Diagnosis and treatment of autoimmune haemolytic anaemias in adults: a clinical review

Peter Valent1, Klaus Lechner1
1Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Haematology and Haemostaseology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria

Tóm tắt

Từ khóa


Tài liệu tham khảo

Serrano J (1992) Autoimmune hemolytic anemia. Review of 200 cases studied in a period of 20 years (1970–1989). Sangre (Barc) 37: 265–274

Franco-Garcia E, Giraldo P, Bernal M, Rubio-Felix D, Giralt M (1998) Which are the true incidence rates of primary hematological disorders acquired in our population? Sangre (Barc) 43: 356–364

Engelfriet CP, Overbeeke MA, von dem Borne AE (1992) Autoimmune hemolytic anemia. Semin Hematol 29: 3–12

Dacie SJ (1992) The haemolytic anemias, vol 3. The autoimmune haemolytic anaemias, 3rd edn. Churchill Livingstone

Dacie SJ (2001) The immune haemolytic anaemias: a century of exciting progress in understanding. Br J Haematol 114: 770–785

Gehrs BC, Friedberg RC (2002) Autoimmune hemolytic anemia. Am J Hematol 69: 258–271

Thomas AT (1999) Autoimmune hemolytic anemias. In: Lee GR, Foerster J, Lukens J, Paraskevas F, Greer JP, Rodgers GM (eds) Wintrobe's clinical hematology, 10th edn. Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore, pp 1233–1263

Gertz MA (2006) Cold agglutinin disease. Haematologica 91: 439–441

Gertz MA (2006) Cold hemolytic syndrome. Hematology Am Soc Hematol Educ Program 19–23

Hamblin TJ, Oscier DG, Young BJ (1986) Autoimmunity in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. J Clin Pathol 39: 713–716

Hamblin TJ (2006) Autoimmune complications of chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Semin Oncol 33: 230–239

King KE, Ness PM (2005) Treatment of autoimmune hemolytic anemia. Semin Hematol 42: 131–136

McNicholl FP (2000) Clinical syndromes associated with cold agglutinins. Transfus Sci 22: 125–133

Jardin F, Levesque H, Tilly H (2005) Auto-immune manifestations in Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Rev Med Interne 26: 557–571

Norton A, Roberts I (2006) Management of Evans syndrome. Br J Haematol 132: 125–137

Petz LD (2005) Immune hemolysis associated with transplantation. Semin Hematol 42: 145–155

Rosse WF, Hillmen P, Schreiber AD (2004) Immune-mediated hemolytic anemia. Hematology Am Soc Hematol Educ Program 48–62

Semple JW, Freedman J (2005) Autoimmune pathogenesis and autoimmune hemolytic anemia. Semin Hematol 42: 122–130

Crisp D, Pruzanski W (1982) B-cell neoplasms with homogeneous cold-reacting antibodies (cold agglutinins). Am J Med 72: 915–922

Lechner K, Weltermann A, Pabinger I (2006) Autoimmunthrombozytopenie (AITP) des Erwachsenen: Klinik, Diagnose und Therapie. Wien Klin Wochenschr 118: 255–264

Mauro FR, Foa R, Cerretti R, Giannarelli D, Coluzzi S, Mandelli F, et al (2000) Autoimmune hemolytic anemia in chronic lymphocytic leukemia: clinical, therapeutic, and prognostic features. Blood 95: 2786–2792

Hauswirth AW, Skrabs C, Schutzinger C, Gaiger A, Lechner K, Jäger U (2007) Autoimmune hemolytic anemias, Evans' syndromes, and pure red cell aplasia in non-Hodgkin lymphomas. Leuk Lymphoma 48: 1139–1149

Park KU, Song J, Kim JQ (2004) Haptoglobin genotypic distribution (including Hp0 allele) and associated serum haptoglobin concentrations in Koreans. J Clin Pathol 57: 1094–1095

Delanghe J, Langlois M, De Buyzere M (1998) Congenital anhaptoglobinemia versus acquired hypohaptoglobinemia. Blood 91: 3524

Liesveld JL, Rowe JM, Lichtman MA (1987) Variability of the erythropoietic response in autoimmune hemolytic anemia: analysis of 109 cases. Blood 69: 820–826

Elimelakh M, Dayton V, Park KS, Gruessner AC, Sutherland D, Howe RB, et al (2007) Red cell aplasia and autoimmune hemolytic anemia following immunosuppression with alemtuzumab, mycophenolate, and daclizumab in pancreas transplant recipients. Haematologica 92: 1029–1036

Garratty G (2005) Immune hemolytic anemia associated with negative routine serology. Semin Hematol 42: 156–164

Borthakur G, O'Brien S, Wierda WG, Thomas DA, Cortes JE, Giles FJ, et al (2007) Immune anaemias in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia treated with fludarabine, cyclophosphamide and rituximab – incidence and predictors. Br J Haematol 136: 800–805

D'Arena G, Laurenti L, Capalbo S, D'Arco AM, De Filippi R, Marcacci G, et al (2006) Rituximab therapy for chronic lymphocytic leukemia-associated autoimmune hemolytic anemia. Am J Hematol 81: 598–602

Baker LR, Brain MC, Azzopardi JG, Worlledge SM (1968) Autoimmune haemolytic anaemia associated with ovarian dermoid cyst. J Clin Pathol 21: 626–630

Wheeler CA, Calhoun L, Blackall DP (2004) Warm reactive autoantibodies: clinical and serologic correlations. Am J Clin Pathol 122: 680–685

Wikman A, Axdorph U, Gryfelt G, Gustafsson L, Bjorkholm M, Lundahl J (2005) Characterization of red cell autoantibodies in consecutive DAT-positive patients with relation to in vivo haemolysis. Ann Hematol 84: 150–158

Sokol RJ, Booker DJ, Stamps R, Sobolewski S, Haynes AP (1998) Autoimmune hemolytic anemia caused by warm-reacting IgM-class antibodies. Immunohematol 14: 53–58

Sokol RJ, Booker DJ, Stamps R, Booth JR, Hook V (1997) IgA red cell autoantibodies and autoimmune hemolysis. Transfusion 37: 175–181

Shulman IA, Branch DR, Nelson JM, Thompson JC, Saxena S, Petz LD (1985) Autoimmune hemolytic anemia with both cold and warm autoantibodies. JAMA 253: 1746–1748

Vick DJ, Byrd JC, Beal CL, Chaffin DJ (1998) Mixed-type autoimmune hemolytic anemia following fludarabine treatment in a patient with chronic lymphocytic leukemia/small cell lymphoma. Vox Sang 74: 122–126

Cervera R, Asherson RA (2003) Clinical and epidemiological aspects in the antiphospholipid syndrome. Immunobiology 207: 5–11

Vianna JL, Khamashta MA, Ordi-Ros J, Font J, Cervera R, Lopez-Soto A, et al (1994) Comparison of the primary and secondary antiphospholipid syndrome: a European Multicenter Study of 114 patients. Am J Med 96: 3–9

Pullarkat V, Ngo M, Iqbal S, Espina B, Liebman HA (2004) Detection of lupus anticoagulant identifies patients with autoimmune haemolytic anaemia at increased risk for venous thromboembolism. Br J Haematol 118: 1166–1169

Lang B, Straub RH, Weber S, Rother E, Fleck M, Peter HH (1997) Elevated anticardiolipin antibodies in autoimmune haemolytic anaemia irrespective of underlying systemic lupus erythematosus. Lupus 6: 652–655

Rother RP, Bell L, Hillmen P, Gladwin MT (2005) The clinical sequelae of intravascular hemolysis and extracellular plasma hemoglobin: a novel mechanism of human disease. JAMA 293: 1653–1662

Hendrick AM (2003) Auto-immune haemolytic anaemia – a high-risk disorder for thromboembolism? Hematology 8: 53–56

Kokori SI, Ioannidis JP, Voulgarelis M, Tzioufas AG, Moutsopoulos HM (2000) Autoimmune hemolytic anemia in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Am J Med 108: 198–204

Bachmeyer C, Blum L, Chesneau AM, Richecoeur J, Testard F, Benchaa B, et al (2003) Raynaud's phenomenon with necrosis of the extremities induced by cold agglutinin disease secondary to a T-cell lymphoma. Acta Derm Venereol 83: 374–375

Genty I, Michel M, Hermine O, Schaeffer A, Godeau B, Rochant H (2002) Characteristics of autoimmune hemolytic anemia in adults: retrospective analysis of 83 cases. Rev Med Interne 23: 901–909

Duhrsen U, Augener W, Zwingers T, Brittinger G (1987) Spectrum and frequency of autoimmune derangements in Lymphoproliferative disorders: analysis of 637 cases and comparison with myeloproliferative diseases. Br J Haematol 67: 235–239

Diehl LF, Ketchum LH (1998) Autoimmune disease and chronic lymphocytic leukemia: autoimmune hemolytic anemia, pure red cell aplasia, and autoimmune thrombocytopenia. Semin Oncol 25: 80–97

Gronbaek K, D'Amore F, Schmidt K (1995) Autoimmune phenomena in non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Leuk Lymphoma 18: 311–316

Jonsson V, Svendsen B, Vorstrup S, Krarup C, Schmalbruch H, Thomsen K, et al (1996) Multiple autoimmune manifestations in monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance and chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Leukemia 10: 327–332

Dearden C, Wade R, Else M, Richards S, Milligan D, Hamblin T, Catovsky D (2008) The prognostic significance of a positive direct antiglobulin test in chronic lymphocytic leukemia: a beneficial effect of the combination of fludarabine and cyclophosphamide on the incidence of hemolytic anemia. Blood 111: 1820–1826

Varoczy L, Gergely L, Zeher M, Szegedi G, Illes A (2002) Malignant lymphoma-associated autoimmune diseases – a descriptive epidemiological study. Rheumatol Int 22: 233–237

Sokol RJ, Booker DJ, Stamps R (1994) Erythrocyte autoantibodies, autoimmune haemolysis, and carcinoma. J Clin Pathol 47: 340–343

Orchard J, Bolam S, Myint H, Oscier DG, Hamblin TJ (1998) In patients with lymphoid tumours recovering from the autoimmune complications of fludarabine, relapse may be triggered by conventional chemotherapy. Br J Haematol 102: 1112–1113

Byrd JC, Hertler AA, Weiss RB, Freiman J, Kweder SL, Diehl LF (1995) Fatal recurrence of autoimmune hemolytic anemia following pentostatin therapy in a patient with a history of fludarabine-associated hemolytic anemia. Ann Oncol 6: 300–301

Jourdan E, Topart D, Richard B, Jourdan J, Sotto A (2003) Severe autoimmune hemolytic anemia following rituximab therapy in a patient with a lymphoproliferative disorder. Leuk Lymphoma 44: 889–890

Eichhorst BF, Busch R, Hopfinger G, Pasold R, Hensel M, Steinbrecher C, et al (2006) German CLL Study Group. Fludarabine plus cyclophosphamide versus fludarabine alone in first-line therapy of younger patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Blood 107: 885–891

Andriani A, Bibas M, Callea V, De Renzo A, Chiurazzi F, Marceno R, et al (1996) Autoimmune hemolytic anemia during alpha interferon treatment in nine patients with hematological diseases. Haematologica 81: 258–260

Cauli C, Serra G, Chessa L, Balestrieri C, Scioscia R, Lai ME, et al (2006) Severe autoimmune hemolytic anemia in a patient with chronic hepatitis C during treatment with peginterferon alfa-2a and ribavirin. Haematologica 91 (S6): ECR26

Koksal A, Ozatli D, Haznedaroglu IC, Sunguroglu A, Karakus S, Buyukasik Y (2002) Autoimmune hemolytic anemia in Philadelphia positive chronic myeloid leukaemia with t (7;14) anomaly after 5 years of interferon alpha treatment. Haematologia (Budapest) 32: 163–167

Stavroyianni N, Stamatopoulos K, Viniou N, Vaiopoulos G, Yataganas X (2001) Autoimmune hemolytic anemia during alpha-interferon treatment in a patient with chronic myelogenous leukemia. Leuk Res 25: 1097–1098

Sacchi S, Kantarjian H, O'Brien S, Cohen PR, Pierce S, Talpaz M (1995) Immune-mediated and unusual complications during interferon alfa therapy in chronic myelogenous leukemia. J Clin Oncol 13: 2401–2407

Sultan SM, Begum S, Isenberg DA (2003) Prevalence, patterns of disease and outcome in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus who develop severe haematological problems. Rheumatology (Oxford) 42: 230–234

Sohngen D, Specker C, Wehmeier A, Kiefel V, Rathmer L, Sohngen R, et al (1992) Prevalence of lupus anticoagulant, autoimmune hemolysis, thrombocytopenia and disorders of platelet function in unselected patients with SLE. Beitr Infusionsther 30: 469–473

Gomard-Mennesson E, Ruivard M, Koenig M, Woods A, Magy N, Ninet J, et al (2006) Treatment of isolated severe immune hemolytic anaemia associated with systemic lupus erythematosus: 26 cases. Lupus 15: 223–231

Giannadaki E, Potamianos S, Roussomoustakaki M, Kyriakou D, Fragkiadakis N, Manousos ON (1997) Autoimmune hemolytic anemia and positive Coombs test associated with ulcerative colitis. Am J Gastroenterol 92: 1872–1874

Manosa M, Domenech E, Sanchez-Delgado J, Bernal I, Garcia-Planella E, Gassull MA (2005) Autoimmune hemolytic anemia associated with ulcerative colitis. Gastroenterol Hepatol 28: 283–284

Plikat K, Rogler G, Scholmerich J (2005) Coombs-positive autoimmune hemolytic anemia in Crohn's disease. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 17: 661–666

Drobyski WR, Potluri J, Sauer D, Gottschall JL (1996) Autoimmune hemolytic anemia following T cell-depleted allogeneic bone marrow transplantation. Bone Marrow Transplant 17: 1093

Chen CY, Lu CL, Chiu CF, Chang FY, Lee SD (1997) Primary biliary cirrhosis associated with mixed type autoimmune hemolytic anemia and sicca syndrome: a case report and review of literature. Am J Gastroenterol 92: 1547–1549

Sanz J, Arriaga F, Montesinos P, Ortí G, Lorenzo I, Cantero S, et al (2007) Autoimmune hemolytic anemia following allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in adult patients. Bone Marrow Transplant 39: 555–561

O'Brien TA, Eastlund T, Peters C, Neglia JP, Defor T, Ramsay NK, et al (2004) Autoimmune haemolytic anaemia complicating haematopoietic cell transplantation in paediatric patients: high incidence and significant mortality in unrelated donor transplants for non-malignant diseases. Br J Haematol 127: 67–75

Horn B, Viele M, Mentzer W, Mogck N, DeSantes K, Cowan M (1999) Autoimmune hemolytic anemia in patients with SCID after T cell-depleted BM and PBSC transplantation. Bone Marrow Transplant 24: 1009–1013

Chakrabarti S (2002) The place of rituximab in the treatment algorithm for post-stem cell transplant autoimmune hemolytic anemia. Haematologica 87: ELT23

Cwynarski K, Goulding R, Pocock C, Dazzi F, Craddock C, Kaeda J, et al (2001) Immune haemolytic anaemia following T cell-depleted allogeneic bone marrow transplantation for chronic myeloid leukaemia: association with leukaemic relapse and treatment with donor lymphocyte infusions. Bone Marrow Transplant 28: 581–586

Valentini RP, Imam A, Warrier I, Ellis D, Ritchey AK, Ravindranath Y, Shapiro R, Moritz ML (2006) Sirolimus rescue for tacrolimus-associated post-transplant autoimmune hemolytic anemia. Pediatr Transplant 10: 358–361

Tubman VN, Smoot L, Heeney MM (2007) Acquired immune cytopenias post-cardiac transplantation respond to rituximab. Pediatr Blood Cancer 48: 339–344

Retana AK, Kaplan MM, Erban JK (2007) Autoimmune hemolytic anemia in patients with liver transplants for primary biliary cirrhosis: Three case reports and a review of the literature. Am J Gastroenterol 102: 197–200

Young PP, Uzieblo A, Trulock E, Lublin DM, Goodnough LT (2004) Autoantibody formation after alloimmunization: are blood transfusions a risk factor for autoimmune hemolytic anemia? Transfusion 44: 67–72

Garratty G (2004) Autoantibodies induced by blood transfusion. Transfusion 44: 5–9

Hausler M, Schaade L, Hutschenreuter G, Hannig U, Kusenbach G (2000) Severe cytomegalovirus-triggered autoimmune hemolytic anemia complicating vertically acquired HIV infection. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 19: 57–60

Gavazzi G, Leclercq P, Bouchard O, Bosseray A, Morand P, Micoud M (1999) Association between primary cytomegalovirus infection and severe hemolytic anemia in an immunocompetent adult. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 18: 299–301

Ramos-Casals M, Garcia-Carrasco M, Lopez-Medrano F, Trejo O, Forns X, Lopez-Guillermo A, et al (2003) Severe autoimmune cytopenias in treatment-naive hepatitis C virus infection: clinical description of 35 cases. Medicine (Baltimore) 82: 87–96

Sokol RJ, Hewitt S, Stamps BK (1982) Erythrocyte autoantibodies, autoimmune haemolysis and pregnancy. Vox Sang 43: 169–176

Issaragrisil S, Kruatrachue M (1983) An association of pregnancy and autoimmune haemolytic anaemia. Scand J Haematol 31: 63–68

Ng SC, Wong KK, Raman S, Bosco J (1990) Autoimmune haemolytic anaemia in pregnancy: a case report. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 37: 83–85

Berentsen S, Ulvestad E, Langholm R, Beiske K, Hjorth-Hansen H, Ghanima W, et al (2006) Primary chronic cold agglutinin disease: a population based clinical study of 86 patients. Haematologica 91: 460–466

Kyle RA, Therneau TM, Rajkumar SV, Remstein ED, Offord JR, Larson DR, Plevak MF, Melton LJ (2003) Long-term follow-up of IgM monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance. Blood 102: 3759–3764

Michaux L, Dierlamm J, Wlodarska L, Criel A, Louwagie A, Ferrant A, et al (1998) Trisomy 3q11-q29 is recurrently observed in B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphomas associated with cold agglutinin syndrome. Ann Hematol 76: 201–204

Girelli G, Adorno G, Perrone MP, Arista MC, Cardillo A, Vegna ML, et al (1988) Kidney carcinoma revealed by autoimmune hemolytic anemia. Haematologica 73: 309–311

Brncic N, Sever-Prebilic M, Crnic-Martinovic M, Prebilic I (2001) Severe autoimmune hemolitic anemia as a potentially fatal complication of EBV infectious mono-nucleosis. Int J Hematol 74: 352–353

König AL, Schabel A, Sugg U, Brand U, Roelcke D (2001) Autoimmune hemolytic anemia caused by IgG lambda-monotypic cold agglutinins of anti-Pr specificity after rubella infection. Transfusion 41: 488–492

Mori T, Yamada Y, Aisa Y, Uemura T, Ishida A, Ikeda Y, et al (2005) Cold agglutinin disease associated with adenovirus infection after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation. Bone Marrow Transplant 36: 263–264

Ciaffoni S, Luzzati R, Roata C, Turrini A, Antonello O, Aprili G (1992) Presence and significance of cold agglutinins in patients with HIV infection. Haematologica 77: 233–236

Pirofsky B (1976) Clinical aspects of autoimmune hemolytic anemia. Semin Hematol 13: 251–265

Ruivard M, Tournilhac O, Montel S, Fouilhoux AC, Quainon F, Lenat A, et al (2006) Plasma exchanges do not increase red blood cell transfusion efficiency in severe autoimmune hemolytic anemia: a retrospective case-control study. J Clin Apher 21: 202–206

Murphy S, LoBuglio AF (1976) Drug therapy of autoimmune hemolytic anemia. Semin Hematol 13: 323–334

Liu H, Shao ZH, Cui ZZ, Wu YH, Qin TJ, Fu R, et al (2003) An analysis of relapse and risk factors of autoimmune hemolytic anemia and Evans syndrome. Zhonghua Xue Ye Xue Za Zhi 24: 534–537

Raj K, Narayanan S, Augustson B, Ho A, Mehta P, Duncan N, et al (2005) Rituximab is effective in the management of refractory autoimmune cytopenias occurring after allogeneic stem cell transplantation. Bone Marrow Transplant 35: 299–301

Mueller-Eckhardt C, Salama A, Mahn I, Kiefel V, Neuzner J, Graubner M (1985) Lack of efficacy of high-dose intravenous immunoglobulin in autoimmune haemolytic anaemia: a clue to its mechanism. Scand J Haematol 34: 394–400

Flores G, Cunningham-Rundles C, Newland AC, Bussel JB (1993) Efficacy of intravenous immunoglobulin in the treatment of autoimmune hemolytic anemia: results in 73 patients. Am J Hematol 44: 237–242

Besa EC (1988) Rapid transient reversal of anemia and long-term effects of maintenance intravenous immunoglobulin for autoimmune hemolytic anemia in patients with lymphoproliferative disorders. Am J Med 84: 691–698

Winslow ER, Brunt LM, Drebin JA, Soper NJ, Klingensmith ME (2002) Portal vein thrombosis after splenectomy. Am J Surg 184: 631–635

Coon WW (1985) Splenectomy in the treatment of hemolytic anemia. Arch Surg 120: 625–628

Bowdler AJ (1976) The role of the spleen and splenectomy in autoimmune hemolytic disease. Semin Hematol 13: 335–348

Hill J, Walsh RM, McHam S, Brody F, Kalaycio M (2004) Laparoscopic splenectomy for autoimmune hemolytic anemia in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia: a case series and review of the literature. Am J Hematol 75: 134–138

Skinner MD, Schwartz RS (1972) Immunosuppressive therapy. 1. N Engl J Med 287: 221–227

Meshaka G, Jacquillat C, Sultan Y (1967) The immunosuppressive agents. 3. The immunosuppressive agents in haematology. Presse Med 75: 1653–1655

Moyo VM, Smith D, Brodsky I, Crilley P, Jones RJ, Brodsky RA (2002) High-dose cyclophosphamide for refractory autoimmune hemolytic anemia. Blood 100: 704–706

Passweg JR, Rabusin M, Musso M, Beguin Y, Cesaro S, Ehninger G, et al (2004) Haematopoetic stem cell transplantation for refractory autoimmune cytopenia. Br J Haematol 125: 749–755

Shvidel L, Sigler E, Shtalrid M, Berrebi A (2006) Vincristine-loaded platelet infusion for treatment of refractory autoimmune hemolytic anemia and chronic immune thrombocytopenia: rethinking old cures. Am J Hematol 81: 423–425

Emilia G, Messora C, Longo G, Bertesi M (1996) Long-term salvage treatment by cyclosporin in refractory autoimmune haematological disorders. Br J Haematol 93: 341–344

Liu H, Shao Z, Jing L (2001) The effectiveness of cyclosporin A in the treatment of autoimmune hemolytic anemia and Evans syndrome. Zhonghua Xue Ye Xue Za Zhi 22: 581–583

Cortes J, O'Brien S, Loscertales J, Kantarjian H, Giles F, Thomas D, et al (2001) Cyclosporin A for the treatment of cytopenia associated with chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Cancer 92: 2016–2022

Zimmer-Molsberger B, Knauf W, Thiel E (1997) Mycophenolate mofetil for severe autoimmune haemolytic anemia. Lancet 350: 1003–1004

Howard J, Hoffbrand AV, Prentice HG, Mehta A (2002) Mycophenolate mofetil for the treatment of refractory auto-immune haemolytic anaemia and auto-immune thrombocytopenia purpura. Br J Haematol 117: 712–715

Kotb R, Pinganaud C, Trichet C, Lambotte O, Dreyfus M, Delfraissy JF, et al (2005) Efficacy of mycophenolate mofetil in adult refractory auto-immune cytopenias: a single center preliminary study. Eur J Haematol 75: 60–64

Rao VK, Dugan F, Dale JK, Davis J, Tretler J, Hurley JK, et al (2005) Use of mycophenolate mofetil for chronic, refractory immune cytopenias in children with autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome. Br J Haematol 129: 534–538

Ahrens N, Kingreen D, Seltsam A, Salama A (2001) Treatment of refractory autoimmune haemolytic anaemia with anti-CD20 (rituximab). Br J Haematol 114: 244–245

Galor A, O'Brien T (2003) Rituximab treatment for relapsed autoimmune hemolytic anemia in Evans syndrome. Int J Hematol 78: 335–336

Morselli M, Luppi M, Potenza L, Tonelli S, Dini D, Leonardi G, et al (2002) Mixed warm and cold autoimmune hemolytic anemia: complete recovery after 2 courses of rituximab treatment. Blood 99: 3478–3479

Zaja F, Iacona I, Masolini P, Russo D, Sperotto A, Prosdocimo S, et al (2002) B-cell depletion with rituximab as treatment for immune hemolytic anemia and chronic thrombocytopenia. Haematologica 87: 189–195

Chemnitz J, Draube A, Diehl V, Wolf J (2002) Successful treatment of steroid and cyclophosphamide-resistant hemolysis in chronic lymphocytic leukemia with rituximab. Am J Hematol 69: 232–233

Iannitto E, Ammatuna E, Marino C, Cirrincione S, Greco G, Mariani G (2002) Sustained response of refractory chronic lymphocytic leukemia in progression complicated by acute hemolitic anemia to anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody. Blood 99: 1096–1097

Pamuk GE, Turgut B, Demir M, Tezcan F, Vural O (2006) The successful treatment of refractory autoimmune hemolytic anemia with rituximab in a patient with chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Am J Hematol 81: 631–633

Paydas S, Yavuz S, Disel U, Sahin B, Ergin M (2003) Successful rituximab therapy for hemolytic anemia associated with relapsed splenic marginal zone lymphoma with leukemic phase. Leuk Lymphoma 44: 2165–2166

Shvidel L, Shtalrid M, Berrebi A (2004) Intractable autoimmune hemolytic anemia in B cell chronic lymphocytic leukaemia resolved by Rituximab. Leuk Lymphoma 45: 1493–1494

Seipelt G, Bohme A, Koschmieder S, Hoelzer D (2001) Effective treatment with rituximab in a patient with refractory prolymphocytoid transformed B-chronic lymphocytic leukemia and Evans syndrome. Ann Hematol 80: 170–173

Trape G, Fianchi L, Lai M, Laurenti L, Piscitelli R, Leone G, et al (2003) Rituximab chimeric anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody treatment for refractory hemolytic anemia in patients with lymphoproliferative disorders. Haematologica 88: 223–225

Zaja F, Russo D, Fuga G, Michelutti T, Sperotto A, Fanin R, et al (2001) Rituximab in a case of cold agglutinin disease. Br J Haematol 115: 232–233

Hofer S, Hunziker S, Dirnhofer S, Ludwig C (2003) Rituximab effective in a patient with refractory autoimmune haemolytic anaemia and CD20-negative multiple myeloma. Br J Haematol 122: 690–691

Quinn JP, Gilligan OM, Horgan M (2004) Evan's syndrome complicating multicentric Castleman's disease – dramatic response to rituximab. Eur J Haematol 73: 384–385

Ramanathan S, Koutts J, Hertzberg MS (2005) Two cases of refractory warm autoimmune hemolytic anemia treated with rituximab. Am J Hematol 78: 123–126

Perrotta S, Locatelli F, La Manna A, Cennamo L, De Stefano P, Nobili B (2002) Anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody (Rituximab) for life-threatening autoimmune haemolytic anaemia in a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus. Br J Haematol 116: 465–467

Abdel-Raheem MM, Potti A, Kobrinsky N (2001) Severe Evans's syndrome secondary to interleukin-2 therapy: treatment with chimeric monoclonal anti-CD20 antibody. Ann Hematol 80: 543–545

Akyildiz M, Karasu Z, Cagirgan S, Kilic M, Tokat Y (2004) Rituximab therapy for life-threatening immune haemolytic anemia in a liver tranplant recipient: a case report. Transplant Proc 36: 1492–1493

Qazilbash MH, Qu Z, Hosing C, Couriel D, Donato M, Giralt S, et al (2005) Rituximab-induced acute liver failure after an allogeneic transplantation for chronic myeloid leukemia. Am J Hematol 80: 43–45

Raj A, Bertolone S, Cheerva A (2004) Successful treatment of refractory autoimmune hemolytic anemia with monthly rituximab following nonmyeloablative stem cell transplantation for sickle cell disease. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 26: 312–314

Narat S, Gandla J, Hoffbrand AV, Hughes RG, Mehta AB (2005) Rituximab in the treatment of refractory autoimmune cytopenias in adults. Haematologica 90: 1273–1274

Shanafelt TD, Madueme HL, Wolf RC, Tefferi A (2003) Rituximab for immune cytopenia in adults: idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, autoimmune hemolytic anemia, and Evans syndrome. Mayo Clin Proc 78: 1340–1346

Zecca M, Nobili B, Ramenghi U, Perrotta S, Amendola G, Rosito P, et al (2003) Rituximab for the treatment of refractory autoimmune hemolytic anemia in children. Blood 101: 3857–3861

Gupta N, Kavuru S, Patel D, Janson D, Driscoll N, Ahmed S, et al (2002) Rituximab-based chemotherapy for steroid-refractory autoimmune hemolytic anemia of chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Leukemia 16: 2092–2095

Willis F, Marsh JC, Bevan DH, Killick SB, Lucas G, Griffiths R, et al (2001) The effect of treatment with Campath-1H in patients with autoimmune cytopenias. Br J Haematol 114: 891–898

Cheung WW, Hwang GY, Tse E, Kwong YL (2006) Alemtuzumab induced complete remission of autoimmune hemolytic anemia refractory to corticosteroids, splenectomy and rituximab. Haematologica 91 (S5): ECR13

Karlsson C, Hansson L, Celsing F, Lundin J (2007) Treatment of severe refractory autoimmune hemolytic anemia in B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia with alemtuzumab (humanized CD52 monoclonal antibody). Leukemia 21: 511–514

Lundin J, Karlsson C, Celsing F (2006) Alemtuzumab therapy for severe autoimmune hemolysis in a patient with B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Med Oncol 23: 137–139

Rodon P, Breton P, Courouble G (2003) Treatment of pure red cell aplasia and autoimmune haemolytic anaemia in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia with Campath-1H. Eur J Haematol 70: 319–321

Schutzinger C, Gaiger A, Thalhammer R, Vesely M, Fritsche-Polanz R, Schwarzinger I, et al (2005) Remission of pure red cell aplasia in T-cell receptor gamma-delta-large granular lymphocyte leukemia after therapy with low-dose alemtuzumab. Leukemia 19: 2005–2008

Kunitomi A, Konaka Y, Yagita M, Nishimoto N, Kishimoto T, Takatsuki K (2004) Humanized anti-interleukin 6 receptor antibody induced long-term remission in a patient with life-threatening refractory autoimmune hemolytic anemia. Int J Hematol 80: 246–249

Bastion Y, Coiffier B, Dumontet C, Espinouse D, Bryon PA (1992) Severe autoimmune hemolytic anemia in two patients treated with fludarabine for chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Ann Oncol 3: 171–172

Jindra P, Koza V, Fiser J, Vozobulova V, Svojgrova M (1999) Autologous CD34+ cells transplantation after FAMP treatment in a patient with CLL and persisting AIHA: complete remission of lymphoma with control of autoimmune complications. Bone Marrow Transplant 24: 215–217

Tosti S, Caruso R, D'Adamo F, Picardi A, Ali Ege M, Girelli G, et al (1992) Severe autoimmune hemolytic anemia in a patient with chronic lymphocytic leukemia responsive to fludarabine-based treatment. Ann Hematol 65: 238–239

Krykowski E, Warzocha K, Robak T (1995) 2-Chlorodeoxyadenosine (2-CdA) in the treatment of patients with relapsed chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 43: 317–321

Robak T, Blasinska-Morawiec M, Krykowski E, Hellmann A, Konopka L (1997) Autoimmune haemolytic anaemia in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia treated with 2-chlorodeoxyadenosine (cladribine). Eur J Haematol 58: 109–113

Zaucha JM, Halaburda K, Ciepluch H, Hellmann A (1994) 2-Chlorodeoxyadenosine treatment of patients with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia associated with autoimmune haemolysis. Acta Haematol Pol 25: 119–127

O'Connor BM, Clifford JS, Lawrence WD, Logue GL (1989) Alpha-interferon for severe cold agglutinin disease. Ann Intern Med 111: 255–256

Fest T, de Wazieres B, Lamy B, Maskani M, Vuitton D, Dupond JL (1994) Successful response to alpha-interferon 2b in a refractory IgM autoagglutinin-mediated hemolytic anemia. Ann Hematol 69: 147–149

Berentsen S, Tjonnfjord GE, Brudevold R, Gjertsen BT, Langholm R, Lokkevik E, et al (2001) Favourable response to therapy with the anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody Rituximab in primary chronic cold agglutinin disease. Br J Haematol 115: 79–83

Engelhardt M, Jakob A, Ruter B, Trepel M, Hirsch F, Lubbert M (2002) Severe cold hemagglutinin disease (CHD) successfully treated with rituximab. Blood 100: 1922–1923

Etienne A, Gayet S, Vidal F, Poullin P, Brunet C, Harle JR, et al (2004) Severe hemolytic anemia due to cold agglutinin complicating untreated chronic hepatitis C: efficacy and safety of anti-CD20 (rituximab) treatment. Am J Hematol 75: 243–245

Mori A, Tamaru J, Sumi H, Kondo H (2002) Beneficial effects of rituximab on primary cold agglutinin disease refractory to conventional therapy. Eur J Haematol 68: 243–246

Petit J, Clavo M, de Sevilla AF, Gonzalez-Barca E, Domingo-Domenech E, Granena A (2003) Refractory cold agglutinin-immunohaemolytic anaemia associated to marginal zone lymphoma responding to rituximab. Hematol J 4: 450–451

Berentsen S, Ulvestad E, Gjertsen BT, Hjorth-Hansen H, Langholm R, Knutsen H, et al (2004) Rituximab for primary chronic cold agglutinin disease: a prospective study of 37 courses of therapy in 27 patients. Blood 103: 2925–2928

Schollkopf C, Kjeldsen L, Bjerrum OW, Mourits-Andersen HT, Nielsen JL, Christensen BE, et al (2006) Rituximab in chronic cold agglutinin disease: a prospective study of 20 patients. Leuk Lymphoma 47: 253–260

Vassou A, Alymara V, Chaidos A, Bourantas KL (2005) Beneficial effect of rituximab in combination with oral cyclophosphamide in primary chronic cold agglutinin disease. Int J Hematol 81: 421–423

Troselj-Vukic B, Milotic I, Milotic F, Crnic-Martinovic M, Grahovac B (2007) Cytomegalovirus reactivation after low-dose steroid treatment for haemolytic anemia in a patient with primary Epstein-Barr virus infection. Wien Klin Wochenschr 119: 435–437

Garelli S, Mosconi L, Valbonesi M, Schieppati G, Navassa G (1980) Plasma exchange for a hemolytic crisis due to autoimmune hemolytic anemia of the IgG warm type. Blut 41: 387–391

McCarthy LJ, Danielson CF, Fernandez C, Skipworth E, Limiac CA, Prahlow T, Goldman J (1999) Intensive plasma exchange for severe autoimmune hemolytic anemia in a four-month-old infant. J Clin Apher 14: 190–192

Roy-Burman A, Glader BE (2002) Resolution of severe Donath-Landsteiner autoimmune hemolytic anemia temporally associated with institution of plasmapheresis. Crit Care Med 30: 931–934

von Baeyer H (2003) Plasmapheresis in immune hematology: review of clinical outcome data with respect to evidence-based medicine and clinical experience. Ther Apher Dial 7: 127–140

Jones SE (1973) Autoimmune disorders and malignant lymphoma. Cancer 31: 1092–1098

Andrieu JM, Youinou P, Marcelli A (1981) Autoimmune haemolytic anaemia associated with Hodgkin's disease. Characteristics, prognosis and incidence (author's transl). Nouv Presse Med 10: 2951–2954

Pangalis GA, Moran EM, Rappaport H (1978) Blood and bone marrow findings in angioimmunoblastic lymphadenopathy. Blood 51: 71–83

Leporrier M, Chevret S, Cazin B, Boudjerra N, Feugier P, Desablens B, et al (2001) Randomized comparison of fludarabine, CAP, and ChOP in 938 previously untreated stage B and C chronic lymphocytic leukemia patients. Blood 98: 2319–2325

Castellvi Suana JM, Perello Juan A, Cervantes Arnau X, Guardiola Capon J, Baliellas, et al (1994) Autoimmune hemolytic anemia, infrequent complication of ulcerative colitis. Rev Esp Enferm Dig 86: 908–911

Johnson S, Smith AG, Loffler H, Osby E, Juliusson G, Emmerich B, et al (1996) Multicentre prospective randomised trial of fludarabine versus cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, and prednisone (CAP) for treatment of advanced-stage chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. The French Cooperative Group on CLL. Lancet 347: 1432–1438

Boogaerts MA, Van Hoof A, Catovsky D, Kovacs M, Montillo M, Zinzani PL, et al (2001) Activity of oral fludarabine phosphate in previously treated chronic lymphocytic leukemia. J Clin Oncol 19: 4252–4258

Keating MJ, O'Brien S, Albitar M, Lerner S, Plunkett W, Giles F, et al (2005) Early results of a chemoimmunotherapy regimen of fludarabine, cyclophosphamide, and rituximab as initial therapy for chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Clin Oncol 23: 4079–4088

Tallman MS, Wollins E, Jain V, Schiller G, Shepherd J, Silver R, et al (1997) Leustatin in the treatment of patients with previously untreated chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Blood 90: 578a (abstract)

Robak T, Blonski JZ, Gora-Tybor J, Jamroziak K, Dwilewicz-Trojaczek J, Tomaszewska A, et al (2006) Cladribine alone and in combination with cyclophosphamide or cyclophosphamide plus mitoxantrone in the treatment of progressive chronic lymphocytic leukemia: report of a prospective, multicenter, randomized trial of the Polish Adult Leukemia Group (PALG CLL2). Blood 108: 473–479

Robak T, Blonski JZ, Kasznicki M, Blasinska-Morawiec M, Krykowski E, Dmoszynska A, et al (2000) Cladribine with prednisone versus chlorambucil with prednisone as first-line therapy in chronic lymphocytic leukemia: report of a prospective, randomized, multicenter trial. Blood 96: 2723–2729

Vermeire S, Noman M, Van Assche G, Baert F, Van Steen K, Esters N, et al (2003) Autoimmunity associated with anti-tumor necrosis factor alpha treatment in Crohn's disease: a prospective cohort study. Gastroenterology 125: 32–39