ChatGPT goes to the operating room: evaluating GPT-4 performance and its potential in surgical education and training in the era of large language models

OpenAI. Introducing ChatGPT [Internet]. OpenAI. c2015-2023. cited 2023 Feb 10. Available from: https://openai.com/blog/chatgpt

Kung, 2023, PLOS Digit Health, 2, e0000198, 10.1371/journal.pdig.0000198

Mbakwe, 2023, PLOS Digit Health, 2, e0000205, 10.1371/journal.pdig.0000205

Bommarito, arXiv, 2212.14402

Chatgpt goes to law school. Minnesota Legal Studies Research Paper No. 23-03 [Internet]. SSRN. 2023. cited 2023 Feb 10. Available from: https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=4335905

Debas, 2005, Ann Surg, 241, 1, 10.1097/01.sla.0000150066.83563.52

Wartman, 2018, Acad Med, 93, 1107, 10.1097/ACM.0000000000002044

Improving language understanding by generative pre-training [Internet]. OpenAI. 2018. cited 2023 Feb 10. Available from: https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/openai-assets/research-covers/language-unsupervised/language_understanding_paper.pdf

Kapadia, 2020, JAMA Surg, 155, 277, 10.1001/jamasurg.2019.5884

Han, 2019, BMC Med Educ, 19, 460, 10.1186/s12909-019-1891-5

Bender, On the dangers of stochastic parrots: can language models be too big?, 610

Luo, 2022, Brief Bioinform, 23, bbac409, 10.1093/bib/bbac409

Touvron, 2023, arXiv [Preprint]

OpenAI. GPT-4 technical report [Internet]. Open AI. 2023. cited 2023 Feb 10. Available from: https://cdn.openai.com/papers/gpt-4.pdf