Differential survival, natural selection, and the manifestation of senescence

Darwin, 1859 Endler, 1986 Price, 1984, Recurrent patterns of natural selection in a population of Darwin's finches, Nature, 309, 787, 10.1038/309787a0 Weiner, 1994 Berry, 1990, Industrial melanism and peppered moths (Biston betularia [L.]), Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 50a., 39, 302 Dawkins, 1987 Medawar, 1952 Riggs, 1993, Stone-age genes and modern life-style: evolutionary mismatch or differential survival bias, J. Clin. Epidemiol., 46, 1289, 10.1016/0895-4356(93)90093-G Williams, 1991, The dawn of Darwinian medicine, Q. Rev. Biol., 66, 1, 10.1086/417048 Olshansky, 1993, The aging of the human species, Sci. Amer., 268, 46, 10.1038/scientificamerican0493-46 1992 National Center for Health Statistics, Centers for Disease Control, U.S. Public Health Service, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 1951 Riggs, 1995, Rising primary malignant brain tumor mortality in the elderly, a manifestation of differential survival, Arch. Neurol., 52, 571, 10.1001/archneur.1995.00540300043011 Riggs, 1995, Increasing lung cancer mortality rates in the elderly: a manifestation of differential survival, Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol., 21, 370, 10.1006/rtph.1995.1051 Riggs, 1995, Rising ovarian cancer mortality in the elderly: a manifestation of differential survival, Gynecol. Oncol., 58, 64, 10.1006/gyno.1995.1184 Riggs, 1995, Increasing multiple myeloma mortality rates in the elderly: demonstration of increasing dependency with increasing age upon age group population size, Mech. Ageing Dev., 81, 131, 10.1016/0047-6374(95)01582-K 1993, Rise and fall of diseases, Lancet, 341, 151, 10.1016/0140-6736(93)90009-6 Riggs, 1993, Smoking and Alzheimer's disease: protective effect or differential survival bias?, Lancet, 342, 793, 10.1016/0140-6736(93)91547-Y McGraw, 1994, Osteoporosis, sedentary lifestyle, and increasing hip fractures: pathogenic relationship or differential survival bias, Calcif. Tissue Int., 55, 87, 10.1007/BF00297180 Riggs, 1994, The association between apolipoprotein E allele ϵ4 and late-onset Alzheimer's disease: pathogenic relationship or differential survival bias, Arch. Neurol., 51, 750, 10.1001/archneur.1994.00540200024011 Riggs, 1992, Aging and mortality: manifestations of natural ‘non-selection’, Mech. Ageing Dev., 62, 127, 10.1016/0047-6374(92)90049-J