Design and applications of stretchable and self-healable conductors for soft electronics

Yi Zhao1, Aeree Kim2, Guanxiang Wan2, Benjamin C. K. Tee2
1NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117456, Singapore
2Department of Material Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117575, Singapore

Tóm tắt

Từ khóa


Tài liệu tham khảo

S. Wang, M. Li, J. Wu, D.-H. Kim, N. Lu, Y. Su, Z. Kang, Y. Huang, J.A. Rogers, J. Appl. Mech. 79, 031022 (2012)

H. Keum, M. Mccormick, P. Liu, Y. Zhang, F.G. Omenetto, Science (80-.). 333, 838 (2011)

S.J. Kim, K.W. Cho, H.R. Cho, L. Wang, S.Y. Park, S.E. Lee, T. Hyeon, N. Lu, S.H. Choi, D.H. Kim, Adv. Funct. Mater. 26, 3207 (2016)

X. Huang, C. Leduc, Y. Ravussin, S. Li, E. Davis, B. Song, D. Li, K. Xu, D. Accili, Q. Wang, R. Leibel, Q. Lin, Lab Chip 14, 294 (2014)

R.C. Webb, A.P. Bonifas, A. Behnaz, Y. Zhang, K.J. Yu, H. Cheng, M. Shi, Z. Bian, Z. Liu, Y.S. Kim, W.H. Yeo, J.S. Park, J. Song, Y. Li, Y. Huang, A.M. Gorbach, J.A. Rogers, Nat. Mater. 12, 938 (2013)

Y. Wang, L. Wang, T. Yang, X. Li, X. Zang, M. Zhu, K. Wang, D. Wu, H. Zhu, Adv. Funct. Mater. 24, 4666 (2014)

D. Son, J. Lee, S. Qiao, R. Ghaffari, J. Kim, J.E. Lee, C. Song, S.J. Kim, D.J. Lee, S.W. Jun, S. Yang, M. Park, J. Shin, K. Do, M. Lee, K. Kang, C.S. Hwang, N. Lu, T. Hyeon, D.H. Kim, Nat. Nanotechnol. 9, 397 (2014)

C.L. Choong, M.B. Shim, B.S. Lee, S. Jeon, D.S. Ko, T.H. Kang, J. Bae, S.H. Lee, K.E. Byun, J. Im, Y.J. Jeong, C.E. Park, J.J. Park, U.I. Chung, Adv. Mater. 26, 3451 (2014)

N. Lu, D.-H. Kim, Soft Robot. 1, 53 (2014)

D. Rus, M.T. Tolley, Nature 521, 467 (2015)

Y.M. Song, Y. Xie, V. Malyarchuk, J. Xiao, I. Jung, K.J. Choi, Z. Liu, H. Park, C. Lu, R.H. Kim, R. Li, K.B. Crozier, Y. Huang, J.A. Rogers, Nature 497, 95 (2013)

H.C. Ko, M.P. Stoykovich, J. Song, V. Malyarchuk, W.M. Choi, C.J. Yu, J.B. Geddes, J. Xiao, S. Wang, Y. Huang, J.A. Rogers, Nature 454, 748 (2008)

W.H. Yeo, Y.S. Kim, J. Lee, A. Ameen, L. Shi, M. Li, S. Wang, R. Ma, S.H. Jin, Z. Kang, Y. Huang, J.A. Rogers, Adv. Mater. 25, 2773 (2013)

S.K. Lee, B.J. Kim, H. Jang, S.C. Yoon, C. Lee, B.H. Hong, J.A. Rogers, J.H. Cho, J.H. Ahn, Nano Lett. 11, 4642 (2011)

B.C.K. Tee, A. Chortos, A. Berndt, A.K. Nguyen, A. Tom, A. McGuire, Z.C. Lin, K. Tien, W.G. Bae, H. Wang, P. Mei, H.H. Chou, B. Cui, K. Deisseroth, T.N. Ng, Z. Bao, Science (80-). 350, 313 (2015)

S. Lim, D. Son, J. Kim, Y.B. Lee, J.K. Song, S. Choi, D.J. Lee, J.H. Kim, M. Lee, T. Hyeon, D.H. Kim, Adv. Funct. Mater. 25, 375 (2015)

D.N. Futaba, Y. Hayamizu, K. Hata, Y. Yamamoto, T. Yamada, A. Izadi-Najafabadi, Y. Yomogida, Nat. Nanotechnol. 6, 296 (2011)

G. Zhu, W.Q. Yang, T. Zhang, Q. Jing, J. Chen, Y.S. Zhou, P. Bai, Z.L. Wang, Nano Lett. 14, 3208 (2014)

S. Wang, J. Xu, W. Wang, G.-J.N. Wang, R. Rastak, F. Molina-Lopez, J.W. Chung, S. Niu, V.R. Feig, J. Lopez, T. Lei, S.-K. Kwon, Y. Kim, A.M. Foudeh, A. Ehrlich, A. Gasperini, Y. Yun, B. Murmann, J.B.H. Tok, Z. Bao, Nature 555, 83 (2018)

T. Yokota, P. Zalar, M. Kaltenbrunner, H. Jinno, N. Matsuhisa, H. Kitanosako, Y. Tachibana, W. Yukita, M. Koizumi, T. Someya, Sci. Adv. 2, e1501856 (2016)

W. Gao, S. Emaminejad, H.Y.Y. Nyein, S. Challa, K. Chen, A. Peck, H.M. Fahad, H. Ota, H. Shiraki, D. Kiriya, D.H. Lien, G.A. Brooks, R.W. Davis, A. Javey, Nature 529, 509 (2016)

C. Wang, X. Li, H. Hu, L. Zhang, Z. Huang, M. Lin, Z. Zhang, Z. Yin, B. Huang, H. Gong, S. Bhaskaran, Y. Gu, M. Makihata, Y. Guo, Y. Lei, Y. Chen, C. Wang, Y. Li, T. Zhang, Z. Chen, A.P. Pisano, L. Zhang, Q. Zhou, S. Xu, Nat. Biomed. Eng. 2, 687 (2018)

C.-C. Kim, H.-H. Lee, K.H. Oh, J.-Y. Sun, Science (80-). 353, 682 (2016)

S. Bi, Z. Niu, J. Chen, S. Huang, J. Zhu, F. Wan, Angew. Chemie Int. Ed. 4313, 1 (2019)

A. Vohra, H.L. Filiatrault, S.D. Amyotte, R.S. Carmichael, N.D. Suhan, C. Siegers, L. Ferrari, G.J.E. Davidson, T.B. Carmichael, Adv. Funct. Mater. 26, 5222 (2016)

M. Amjadi, Y.J. Yoon, I. Park, Nanotechnology 26, 375501 (2015)

M.K. Shin, J. Oh, M. Lima, M.E. Kozlov, S.J. Kim, R.H. Baughman, Adv. Mater. 22, 2663 (2010)

C. Yang, H. Gu, W. Lin, M.M. Yuen, C.P. Wong, M. Xiong, B. Gao, Adv. Mater. 23, 3052 (2011)

S. Park, M. Vosguerichian, Z. Bao, Nanoscale 5, 1727 (2013)

Y. Zhang, S. Wang, X. Li, J.A. Fan, S. Xu, Y.M. Song, K.J. Choi, W.H. Yeo, W. Lee, S.N. Nazaar, B. Lu, L. Yin, K.C. Hwang, J.A. Rogers, Y. Huang, Adv. Funct. Mater. 24, 2028 (2014)

D. McCoul, W. Hu, M. Gao, V. Mehta, Q. Pei, Adv. Electron. Mater. 2, 1 (2016)

J.A. Rogers, T. Someya, Y. Huang, Science (80-). 327, 1603 (2010)

S. Yao, Y. Zhu, Adv. Mater. 27, 1480 (2015)

S. Nanowire, L. Hu, H.S. Kim, J. Lee, P. Peumans, Y. Cui, ACS Nano 4, 2955 (2010)

T. Akter, W.S. Kim, A.C.S. Appl, Mater. Interfaces 4, 1855 (2012)

A. Carlson, A.M. Bowen, Y. Huang, R.G. Nuzzo, J.A. Rogers, Adv. Mater. 24, 5284 (2012)

Y. Kim, X. Ren, J.W. Kim, H. Noh, J. Micromechanics Microengineering 24, 115010 (2014)

M.T. Lee, D. Lee, A. Sherry, C.P. Grigoropoulos, J. Micromechanics Microengineering 21, 095018 (2011)

R.F. Pease, S.Y. Chou, Proc. IEEE 96, 248 (2008)

M. Kaltenbrunner, M.S. White, E.D. Głowacki, T. Sekitani, T. Someya, N.S. Sariciftci, S. Bauer, Nat. Commun. 3, 770 (2012)

D.J. Lipomi, B.C.K. Tee, M. Vosgueritchian, Z. Bao, Adv. Mater. 23, 1771 (2011)

D.Y. Khang, H. Jiang, Y. Huang, J.A. Rogers, Science (80-). 311, 208 (2006)

D.H. Kim, J.H. Ahn, M.C. Won, H.S. Kim, T.H. Kim, J. Song, Y.Y. Huang, Z. Liu, C. Lu, J.A. Rogers, Science (80-). 320, 507 (2008)

S. Yao, Y. Zhu, Nanoscale 6, 2345 (2014)

N. Matsuhisa, M. Kaltenbrunner, T. Yokota, H. Jinno, K. Kuribara, T. Sekitani, T. Someya, Nat. Commun. 6, 1 (2015)

S. Kim, J. Byun, S. Choi, D. Kim, T. Kim, S. Chung, Y. Hong, Adv. Mater. 26, 3094 (2014)

J. Yoon, S.Y. Hong, Y. Lim, S.-J. Lee, G. Zi, J.S. Ha, Adv. Mater. 26, 6580 (2014)

C. Yan, J. Wang, P.S. Lee, ACS Nano 9, 2130 (2015)

S.H. Chae, W.J. Yu, J.J. Bae, D.L. Duong, D. Perello, H.Y. Jeong, Q.H. Ta, T.H. Ly, Q.A. Vu, M. Yun, X. Duan, Y.H. Lee, Nat. Mater. 12, 403 (2013)

Y.Y. Huang, E.M. Terentjev, Adv. Funct. Mater. 20, 4062 (2010)

Y. Shang, Y. Li, X. He, L. Zhang, Z. Li, P. Li, E. Shi, S. Wu, A. Cao, Nanoscale 5, 2403 (2013)

T.A. Kim, H.S. Kim, S.S. Lee, M. Park, Carbon N. Y. 50, 444 (2012)

J.S. Choi, C.W. Park, B.S. Na, S.C. Lim, S.S. Lee, K.I. Cho, H.Y. Chu, J.B. Koo, S.W. Jung, S.M. Yoon, IEEE Electron Device Lett. 35, 762 (2014)

J.A. Fan, W.H. Yeo, Y. Su, Y. Hattori, W. Lee, S.Y. Jung, Y. Zhang, Z. Liu, H. Cheng, L. Falgout, M. Bajema, T. Coleman, D. Gregoire, R.J. Larsen, Y. Huang, J.A. Rogers, Nat. Commun. 5, 1 (2014)

T.Q. Trung, N.-E. Lee, Adv. Mater. 29, 1603167 (2017)

H. Chen, Z. Su, Y. Song, X. Cheng, X. Chen, B. Meng, Z. Song, D. Chen, H. Zhang, Adv. Funct. Mater. 27, 1604434 (2017)

T. Cheng, Y. Zhang, W.-Y. Lai, W. Huang, Adv. Mater. 27, 3349 (2015)

T.Q. Trung, N.E. Lee, Adv. Mate. 29, 1603167 (2017)

M. Amjadi, A. Pichitpajongkit, S. Lee, S. Ryu, I. Park, ACS Nano 8, 5154 (2014)

Y.-L. Li, I.A. Kinloch, A.H. Windle, Science. 304, 276 (2004)

J.T. Muth, D.M. Vogt, R.L. Truby, Y. Mengüç, D.B. Kolesky, R.J. Wood, J.A. Lewis, Adv. Mater. 26, 6307 (2014)

P. Lee, J. Lee, H. Lee, J. Yeo, S. Hong, K.H. Nam, D. Lee, S.S. Lee, S.H. Ko, Adv. Mater. 24, 3326 (2012)

X. Zhang, K. Jiang, C. Feng, P. Liu, L. Zhang, J. Kong, T. Zhang, Q. Li, S. Fan, Adv. Mater. 18, 1505 (2006)

A. Kim, S. Kim, M. Huh, and J. Kim, in 2018 IEEE Micro Electro Mech. Syst. (2018), pp. 539–542

T. Cheng, Y.-Z. Zhang, W.-Y. Lai, Y. Chen, W.-J. Zeng, W. Huang, J. Mater. Chem. C 2, 10369 (2014)

S.K. Hong, S. Yang, S.J. Cho, H. Jeon, G. Lim, Sensors (Basel). 18, 1171 (2018)

T. Sekitani, Y. Noguchi, K. Hata, T. Fukushima, T. Aida, and T. Someya, Science (80-.). 321, 1468 (2008)

Y. Zhang, C.J. Sheehan, J. Zhai, G. Zou, H. Luo, J. Xiong, Y.T. Zhu, Q.X. Jia, Adv. Mater. 22, 3027 (2010)

Y. Shang, X. He, Y. Li, L. Zhang, Z. Li, C. Ji, E. Shi, P. Li, K. Zhu, Q. Peng, C. Wang, X. Zhang, R. Wang, J. Wei, K. Wang, H. Zhu, D. Wu, A. Cao, Adv. Mater. 24, 2896 (2012)

B.-W. Wang, S. Jiang, Q.-B. Zhu, Y. Sun, J. Luan, P.-X. Hou, S. Qiu, Q.-W. Li, C. Liu, D.-M. Sun, H.-M. Cheng, Adv. Mater. 30, 1802057 (2018)

H.-Z. Geng, K.K. Kim, K.P. So, Y.S. Lee, Y. Chang, Y.H. Lee, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 129, 7758 (2007)

D.J. Lipomi, M. Vosgueritchian, B.C.K. Tee, S.L. Hellstrom, J.A. Lee, C.H. Fox, Z. Bao, Nat. Nanotechnol. 6, 788 (2011)

P. Wang, Z. Peng, M. Li, Y. Wang, Small 14, 1802625 (2018)

E.S. Bhagavatheswaran, M. Parsekar, A. Das, H.H. Le, S. Wiessner, K.W. Stöckelhuber, G. Schmaucks, G. Heinrich, J. Phys. Chem. C 119, 21723 (2015)

K.S. Kim, Y. Zhao, H. Jang, S.Y. Lee, J.M. Kim, K.S. Kim, J.H. Ahn, P. Kim, J.Y. Choi, B.H. Hong, Nature 457, 706 (2009)

J.E. Mates, I.S. Bayer, J.M. Palumbo, P.J. Carroll, C.M. Megaridis, Nat Commun 6, 8874 (2015)

Y. Lu, J. Jiang, S. Yoon, K.-S. Kim, J.-H. Kim, S. Park, S.-H. Kim, L. Piao, A.C.S. Appl, Mater. Interfaces 10, 2093 (2018)

T. Akter, W.S. Kim, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 4, 1855 (2012)

N. Matsuhisa, D. Inoue, P. Zalar, H. Jin, Y. Matsuba, A. Itoh, T. Yokota, D. Hashizume, T. Someya, Nat. Mater. 16, 834 (2017)

M.J. Catenacci, C. Reyes, M.A. Cruz, B.J. Wiley, ACS Nano 12, 3689 (2018)

Y. Kim, J. Zhu, B. Yeom, M. Di Prima, X. Su, J.-G. Kim, S.J. Yoo, C. Uher, N.A. Kotov, Nature 500, 59 (2013)

Y. Cheng, S. Wang, R. Wang, J. Sun, L. Gao, J. Mater. Chem. C 2, 5309 (2014)

W. Hu, R. Wang, Y. Lu, Q. Pei, J. Mater. Chem. C 2, 1298 (2014)

S. Han, S. Hong, J. Ham, J. Yeo, J. Lee, B. Kang, P. Lee, J. Kwon, S.S. Lee, M.Y. Yang, S.H. Ko, Adv. Mater. 26, 5808 (2014)

D.J. Lipomi, J.A. Lee, M. Vosgueritchian, B.C.K. Tee, J.A. Bolander, Z. Bao, Chem. Mater. 24, 373 (2012)

Y. Wang, C. Zhu, R. Pfattner, H. Yan, L. Jin, S. Chen, F. Molina-Lopez, F. Lissel, J. Liu, N.I. Rabiah, Z. Chen, J.W. Chung, C. Linder, M.F. Toney, B. Murmann, Z. Bao, Sci. Adv. 3, e1602076 (2017)

M. Vosgueritchian, D.J. Lipomi, Z. Bao, Adv. Funct. Mater. 22, 421 (2012)

H. Stoyanov, M. Kollosche, S. Risse, R. Waché, G. Kofod, Adv. Mater. 25, 578 (2013)

M. Sumita, K. Sakata, S. Asai, K. Miyasaka, H. Nakagawa, Polym. Bull. 25, 265 (1991)

F. Gubbels, R. Jerome, P. Teyssie, E. Vanlathem, R. Deltour, A. Calderone, V. Parente, J.L. Bredas, Macromolecules 27, 1972 (1994)

J. Shintake, E. Piskarev, S.H. Jeong, D. Floreano, Adv. Mater. Technol. 3, 1700284 (2018)

L. Hu, D.S. Hecht, G. Grüner, Chem. Rev. 110, 5790 (2010)

W. Bauhofer, J.Z. Kovacs, Compos. Sci. Technol. 69, 1486 (2009)

J. Sandler, M.S.P. Shaffer, T. Prasse, W. Bauhofer, K. Schulte, A.H. Windle, Polymer (Guildf). 40, 5967 (1999)

J.-C. Huang, Adv. Polym. Technol. 21, 299 (2002)

C.-X. Liu, J.-W. Choi, Nanomaterials 2, 329 (2012)

L.M. Ericson, H. Fan, H. Peng, V.A. Davis, W. Zhou, J. Sulpizio, Y. Wang, R. Booker, J. Vavro, C. Guthy, A.N.G. Parra-Vasquez, M.J. Kim, S. Ramesh, R.K. Saini, C. Kittrell, G. Lavin, H. Schmidt, W.W. Adams, W.E. Billups, M. Pasquali, W.-F. Hwang, R.H. Hauge, J.E. Fischer, R.E. Smalley, Science (80-). 305, 1447 (2004)

K. Jiang, Q. Li, S. Fan, Nature 419, 801 (2002)

K. Koziol, J. Vilatela, A. Moisala, M. Motta, P. Cunniff, M. Sennett, A. Windle, Science. 318, 1892 (2007)

K. Jiang, J. Wang, Q. Li, L. Liu, C. Liu, S. Fan, Adv. Mater. 23, 1154 (2011)

M. Zu, Q. Li, G. Wang, J.-H. Byun, T.-W. Chou, Adv. Funct. Mater. 23, 789 (2013)

H. Kim, S.J. Kim, Carbon N. Y. 131, 60 (2018)

T. Kim, S.-S. Lee, H. Kim, M. Park, RSC Adv. 2, 10717 (2012)

S. Choi, S. I. Han, D. Kim, T. Hyeon, D.-H. Kim, Chem. Soc. Rev. 48, 1566–1595 (2019)

I.E. Stewart, A.R. Rathmell, L. Yan, S. Ye, P.F. Flowers, W. You, B.J. Wiley, Nanoscale 6, 5980 (2014)

S. Huang, Q. Zhang, P. Li, F. Ren, A. Yurtsever, D. Ma, Adv. Energy Mater. 8, 1 (2018)

Y. Akiyama, T. Sugiyama, H. Kawasaki, Adv. Eng. Mater. 19, 1700259 (2017)

L. Lian, H. Wang, D. Dong, G. He, J. Mater. Chem. C 6, 9158 (2018)

H. Wu, L. Hu, M.W. Rowell, D. Kong, J.J. Cha, J.R. McDonough, J. Zhu, Y. Yang, M.D. McGehee, Y. Cui, Nano Lett. 10, 4242 (2010)

A.R. Rathmell, S.M. Bergin, Y.L. Hua, Z.Y. Li, B.J. Wiley, Adv. Mater. 22, 3558 (2010)

J. Lee, P. Lee, H. B. Lee, S. Hong, I. Lee, J. Yeo, S. S. Lee, T.-S. Kim, D. Lee, S. H. Ko, Adv. Funct. Mater. 23, 4171–4176 (2013)

J. Lee, I. Lee, T.-S. Kim, J.-Y. Lee, Small 9, 2887 (2013)

L.V. Kayser, D.J. Lipomi, Adv. Mater. 31, e1806133 (2019)

Y. Wen, J. Xu, J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 55, 1121 (2017)

C. Wang, C. Wang, Z. Huang, S. Xu, Adv. Mater. 30, e1801368 (2018)

J. Zhou, E.Q. Li, R. Li, X. Xu, I.A. Ventura, A. Moussawi, D.H. Anjum, M.N. Hedhili, D.-M. Smilgies, G. Lubineau, S.T. Thoroddsen, J. Mater. Chem. C 3, 2528 (2015)

O. Young, S. Kim, H.K. Baik, U. Jeong, Adv. Mater. 28, 4455 (2016)

M.Y. Teo, N. Kim, S. Kee, B.S. Kim, G. Kim, S. Hong, S. Jung, K. Lee, A.C.S. Appl, Mater. Interfaces 9, 819 (2017)

Q. Ma, Y. Zhang, J. Appl. Mech. 83, 111008 (2016)

Y. Won, A. Kim, W. Yang, S. Jeong, J. Moon, NPG Asia Mater. 6, e132 (2014)

J. Yoon, Y. Jeong, H. Kim, S. Yoo, H. Jung, Y. Kim, Y. Hwang, Y. Hyun, W.K. Hong, B.H. Lee, S.H. Choa, H.C. Ko, Nat. Commun. 7, 1 (2016)

T.C. Shyu, P.F. Damasceno, P.M. Dodd, A. Lamoureux, L. Xu, M. Shlian, M. Shtein, S.C. Glotzer, N.A. Kotov, Nat. Mater. 14, 785 (2015)

Y. Sun, W.M. Choi, H. Jiang, Y.Y. Huang, J.A. Rogers, Nat. Nanotechnol. 1, 201 (2006)

J.A. Fan, Y. Su, K.-C. Hwang, S. Xu, H. Fu, Y. Huang, J.A. Rogers, H. Cheng, Y. Zhang, Acta Mater. 61, 7816 (2013)

Y. Zhao, W. Yang, Y.J. Tan, S. Li, X. Zeng, Z. Liu, B.C.-K. Tee, APL Mater. 7, 031508 (2019)

A. Lamoureux, K. Lee, M. Shlian, S.R. Forrest, M. Shtein, Nat. Commun. 6, 1 (2015)

X. Lu, Y. Xia, Nat. Nanotechnol. 1, 163 (2006)

N. Bowden, S. Brittain, A.G. Evans, J.W. Hutchinson, G.M. Whitesides, Nature 393, 146 (1998)

H. Jiang, Y. Sun, J.A. Rogers, Y. Huang, Appl. Phys. Lett. 90, 10 (2007)

J. Song, H. Jiang, W.M. Choi, D.Y. Khang, Y. Huang, J.A. Rogers, J. Appl. Phys. 103, 014303 (2008)

D.Y. Khang, J.A. Rogers, H.H. Lee, Adv. Funct. Mater. 19, 1526 (2009)

S. Wang, J. Song, D.H. Kim, Y. Huang, J.A. Rogers, Appl. Phys. Lett. 93, 1 (2008)

Y. Zhu, F. Xu, X. Wang, Y. Zhu, Adv. Funct. Mater. 22, 1279 (2012)

D. Qi, Z. Liu, Y. Liu, W.R. Leow, B. Zhu, H. Yang, J. Yu, W. Wang, H. Wang, S. Yin, X. Chen, Adv. Mater. 27, 5559 (2015)

G.W. Huang, H.M. Xiao, S.Y. Fu, Sci. Rep. 5, 1 (2015)

F. Xu, Y. Zhu, Adv. Mater. 24, 5117 (2012)

Y. Zhu, F. Xu, Adv. Mater. 24, 1073 (2012)

G. Lanzara, N. Salowitz, Z. Guo, F.K. Chang, Adv. Mater. 22, 4643 (2010)

C.H. Lee, Y. Ma, K.I. Jang, A. Banks, T. Pan, X. Feng, J.S. Kim, D. Kang, M.S. Raj, B.L. McGrane, B. Morey, X. Wang, R. Ghaffari, Y. Huang, J.A. Rogers, Adv. Funct. Mater. 25, 3698 (2015)

Y. Ma, X. Feng, J.A. Rogers, Y. Huang, Y. Zhang, Lab Chip 17, 1689 (2017)

A. Yamada, F. Niikura, K. Ikuta, J. Micromechanics Microengineering 18, 025035 (2008)

R.D. Farahani, K. Chizari, D. Therriault, Nanoscale 6, 10470 (2014)

J. Huang, J. Liu, B. Kroll, K. Bertoldi, D.R. Clarke, Soft Matter 8, 6291 (2012)

L.L. Lebel, B. Aissa, M.A. El Khakani, D. Therriault, Adv. Mater. 22, 592 (2010)

S.Z. Guo, F. Gosselin, N. Guerin, A.M. Lanouette, M.C. Heuzey, D. Therriault, Small 9, 4118 (2013)

S. Xu, Z. Yan, K.I. Jang, W. Huang, H. Fu, J. Kim, Z. Wei, M. Flavin, J. McCracken, R. Wang, A. Badea, Y. Liu, D. Xiao, G. Zhou, J. Lee, H.U. Chung, H. Cheng, W. Ren, A. Banks, X. Li, U. Paik, R.G. Nuzzo, Y. Huang, Y. Zhang, J.A. Rogers, Science (80-). 347, 154 (2015)

Y. Liu, Z. Yan, Q. Lin, X. Guo, M. Han, K. Nan, K.C. Hwang, Y. Huang, Y. Zhang, J.A. Rogers, Adv. Funct. Mater. 26, 2909 (2016)

C.S. Haines, M.D. Lima, N. Li, G.M. Spinks, J. Foroughi, J.D.W. Madden, S.H. Kim, S. Fang, M.J. De Andrade, F. Göktepe, Ö. Göktepe, S.M. Mirvakili, S. Naficy, X. Lepró, J. Oh, M.E. Kozlov, S.J. Kim, X. Xu, B.J. Swedlove, G.G. Wallace, R.H. Baughman, Science (80-). 343, 868 (2014)

M. Eiduks, A. Vagel, O. Kononova, G. Kharkova, K. Dzelzitis, A. Krasnikovs, Est. J. Eng. 17, 39 (2011)

E.W.H. Jager, J. Stålhand, A. Maziz, A. Concas, N.-K. Persson, A. Khaldi, Sci. Adv. 3, e1600327 (2017)

L. Heller, D. Vokoun, P. Šittner, and H. Finckh, Smart Mater. Struct. 21, (2012)

Q. Li and X. M. Tao, Proc. R. Soc. A Math. Phys. Eng. Sci. 470, (2014)

E.T. Filipov, T. Tachi, G.H. Paulino, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 112, 12321 (2015)

E. T. Filipov, G. H. Paulino, and T. Tachi, Proc. R. Soc. A Math. Phys. Eng. Sci. 472, (2016)

R. Tang, H. Liang, H. Jiang, Y. Xu, Z. Song, H. Tu, M. Liang, H. Yu, H. Huang, Appl. Phys. Lett. 104, 083501 (2014)

J.P. Rojas, D. Conchouso, A. Arevalo, D. Singh, I.G. Foulds, M.M. Hussain, Nano Energy 31, 296 (2017)

Z. Song, T. Ma, R. Tang, Q. Cheng, X. Wang, D. Krishnaraju, R. Panat, C.K. Chan, H. Yu, H. Jiang, Nat. Commun. 5, 1 (2014)

C.H. Lin, D.S. Tsai, T.C. Wei, D.H. Lien, J.J. Ke, C.H. Su, J.Y. Sun, Y.C. Liao, J.H. He, ACS Nano 11, 10230 (2017)

Y. Huang, Z. Yan, X. Guo, W. Ren, H. Li, J. Wang, F. Liu, D. Xiao, Y. Liu, Q. Yang, L. Wang, J.A. Rogers, H. Fu, Y. Zhang, X. Wang, H. Si, H. Luo, J. Wang, L. Yang, H. Luan, K. Nan, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 112, 11757 (2015)

M.K. Blees, A.W. Barnard, P.A. Rose, S.P. Roberts, K.L. McGill, P.Y. Huang, A.R. Ruyack, J.W. Kevek, B. Kobrin, D.A. Muller, P.L. McEuen, Nature 524, 204 (2015)

Z. Song, X. Wang, C. Lv, Y. An, M. Liang, T. Ma, D. He, Y.J. Zheng, S.Q. Huang, H. Yu, H. Jiang, Sci. Rep. 5, 1 (2015)

M. Isobe, K. Okumura, Sci. Rep. 6, 1 (2016)

S.R. White, N.R. Sottos, P.H. Geubelle, J.S. Moore, M. Kessler, S.R. Sriram, E.N. Brown, S. Viswanathan, Nature 409, 794 (2001)

K.S. Toohey, N.R. Sottos, J.A. Lewis, J.S. Moore, S.R. White, Nat. Mater. 6, 581 (2007)

B.J. Blaiszik, S.L.B. Kramer, M.E. Grady, D.A. McIlroy, J.S. Moore, N.R. Sottos, S.R. White, Adv. Mater. 24, 398 (2012)

E.J. Markvicka, M.D. Bartlett, X. Huang, C. Majidi, Nat. Mater. 17, 618 (2018)

C. Gong, J. Liang, W. Hu, X. Niu, S. Ma, H.T. Hahn, Q. Pei, Adv. Mater. 25, 4186 (2013)

B.C.K. Tee, C. Wang, R. Allen, Z. Bao, Nat. Nanotechnol. 7, 825 (2012)

Y. Cao, Y.J. Tan, S. Li, W.W. Lee, H. Guo, Y. Cai, C. Wang, B.C.-K. Tee, Nat. Electron. 2, 75 (2019)

D.L. Zhang, X. Ju, L.H. Li, Y. Kang, X.L. Gong, B.J. Li, S. Zhang, Chem. Commun. 51, 6377 (2015)

Y. Shi, M. Wang, C. Ma, Y. Wang, X. Li, G. Yu, Nano Lett. 15, 6276 (2015)

D.Y. Zhu, M.Z. Rong, M.Q. Zhang, Prog. Polym. Sci. 49–50, 175 (2015)

E. Palleau, S. Reece, S.C. Desai, M.E. Smith, M.D. Dickey, Adv. Mater. 25, 1589 (2013)

P. Chakma and D. Konkolewicz, Angew. Chemie Int. Ed. (2019)

W. Zou, J. Dong, Y. Luo, Q. Zhao, T. Xie, Adv. Mater. 29, 1606100 (2017)

P. Cordier, F. Tournilhac, C. Soulié-Ziakovic, L. Leibler, Nature 451, 977 (2008)

S. Zhang, F. Cicoira, Adv. Mater. 29, 1 (2017)

H.S. Kang, H.T. Kim, J.K. Park, S. Lee, Adv. Funct. Mater. 24, 7273 (2014)

J.H. Park, K.J. Park, T. Jiang, Q. Sun, J.H. Huh, Z.L. Wang, S. Lee, J.H. Cho, Nano Energy 38, 412 (2017)

M. Amjadi, K.-U. Kyung, I. Park, M. Sitti, Adv. Funct. Mater. 26, 1678 (2016)

D.J. Cohen, D. Mitra, K. Peterson, M.M. Maharbiz, Nano Lett. 12, 1821 (2012)

I. Kim, K. Woo, Z. Zhong, P. Ko, Y. Jang, M. Jung, J. Jo, S. Kwon, S.-H. Lee, S. Lee, H. Youn, J. Moon, Nanoscale 10, 7890 (2018)

Y. Sun, J. Lopez, H.W. Lee, N. Liu, G. Zheng, C.L. Wu, J. Sun, W. Liu, J.W. Chung, Z. Bao, Y. Cui, Mater. Eng. Sci. Div. 2, 532 (2016)

G. Zhang, Y. Yang, Y. Chen, J. Huang, T. Zhang, H. Zeng, C. Wang, G. Liu, Y. Deng, Small 14, 1 (2018)

B. Seong, H. Lee, J. Lee, L. Lin, H.S. Jang, D. Byun, A.C.S. Appl, Mater. Interfaces 10, 25666 (2018)

F. Liu, J. Wang, Q. Pan, J. Mater. Chem. A 6, 2500 (2018)

H. Wu, Y.A. Huang, F. Xu, Y. Duan, Z. Yin, Adv. Mater. 28, 9881 (2016)

F.R. Fan, W. Tang, Z.L. Wang, Adv. Mater. 28, 4283 (2016)

Y. Qi, J. Kim, T.D. Nguyen, B. Lisko, P.K. Purohit, M.C. McAlpine, Nano Lett. 11, 1331 (2011)

K.J. Lee, C.K. Jeong, S. Han, G.-T. Hwang, S.S. Lee, S.H. Ko, D.Y. Park, J. Ryu, J.H. Park, M. Byun, J. Lee, Adv. Mater. 27, 2866 (2015)

H. Guo, G. Zhang, F. Yi, Z. Wen, Y. Zi, Q. Liao, Y. Yin, J. Wang, S. Niu, M.-H. Yeh, K. Dai, L. Lin, Y. Zhang, X. Wang, Z.L. Wang, Z. You, S. Li, Sci. Adv. 2, e1501624 (2016)

Y.J. Fan, X.S. Meng, H.Y. Li, S.Y. Kuang, L. Zhang, Y. Wu, Z.L. Wang, G. Zhu, Adv. Mater. 29, 1603115 (2017)

K. Parida, V. Kumar, W. Jiangxin, V. Bhavanasi, R. Bendi, P.S. Lee, Adv. Mater. 1702181, 1 (2017)

S.Y. Kuang, Y. Wu, X.S. Meng, L. Zhang, G. Zhu, Y.J. Fan, H.Y. Li, Z.L. Wang, Adv. Mater. 29, 1603115 (2016)

W. Jiangxin, V. Kumar, V. Bhavanasi, R. Bendi, P.S. Lee, K. Parida, Adv. Mater. 29, 1702181 (2017)