Comorbidity in hyperactive children: Issues related to selection bias, gender, severity, and internalizing symptoms
Tóm tắt
Parental behavior ratings of hyperactive boys and girls aged 6–11 years seen for evaluation in a general outpatient child psychiatry clinic and in a specialty “attention deficit disorder” (ADD) program were analyzed. The pattern of comorbidity in the two groups showed no significant differences. Most of the associated internalizing and externalizing behavioral scales in hyperactive boys and in hyperactive girls were elevated and in clinical ranges except for the “somatic complaints” scale. Comorbidity in both hyperactive boys and girls was related to the severity of the hyperactivity itself.
Tài liệu tham khảo
Chiles JA, Miller ML, Cox GB: Depression in an adolescent delinquent population. Arch Gen Psych 37:1179–1184, 1980.
Curry JF, Pelissier B, Woodford DJ, Lochman JE: Violent or assaultive youth: dimensional and categorical comparisons with mental health samples. J Am Acad Child and Adol Psychiat 27:226–232, 1988.
Werry JS, Reeves JC, Elkind GS: Attention deficit, conduct, oppositional, and anxiety disorders in children: I. A review of research on differentiating characteristics. J Am Acad Child and Adol Psychiat 26:133–143, 1987.
American Psychiatric Association: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. Third Edition. (DSM III) Washington, D.C. American Psychiatric Association, 1980.
American Psychiatric Association: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. Third Edition-revised. (DSM III-R) Washington, D.C. American Psychiatric Association, 1987.
American Psychiatric Association: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. Fourth Edition. (DSM-IV) Washington, D.C. American Psychiatric Association, 1994.
Gittelman R, Manuzza S, Shenker S, Bonagura J: Hyperactive boys almost grown up. I. Psychiatric status. Arch Gen Psychiat 42:937–947, 1985.
Manuzza S, Gittelman Klein R, Addalli KA: Young adult mental status of hyperactive boys and their brothers: A prospective follow-up study. J Am Acad Child and Adol Psychiat 30:743–751, 1991,b.
Manuzza S, Gittelman Klein R, Horowitz Konig P, Giampino TL: Hyperactive boys almost grown up. IV. Criminality and its relationship to psychiatric status. Arch Gen Psychiat 46:1073–1079, 1989.
Manuzza S, Klein RG, Bonagura N, Malloy P, Giampino TL, Addalli KA: Hyperactive boys almost grown up. V. Replication of psychiatric status. Arch Gen Psychiat 48:77–83, 1991,a.
Szatmari P, Boyle M, Offord DR: ADDH and conduct disorder: Degree of diagnostic overlap and differences among correlates. J Am Acad Child and Adol Psychiat 28:865–872, 1989.
Biederman J, Newcorn J, Sprich SE: Comorbidity of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder with conduct, depressive, anxiety, and other disorders. Am J Psychiat 148:564–577, 1991.
Pliszka SR: Comorbidity of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and overanxious disorder. J Am Acad Child and Adol Psychiat 31:197–203, 1992.
August GJ, Garfinkel BD: The nosology of Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. J Am Acad Child and Adol Psychiat 32:155–165, 1993.
Jensen PS, Shervette RE, Xenakis SN, Richters J: Anxiety and depressive disorders in Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity: New Findings. Am J Psychiat 150:1203–1209, 1993.
Bird RH, Gould MS, Staghezza BM: Patterns of diagnostic comorbidity in a community sample of children aged 9 through 16 years. J Am Acad Child and Adol Psychiat 32:361–368, 1993.
Brown RT, Madan-Swain A, Baldwin K: Gender differences in a clinic-referred sample of attention-deficit-disordered children. Child Psychiat Hum Develpm 22:111–128, 1991.
Biederman J, Faraone SV, Lapey K: Comorbidity of diagnosis in Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. Child and Adol Psychiat Clin of N Am 1:335–360, 1992.
Achenbach TM: Manual for the Child Behavior Checklist/4-18 and 1991 Profile. Burlington, VT: University of Vermont Department of Psychiatry, 1991.
Achenbach TM, Edelbrock C: Manual for the Child Behavior Checklist and Revised Child Behavior Profile. Queen City Printers Inc., Burlington, VT, Copyright 1983 by TM Achenbach, 1983.
Kelly ML: Review of the Child Behavior Checklist, in Mitchell J (ed): Ninth Mental Measurements Yearbook, Buros Institute of Mental Measurements of the University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Vol 1:301–303, 1985.
McConaughy SH, Achenbach TM: Comorbidity of empirically based syndromes in matched general population and clinical samples. J Child Psychol and Psychiat 35:1141–1157, 1994.
Biederman J, Faraone SV, Doyle A, Lehman BK, Kraus I, Perrin J, Tsuang MT: Convergence of the child behavior checklist with structured interview-based psychiatric diagnoses of ADHD children with and without comorbidity. J Child Psychol and Psychiat 34:1241–1251, 1993.
Edelbrock C and Costello AJ: Convergence between statistically derived behavior problem syndromes and child psychiatric diagnoses. J Abnor Child Psychol 16:219–231, 1988.
Fergusson DM, Horwood LJ: Predictive validity of categorically and dimensionally scored measures of disruptive childhood behaviors. J Am Acad Child and Adol Psychiat 34:477–487, 1995.
Achenbach TM, Howell CT, McConaughy SH, Stanger C: Six-Year Predictors of Problems in a National Sample of Children and Youth: II. Signs of Disturbance. J Am Acad Child and Adol Psychiat 34:488–498, 1995.