Complexity of the Concept of Disease as Shown Through Rival Theoretical Frameworks

Theoretical Medicine - Tập 22 - Trang 211-236 - 2001
Bjørn Hofmann1
1Center for Medical Ethics, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway

Tóm tắt

The concept of disease has been the subject ofa vast, vivid and versatile debate. Categoriessuch as ``realist'', ``nominalist'', ``ontologist'',``physiologist'', ``normativist'' and``descriptivist'' have been applied to classifydisease concepts. These categories refer tounderlying theoretical frameworks of thedebate. The objective of this review is toanalyse these frameworks. It is argued that thecategories applied in the debate refer toprofound philosophical issues, and that thecomplexity of the debate reflects thecomplexity of the concept itself: disease is acomplex concept, and does not easily lenditself to definition.

Tài liệu tham khảo

Albert DA, Munson R, Resnik MD. Reasoning in Medicine: An Introduction to Clinical Inference. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1988.

Nordenfelt L. Concepts of health and their consequences for health care. Theor Med 1993; 14(4): 277–285.

King L. What is a Disease? Philosophy of Science 1954; 21: 193–203.

Rather LJ. Zur Philosophie der Begriffs “Krankheit”. Deutsche Medizinische Wochenschrift 1958; 83: 2012–2018.

Cohen H. The evolution of the concept of disease. In Lush B, ed. Concepts of Medicine: A Collection of Essays on Aspects of Medicine. Oxford: Pergamon Press, 1961.

Scadding JG. Sarcoidosis. London: Eyre & Spottiswoode, 1967.

Rothschuh K. Der Krankheitsbegriff (Was ist Krankheit?). Hippokrates 1972; 43: 3–17.

Kennedy I. The Unmasking of Medicine. London: Granada, 1983.

Gillon R. On sickness and on health. Brit Med J 1986; 292: 318–320.

Nordenfelt L. On the Nature of Health. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1987.

Sundström P. Icons of Disease: A Philosophical Inquiry into the Semantics, Phenomenology and Ontology of the Clinical Conceptions of Disease. Linköping: Linköping University, 1987.

Stempsey WE. Disease and Diagnosis: Value-Dependant Realism. Dordrecht: Kluwer, 1999.

Engelhardt HT. The concepts of health and disease. In Engelhardt HT, Spicker SF, eds. Evaluation and Explanation in the Biomedical Sciences. Dordrecht: Reidel, 1975, pp. 125–141.

Campbell EJ, Scadding JG, Roberts RS. The concept of disease. Brit Med J 1979; 2: 757–762.

Jensen UJ. Sygdomsbegreber i praksis: det kliniske arbejdes filosofi og videnskabsteori. København: Munksgaard, 1983.

Jensen UJ. A critique of essentialism in medicine. In: Nordenfelt L, Lindahl BIB, eds. Health, Disease and Causal Explanations in Medicine. Boston: Reidel, 1984, pp. 63–73.

Jaspers K. Die Begriffe Gesundheit und Krankheit. In Allgemeine Psychopathologie. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1913, pp. 651–711.

Reznek L. The Nature of Disease. New York: Routledge & Keagen Paul, 1987.

Sade RM. A theory of health and disease: The objectivist-subjectivist dichotomy. Journal of Medicine and Philosophy 1995; 20: 513–525.

Räikkä J. The social concept of disease. Theoretical Medicine 1996; 17(4): 353–361

Kovács J. The concept of health and disease. Medicine, Health Care and Philosophy 1998; 1: 31–39.

Steen, WJvd, Thung PJ. Concepts of health and disease. In Phases of Medicine: A Philosophical Study. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1988, pp. 80–117.

Boorse C. On the distincion between disease and illness. Philosophy and Public Affairs 1975; 5: 49–68.

Caplan AL. The concepts of health and disease. In Veatch RM, ed. Medical Ethics. Boston: Jones and Bartlett Publishers, 1989, pp. 51–63.

Bechtel W. In the defense of a naturalistic concept of health. In Humber JM, Almeder RF, eds. Biomedical Ethics Reviews – 1985. Clifton, New Jersey, 1985, pp. 131–170.

Goosens W. Values in health and medicine. Philosophy of Science 1980; 47: 100–115.

Brown WM. On defining “disease”. Journal of Medicine and Philosophy 1985; 10(4): 311–328.

Lennox J. Health as an objective value. Journal of Medicine and Philosophy 1995; 20: 499–511.

Edwards SD. Nordenfelt's theory of disability. Theoretical Medicine 1998; 19(1): 89.

Fulford KWM. Praxis makes perfect: Illness as a bridge between biological concepts of disease and social conceptions of health. Theoretical Medicine 1993; 14: 305–320.

Engelhardt HT. Disease, Malady, and Informed Consent. Dordrecht: D. Reidel Publishing Co, 1986.

Fulford KWM. Moral Theory and Medical Practice. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989.

Fedoryka K. Health as a normative concept: Towards a new conceptual framework. Journal of Medicine and Philosophy 1997; 22: 134–160.

von Engelhardt D. Health and disease – history of the concepts. In Reich WT, ed. Encyclopedia of Bioethics. New York: MacMillan, 1995, pp. 1085–1092.

Margolis J. The concept of disease. Journal of Medicine and Philosophy 1976; 1: 238–255.

Boorse C. Health as a theoretical concept. Philosophy of Science 1977; 44: 542–573.

Turner BS. Medical Power and Social Knowledge. London: Sage, 1987.

Sedgwick P. Illness – mental and otherwise. Hastings Centre Studies 1973; 1: 19–40.

Hempel CG. Introduction to problems of taxonomy. In Zublin J, ed. Field Studies in the Mental Disorders. New York: Grune and Stratton, 1961, pp. 3–22.

Nordenfelt L. On the relation between biological and social theories of health: A commentary on Fulford's praxis makes perfect. Theoretical Medicine 1993, 14(4): 321–324.

Taylor FK. Disease concepts and the logic of classes. Br J Med Psychol 1981; 54(3): 277–286.

Taylor FK. A logical analysis of disease concepts. Comprehensive Psychiatry 1983; 24: 35–48.

Virchow R. Ñber die Standpunkte in der wissenschaftlichen Medizin. Virch Arch exp Path Pharmak 1847; 1.

Temkin O. The scientific approach to disease: Specific entity and individual sickness. In Crombie AC, ed. Scientific Change: Historical Studies in the Intellectual, Social and Technical Conditions for Scientific Discovery and Technical Invention from Antiquity to the Present. New York: Basic Books, 1963, pp. 629–647.

Hudson RP. Disease and Its Control. London: Greenwood Press, 1983.

Juengst ET. Causation and the conceptual scheme of medical knowledge. In Delkeskamp-Hayes C, Cutter MAG, eds. Science, Technology, and the Art of Medicine: European-American Dialogues. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic, 1993, pp. 127–152.

Fagot-Largeault A. On medicine's scientificity – did medicine's accession to scientific “positivity” in the course of the nineteenth century require giving up causal (etiological) explanation? In Delkeskamp-Hayes C, Cutter MAG, eds. Science, Technology, and the Art of Medicine, 1993, pp. 105–126.

Engelhardt HT, Wildes KW. Health and disease – philosophical perspectives. In Reich WT, ed. Encyclopedia of Bioethics. New York: MacMillan, 1995, pp. 1101–1106.

Canguilhem G. The Normal and the Pathological. New York: Zone Books, 1991.

Aronowitz RA. Making Sense of illness: Science, Society, and Disease. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press, 1998.

Copeland DD. Concepts of disease and diagnosis. Persp Biol Med 1977; 20: 528–538.

Callahan D, Parens E. The ends of medicine: Shaping new goals. Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine 1995; 72(1).

Jensen AO, Jensen HS. Medicinsk videnskabsteori. Copenhagen: Christian Eilers Forlag, 1976.

Fabrega H. Concepts of disease: Logical features and social implications. Perspectives in Biology and Medicine 1972; 22: 583–616.

Rothschuh KE. Was ist Krankheit? Erscheinung, Erklärung, Sinngebung. Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, 1975.

Toombs SK. The temporality of illness: four levels of experience. Theoretical Medicine 1990; 11(3): 227–241.

Bernard C. An Introduction to the Study of Experimental Medicine. New York: Dover, 1927.

Kopelman L. On disease: theories of disease and the ascription of disease. In Engelhardt HT, Spicker SF, eds. Evaluation and Explanation in the Biomedical Sciences. Dordrecht: Reidel, 1975, pp. 143–150.

Birch J. A misconception concerning the menaing of a “disease”. British Journal of Medical Psychology 1979, 52: 367–375.

Fabrega H. Scientific usefulness of illness. Perspectives in Biology and Medicine 1979; 22: 545–558.

Tamm ME. Models of health and disease. British Journal of Medical Psychology 1993; 66: 213–228.

Redlich FC. Editorial reflections on the concepts of health and disease. Journal of Medicine and Philosophy 1976; 1: 269–280.

Ackerknecht EH. Causes and pseudocauses in the history of diseases. In Stevenson LG, ed. A Celebration of Medical History. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1982: 19–36.

Wulff HR, Gøtzche PC. Rationel klinik. København: Munksgaard, 1997.

Engel GL. A unified concept of health and disease. Perspectives in Biology and Medicine 1960; 3(4): 459–485.

Brown J. Elementa medicinæ, 1803.

Broussais FJV. Examen des Doctrines Medicales et des Systemes de Nosologie. Paris: Mequignon-Marvis, 1821, Vol. 2, p. 646.

Hufeland CW. Ideen über Pathogenie und Einfluss der Lebenskraft auf Entstehung und Form der Krankheiten. Jena: In der Academischen Buchhandlung, 1795.

Bentham J. An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation. Oxford: Carlendon Press, 1879. In paperback: London: Methuen, 1982.

Parsons T. The Social System. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1951.

Parsons T. Definitions of health and illness in the light of American values and social structure. In Jaco EG, ed. Patients, Physicians and Illness: Sourcebook in Behavioral Science and Medicine. New York: Free Press, 1958.

Twaddle A. Influence and Illness: Definitions and Definers of Illness Behavior among Older Males in Providence, Rhode Island. Ph.D. Thesis, Brown University, 1968.

Marinker JH. Why make people patients? Journal of Medical Ethics 1975; 1: 81–84.

Jenner E. An Inquiry into the Causes and Effects of Variolae Vaccine, a Disease Discovered in Some of theWestern Counties of England, Particularly Gloucestershire and Known by the Name of Cowpox. London: Sampson Low, 1798.

Eisenberg L, Kleinman A. The Relevance of Social Science for Medicine. Dordrecht: Reidel, 1981.

Whitbeck C. A theory of health. In Caplan AL, Engelhardt HT, McCartney JJ, eds. Concepts of Health and Disease: Interdisciplinary perspectives. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley, 1981.

Young A. The anthropologies of illness and sickness. Ann Rev Anthropology 1982; 11: 257–285.

Twaddle A. Disease, illness and sickness revisited. In Twaddle A, Nordenfelt L, eds. Disease, Illness and Sickness: Three Central Concepts in the Theory of Health. Linköping: Studies on Health and Society, 1994, 18, pp. 1–18.

Nordenfelt L. On the disease, illness and sickness distinction: A commentary on Andrew Twadle's system of concepts. In Twaddle A, Nordenfelt L, eds. Disease, Illness and Sickness: Three Central Concepts in the Theory of Health. Linköping: Studies on Health and Society, 1994, Vol. 18, pp. 19–36.

Kendell R. The concept of disease. British Journal of Psychiatry 1976; 128: 508–509.

Hesslow G. Do we need a concept of disease. Theoretical Medicine 1993; 14: 1–14.

Kendell RE. The Role of Diagnosis in Psychiatry. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Publications, 1975.

Bridgman PW. The Logic of Modern Physics. New York: Macmillan, 1927.

Feinstein AR. ICD, POR, and DRG. Unsolved scientific problems in the nosology of clinical medicine. Arch Intern Med 1988 (Oct) 148; 10: 2269–2274.

Temkin O. Greek medicine as science and art. Isis 1953; XLIV: 213–225.

Burns CR. Diseases versus healths: Some legacies in the philosophies of modern medical science. In Engelhardt HT, Spicker SF, eds. Evaluation and Explanation in the Biomedical Sciences. Dordrecht: Reidel, 1975, pp. 29–47.

Szasz T. The myth of mental illness. American Psychologist 1960; 15: 113–118.

Pörn I. An equilibrium model of health. In Nordenfelt L, Lindahl BIB, eds. Health, Disease, and Causal Explanations in Medicine. Dordrecht: Reidel, 1984.

Clouser KD, Culver CM, Gert B. Malady. In Almeder RF, Humber JM, eds. What is a Disease? Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 1997, pp. 173–217.

Flew A. Crime or Disease? New York: Barnes and Noble, 1973.

Whitbeck C. Four basic concepts of medical science. PSA 1978; 1: 210–222.

Thông tin
Thông tin xuất bản

Theoretical Medicine

Tập 22

211-236

Thông tin tác giả