaway, 1975, The effect of heat stress on growth and nitrogen metabolism in Friesian and F1 Brahman×Friesian heifers, Aust. J. Agric. Res., 26, 615, 10.1071/AR9750615 Kubena, 1972, Body composition of chicks as influenced by environmental temperature and selected dietary factors, Poult. Sci., 51, 517, 10.3382/ps.0510517 Kubena, 1974, Factors influencing the quantity of abdominal fat in broilers, Poult. Sci., 53, 211, 10.3382/ps.0530211 Kurihara, 1989, Effect of environmental temperature on water evaporation of cows, Asian-Australas. J. Anim. Sci., 2, 271, 10.5713/ajas.1989.271 Kurihara, 1990, The effect of roughage type and environmental temperature on the energy metabolism of dry dairy cows at maintenance level of feeding, Anim. Sci. Technol. (Jpn), 62, 375 Lu, 1989, Effects of heat stress on goat production, Small Rumin. Res., 2, 143, 10.1016/0921-4488(89)90040-0 Marai, 1995, Effects of Egyptian subtropical summer conditions and the heat-stress alleviation technique of water spray and a diaphoretic on the growth and physiological functions of Friesian calves, J. Arid Environ., 30, 219, 10.1016/S0140-1963(05)80073-4 Mathers, 1989, Intake, digestion and gastro-intestinal mean retention time in Asiatic Buffaloes and Ayrshire cattle given two contrasting diets and housed at 20 °C and 33 °C, J. Agric. Sci., 113, 211, 10.1017/S0021859600086792 Nagasawa, 1993, Effects of starvation on the plasma NT-methylhistidine concentration in goats, Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem., 56, 533 NRC, 1981, Effects of Environment on Nutrient Requirements of Domestic Animals, 30 NRC, 2001, 242 Ohshita, 1995, Comparison of labeling methods of rare earth elements for estimating passage rates in wether fed roughages, Anim. Sci. Technol., 66, 875 SAS Institute Inc., 2004 Schneider, 1988, Nycterohemeral patterns of acid-base status, mineral concentrations and digestive function of lactating cows in natural or chamber heat stress environments, J. Anim. Sci., 66, 112, 10.2527/jas1988.661112x Segura, 1979, Interaction of exogenous corticotropin and environment on protein bound iodine and other plasma biochemical parameters, J. Dairy Sci., 62, 278, 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(79)83236-1 Sejrsen, 1982, Influence of nutrition on mammary development in pre- and postpubertal heifers, J. Dairy Sci., 65, 793, 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(82)82268-6 Shaffer, 1981, Effects of age, temperature-season, and breed on blood characteristics of dairy cattle, J. Dairy Sci., 64, 62, 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(81)82529-5 Silva, 2002, Short communication: Relationship between body growth and mammary development in dairy heifers, J. Dairy Sci., 85, 2600, 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(02)74344-0 Terada, 1999, Effects of environmental temperature conditions on nitrogen excretion in lactating cows, Bull. Natl. Inst. Anim. Ind., 59, 31 Turnbull, 1987, Evaluation of rare-earth markers using an in vitro ruminal fermentation system and effect of processing method on ruminal turnover of sized corn particles, J. Anim. Sci., 64, 1835, 10.2527/jas1987.6461835x Van Soest, 1991, Methods for dietary fibre, neutral detergent fibre and non-starch polysaccharides in relation to animal nutrition, J. Dairy Sci., 74, 3583, 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(91)78551-2 Warren, 1974, Digestibility and rate of passage by steers fed tall fescue, alfalfa and orchardgrass hay in 18 and 32 C ambient temperatures, J. Anim. Sci., 39, 93, 10.2527/jas1974.39193x West, 2003, Effects of heat-stress on production in dairy cattle, J. Dairy Sci., 86, 2131, 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(03)73803-X White, 1992, Influence of fish meal and supplemental fat on performance of finishing steers exposed to moderate or high ambient temperatures, J. Anim. Sci., 70, 3286, 10.2527/1992.70113286x Whitlock, 2002, Effect of dietary protein on prepubertal mammary development in rapidly growing dairy heifers, J. Dairy Sci., 85, 1516, 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(02)74221-5