Chemical Weathering in a Tropical Watershed, Luquillo Mountains, Puerto Rico: I. Long-Term Versus Short-Term Weathering Fluxes

April, 1986, Chemical weathering in two Adirondack watersheds, Geol. Soc. Amer. Bull., 97, 1232, 10.1130/0016-7606(1986)97<1232:CWITAW>2.0.CO;2

Bain, 1994, Inorganic nutrient inputs from mineral weathering in two Scottish upland ecosystems, Appl. Geochem., 9, 119, 10.1016/0883-2927(94)90001-9

Berggren, 1995, The role of organic matter in controlling aluminum solubility in acidic mineral soil horizons, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 59, 4167, 10.1016/0016-7037(95)94443-J

Berner, 1994, GEOCARB II, Amer. J. Sci., 294, 56, 10.2475/ajs.294.1.56

Boccheciamp, 1977

Brady, 1991, The effect of silicate weathering on global temperature and atmospheric CO2, J. Geophys. Res., 96, 18101, 10.1029/91JB01898

Brady, 1994, Direct effects of CO2 and temperature on silicate weathering, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 58, 1853, 10.1016/0016-7037(94)90543-6

Brantley, 1986, Dissolution at dislocation etch pits in quartz, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 50, 2349, 10.1016/0016-7037(86)90087-6

Brimhall, 1987, Constitutive mass balance relations between chemical composition, volume, density, porosity, and strain in metasomatic hydrochemical systems, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 51, 567, 10.1016/0016-7037(87)90070-6

Brown S., Lugo A. E., Silander S., and Liegel L. (1983) Research history and opportunities in Luquillo Experimental Forest. USDA Forest Serv. Gen. Tech. Rept. SO-44.

Brown, 1995, Denudation rates determined from the accumulation of in situ produced 10Be in the Luquillo Experimental Forest, Puerto Rico, Earth Plant. Sci. Lett., 129, 193, 10.1016/0012-821X(94)00249-X

Bruijnzeel, 1990, Nutrient cycling in a moist tropical forests, 383

Burch, 1993, Free energy dependence of albite dissolution kinetics at 80°C, and pH 8.8, Chem. Geol., 105, 137, 10.1016/0009-2541(93)90123-Z

Burnham, 1989, Pedagogical processes and nutrient supply from parent material in tropical soils, 27

Cappellato, 1993, Acidic atmospheric deposition and canopy interactions of adjacent deciduous and coniferous forests in the Georgia Piedmont, Canadian J. For. Res., 23, 1114, 10.1139/x93-142

Chadwick, 1990, From black box to a gray box, Geomorphology, 3, 369, 10.1016/0169-555X(90)90012-F

Chartes, 1990, Poorly ordered silica and aluminosilicates as temporary cementing agents in hard-setting soils, Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. J., 54, 1060, 10.2136/sssaj1990.03615995005400040022x

Cleaves, 1993, Climatic impact on isovolumetric weathering of a coarse-grained schist in the northern Piedmont Province of the central Atlantic states, Geomorphology, 8, 191, 10.1016/0169-555X(93)90037-3

Dong, H., Peacor, D. R., Murphy, S. F., and Brantley, S. L. (1998). TEM study of progressive alteration of igneous biotite to kaolinite throughout a weathered soil profile. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta submitted.

Durand, 1994, Major, minor and trace element budgets in the Plynlimon afforested catchments (Wales), J. Hydrol., 157, 139, 10.1016/0022-1694(94)90102-3

Eberl D. D., Dritz V. A., Srodon J., and Nüesch R. (1996) Mudmaster: A program for calculating crystallite size distributions and strain from the shapes of X-ray diffraction peaks. USGS Open File Report 96–171.

Eberl, D. D., Nüesch, R., Sucha, V., and Tsipursky, S. (1998). Measurement of fundamental illite particle thicknesses by X-ray diffraction using PVP-10 intercalation. Clays Clay Mineral in press.

Edmond, J. M., Palmer, M. R., Measures, C. I., Grant, B., and Stallard, R. F. (1995). The fluvial geochemistry and denudation rate of the Guyana Shield in Venezuela, Columbia, and Brazil. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 59, 3301–3225.

Eswaran, 1978, A study of a deep weathering profile on granite in peninsular Malaysia, Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. J., 42, 149, 10.2136/sssaj1978.03615995004200010033x

Eswaran, 1979, Surface textures of quartz in tropical soils, Soil Sci. Amer. J., 43, 420, 10.2136/sssaj1979.03615995004300020038x

Gaillardet, 1995, A global geochemical mass budget applied to the Congo Basin Rivers, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 59, 3469, 10.1016/0016-7037(95)00230-W

Hamdan, 1996, The contribution of nutrients from parent material in three deeply weathered soils of Peninsular Malaysia, Geoderma, 74, 219, 10.1016/S0016-7061(96)00062-6

Harden J. W. (1987) Soils developed in granitic alluvium near Merced, California. U.S. Geol. Surv. Bull. 1590-A.

Hillel, 1982

Hooper, 1990, Modeling stream water chemistry as a mixture of soil water end-members—An application to the Panola Mountain Catchment, Georgia, U.S.A, J. Hydrol., 116, 321, 10.1016/0022-1694(90)90131-G

Huges, 1994, Effects of forest age on surface drainage and soil solution aluminum chemistry in stagnopodzols in Wales, Water, Air, Soil Pollut., 77, 115, 10.1007/BF00483053

Johnson, 1968, Rate of chemical weathering of silicate minerals in New Hampshire, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 32, 531, 10.1016/0016-7037(68)90044-6

Jones, 1982, Some highly weathered soils of Puerto Rico, 2. Mineralogy, Geoderma, 27, 75, 10.1016/0016-7061(82)90048-9

Jordon, 1972, Relative stability of mineral cycles in forest ecosystems, Amer. Naturalist, 106, 237, 10.1086/282764

Karathanasis A. D. (1989) Solution chemistry of fragipan formation: Thermodynamic approach to understanding fragipan formation. In: Fragipans: Their Occurrence, Classification, and Genesis. (ed. N. E. Smeck and E. J. Ciolkosz); Soil Sci. Amer. Spec. Publ. 24, 113–141.

Katz, 1989, Influence of mineral weathering reactions on the chemical composition of soil water, springs, and groundwater, Catoctin Mountains, Maryland, Hydrol. Process., 3, 185, 10.1002/hyp.3360030207

Kelly, 1988, Annual elemental input/output estimates for two forested watersheds in eastern Tennessee, J. Environ. Qual., 463, 10.2134/jeq1988.00472425001700030020x

Kharaka Y. K., Gunter W. D., Aggarwal P. K., Perkins E., and Debraal J. D. (1988) SOLMINEQ 88: A computer program for modeling water/rock interaction. U. S. Geol. Surv. Res. Invest. Rept. 88-4227.

Kirkwood, 1991, Formation and evolution of soils from an acidified watershed, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 55, 1295, 10.1016/0016-7037(91)90308-R

Klute A. and Dirksen C. (1986) Hydraulic conductivity and diffusivity: Laboratory methods. In: Methods of Soil Analysis (ed. A. Klute), pp. 687–699. Soil Sci. Soc. Amer.

Larsen M. C. (1997) A study of geomorphic processes and water budgets in the montaine humid-tropical and developed watersheds, Puerto Rico. U PhD thesis, Univ. Colorado.

Larsen, 1989, Landslides triggered by Hurricane Hugo in eastern Puerto Rico, September, 1989, Caribbean J. Sci., 28, 113

Larsen M. C., Collar P. D., and Stallard R. F. (1993) Research plan for the investigation of water, energy and biogeochemical budgets in the Luquillo Mountains, Puerto Rico. USGS Open File Rept. 92-150.

Lucas, 1993, The relation between biological activity of the rain forest and mineral composition of soils, Science, 260, 521, 10.1126/science.260.5107.521

McDowell, 1994, Export of carbon, nitrogen, and major ions from three tropical montane watersheds, Limnol. Oceanogr., 39, 111, 10.4319/lo.1994.39.1.0111

McDowell, 1992, Riparian nitrogen dynamics in two geomorphologically distinct tropical rain forest watersheds; subsurface solute patterns, Biogeochemistry, 18, 53, 10.1007/BF00002703

McDowell, 1990, Influence of sea salt aerosols and long range transport on precipitation chemistry at El Verde, Puerto Rico, Atmos. Environ., 24A, 2813, 10.1016/0960-1686(90)90168-M

Merritts, 1992, The mass balance of soil evolution on late Quaternary marine terraces, Northern California, Geol. Soc. Amer. Bul., 104, 1456, 10.1130/0016-7606(1992)104<1456:TMBOSE>2.3.CO;2

Meybeck, 1987, Global chemical weathering of surfical rocks estimated from dissolved river loads, Amer. J. Sci., 287, 401, 10.2475/ajs.287.5.401

Millot, 1970

Millot, 1976, Geochimie et payages tropicaux, La Recherche, 65, 236

Murphy S. F. (1995) The weathering of biotite in a tropical soil, Luquillo Mountains, Puerto Rico. Master’s thesis, Penn. State Univ.

Murphy, 1997, Chemical weathering in a tropical watershed, Luquillo Mountains, Puerto Rico, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 62, 229

Nagy, 1991, Dissolution and precipitation kinetics of kaolinite at 80°C and pH 3. The dependence on the saturation state, Amer. J. Sci., 291, 649, 10.2475/ajs.291.7.649

Nahon, 1991

Nimmo, J. R., Askin, K. C., and Mello, K. A., (1992). Improved apparatus for measuring conductivity at low water content. Soil Sci. Amer. J. 56, 1788–1761.

Norfleet, 1993, Soil solution composition relative to mineral distribution in the Blue Ridge Mountain soils, Soil Sci. Amer., 57, 1375, 10.2136/sssaj1993.03615995005700050035x

Pavich, 1989, Regolith residence time and the concept of surface age of the Piedmont peneplain, Geomorphology, 2, 181, 10.1016/0169-555X(89)90011-1

Plummer L., Prestemon E. C., and Parkhurst D. L. (1991) An Interactive Code (NETPATH) for Modeling NET Geochemical reactions along a flow path. Water Resour. Invest. Repts. 91-4078.

Ramirez, 1993, Water chemistry and chemical weathering in northern Venezuelan drainages, Chem. Geol., 107, 317, 10.1016/0009-2541(93)90199-S

Roda, 1990, Precipitation, throughfall, soil solution, and stream-water chemistry in a Holm-oak (Quercus ilex) forest, J. Hydrol., 116, 167, 10.1016/0022-1694(90)90121-D

Santiago-Rivera L. (1992) Low-flow characteristics at selected sites on streams in Eastern Puerto Rico. USGS Water Res. Invest. 92-4063.

Schoeneberg, 1995, Physical property variation of a soil and saprolite continuum at three geomorphic positions, Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. J., 59, 1389, 10.2136/sssaj1995.03615995005900050027x

Seiders V. M. (1974) Cretaceous and Lower Tertiary stratigraphy of the Gurabo and El Yunque Quadrangles, Puerto Rico. U.S. Geol. Bull. 1294F.

Simon, 1990, The role of soil processes in determining mechanisms of slope failure and hillslope development in a humid-tropical forest, eastern Puerto Rico, Geomorphology, 3, 263, 10.1016/0169-555X(90)90007-D

Stallard, 1983, Geochemistry of the Amazon, J. Geophys. Res., 88, 9671, 10.1029/JC088iC14p09671

Suchet, 1993, Modelling of atmospheric CO2 consumption by chemical weathering of rocks, Chem. Geol., 107, 205, 10.1016/0009-2541(93)90174-H

Sverdrup, 1990

Thomas, 1994

Turner B. F., Brantley S. L., Stonestrom D. A., White A. F., and Larsen M. C. (1996) Solute transport and chemical weathering in a tropical rain forest saprolite, Puerto Rico. Geol. Soc. Amer. Natl. Mtg. Abst., Denver, A 131.

Van Wambeke, 1962, Criteria for classifying tropical soils, J. Soil Sci., 13, 124, 10.1111/j.1365-2389.1962.tb00689.x

Vegas-Vilarrubia, 1994, Small catchment studies in the tropical zone, 343

Velbel, 1986, The mathematical basis for determining rates of geochemical and geomorphic processes in small forested watersheds by mass balance, 439

Velbel, 1993, Constancy of silicate-mineral weathering-ratios between natural and experimental weathering, Chem. Geol., 105, 89, 10.1016/0009-2541(93)90120-8

Velbel, 1995, Interactions of ecosystem processes and weathering processes, 193

Vepraskas, 1995, Hydraulic conductivity of saprolite as a function of sample dimensions and measurement technique, Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. J., 59, 975, 10.2136/sssaj1995.03615995005900040003x

Wakatsuki, 1992, Rates of weathering and soil formation, Geoderma, 52, 251, 10.1016/0016-7061(92)90040-E

White A. F. (1995) Chemical weathering rates in soils. In Chemical Weathering Rates of Silicate Minerals (ed. A. F. White and S. L. Brantley), Rev. Mineral. 31, 407–458.

White, 1995, Effects of climate on chemical weathering rates in watersheds, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 59, 1729, 10.1016/0016-7037(95)00078-E

White, A. F., Blum, A. E., Schulz, M. S., Huntington, T. G., and Peters, N. E. (1998). Mass balance relationships describing rates of chemical weathering and biogeochemical cycling in soil and bedrock environments; Panola Mountain Watershed, Georgia, USA. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta submitted.

Zarin, 1995, Base saturation, nutrient cation, and organic matter increases during early pedogenesis on landslide scars in the Luquillo Experimental Forest, Puerto Rico, Geoderma, 65, 317, 10.1016/0016-7061(94)00048-F

Zeman, 1975, Hydrochemical balance of a British Columbia Mountainous watershed, Catena, 2, 81, 10.1016/S0341-8162(75)80006-3