Biological, Physiological, Pathophysiological, and Pharmacological Aspects of Ghrelin

Kojima, 1999, Ghrelin is a growth-hormone-releasing acylated peptide from stomach., Nature, 402, 656, 10.1038/45230

Tena-Sempere, 2002, Novel expression and functional role of ghrelin in rat testis., Endocrinology, 143, 717, 10.1210/endo.143.2.8646

Date, 2000, Ghrelin, a novel growth hormone-releasing acylated peptide, is synthesized in a distinct endocrine cell type in the gastrointestinal tracts of rats and humans., Endocrinology, 141, 4255, 10.1210/endo.141.11.7757

Mori, 2000, Kidney produces a novel acylated peptide, ghrelin., FEBS Lett, 486, 213, 10.1016/S0014-5793(00)02308-5

Gualillo, 2001, Ghrelin, a novel placental-derived hormone., Endocrinology, 142, 788, 10.1210/endo.142.2.7987

Korbonits, 2001, Presence of ghrelin in normal and adenomatous human pituitary., Endocrine, 14, 101, 10.1385/ENDO:14:1:101

Volante, 2001, Extensive DNA fragmentation in oxyphilic cell lesions of the thyroid., J Histochem Cytochem, 49, 1003, 10.1177/002215540104900808

Muccioli, 2002, Neuroendocrine and peripheral activities of ghrelin: implications in metabolism and obesity., Eur J Pharmacol, 440, 235, 10.1016/S0014-2999(02)01432-2

Hattori, 2001, GH, GH receptor, GH secretagogue receptor, and ghrelin expression in human T cells, B cells, and neutrophils., J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 86, 4284, 10.1210/jcem.86.9.7866

Tanaka, 2001, Testis-specific and developmentally induced expression of a ghrelin gene-derived transcript that encodes a novel polypeptide in the mouse., Biochim Biophys Acta, 1522, 62, 10.1016/S0167-4781(01)00304-9

Chapman, 1996, Enhancement of pulsatile growth hormone secretion by continuous infusion of a growth hormone-releasing peptide mimetic, L-692,429, in older adults—a clinical research center study., J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 81, 2874

Volante, 2002, Ghrelin expression in fetal, infant, and adult human lung., J Histochem Cytochem, 50, 1013, 10.1177/002215540205000803

Howard, 1996, A receptor in pituitary and hypothalamus that functions in growth hormone release., Science, 273, 974, 10.1126/science.273.5277.974

Smith, 1997, Peptidomimetic regulation of growth hormone secretion., Endocr Rev, 18, 621, 10.1210/edrv.18.5.0316

Arvat, 2000, Preliminary evidence that ghrelin, the natural GH secretagogue (GHS)-receptor ligand, strongly stimulates GH secretion in humans., J Endocrinol Invest, 23, 493, 10.1007/BF03343763

Arvat, 2001, Endocrine activities of ghrelin, a natural growth hormone secretagogue (GHS), in humans: comparison and interactions with hexarelin, a nonnatural peptidyl GHS, and GH-releasing hormone., J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 86, 1169

Bednarek, 2000, Structure-function studies on the new growth hormone-releasing peptide, ghrelin: minimal sequence of ghrelin necessary for activation of growth hormone secretagogue receptor 1a., J Med Chem, 43, 4370, 10.1021/jm0001727

Takaya, 2000, Ghrelin strongly stimulates growth hormone release in humans., J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 85, 4908, 10.1210/jcem.85.12.7167

Deghenghi, 2001, Cortistatin, but not somatostatin, binds to growth hormone secretagogue (GHS) receptors of human pituitary gland., J Endocrinol Invest, 24, RC1, 10.1007/BF03343800

Ghigo, 2001, Biologic activities of growth hormone secretagogues in humans., Endocrine, 14, 87, 10.1385/ENDO:14:1:087

Muccioli, 2001, Binding of 125I-labeled ghrelin to membranes from human hypothalamus and pituitary gland., J Endocrinol Invest, 24, RC7, 10.1007/BF03343831

Gnanapavan, 2002, The tissue distribution of the mRNA of ghrelin and subtypes of its receptor, GHS-R, in humans., J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 87, 2988, 10.1210/jcem.87.6.8739

Katugampola, 2002, Discovery of recently adopted orphan receptors for apelin, urotensin II, and ghrelin identified using novel radioligands and functional role in the human cardiovascular system., Can J Physiol Pharmacol, 80, 369, 10.1139/y02-029

Muccioli, 1998, Specific receptors for synthetic GH secretagogues in the human brain and pituitary gland., J Endocrinol, 157, 99, 10.1677/joe.0.1570099

Muccioli, 2000, Growth hormone-releasing peptides and the cardiovascular system., Ann Endocrinol (Paris), 61, 27

Papotti, 2000, Growth hormone secretagogue binding sites in peripheral human tissues., J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 85, 3803

Cassoni, 2001, Identification, characterization, and biological activity of specific receptors for natural (ghrelin) and synthetic growth hormone secretagogues and analogs in human breast carcinomas and cell lines., J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 86, 1738

Veeraragavan, 1992, Growth hormone-releasing peptide (GHRP) binding to porcine anterior pituitary and hypothalamic membranes., Life Sci, 50, 1149, 10.1016/0024-3205(92)90457-Z

Pong, 1996, Identification of a new G-protein-linked receptor for growth hormone secretagogues., Mol Endocrinol, 10, 57

Guan, 1997, Distribution of mRNA encoding the growth hormone secretagogue receptor in brain and peripheral tissues., Brain Res Mol Brain Res, 48, 23, 10.1016/S0169-328X(97)00071-5

Kamegai, 2000, Central effect of ghrelin, an endogenous growth hormone secretagogue, on hypothalamic peptide gene expression., Endocrinology, 141, 4797, 10.1210/endo.141.12.7920

Masuda, 2000, Ghrelin stimulates gastric acid secretion and motility in rats., Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 276, 905, 10.1006/bbrc.2000.3568

Tschop, 2000, Ghrelin induces adiposity in rodents., Nature, 407, 908, 10.1038/35038090

Wren, 2000, The novel hypothalamic peptide ghrelin stimulates food intake and growth hormone secretion., Endocrinology, 141, 4325, 10.1210/endo.141.11.7873

Broglio, 2001, Ghrelin, a natural GH secretagogue produced by the stomach, induces hyperglycemia and reduces insulin secretion in humans., J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 86, 5083, 10.1210/jcem.86.10.8098

Date, 2001, Ghrelin acts in the central nervous system to stimulate gastric acid secretion., Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 280, 904, 10.1006/bbrc.2000.4212

Kamegai, 2001, Chronic central infusion of ghrelin increases hypothalamic neuropeptide Y and Agouti-related protein mRNA levels and body weight in rats., Diabetes, 50, 2438, 10.2337/diabetes.50.11.2438

Nagaya, 2001, Hemodynamic and hormonal effects of human ghrelin in healthy volunteers., Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol, 280, R1483, 10.1152/ajpregu.2001.280.5.R1483

Nakazato, 2001, A role for ghrelin in the central regulation of feeding., Nature, 409, 194, 10.1038/35051587

Wren, 2001, Ghrelin enhances appetite and increases food intake in humans., J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 86, 5992, 10.1210/jcem.86.12.8111

Egido, 2002, Inhibitory effect of ghrelin on insulin and pancreatic somatostatin secretion., Eur J Endocrinol, 146, 241, 10.1530/eje.0.1460241

Zhang, 2001, Inhibition of pancreatic protein secretion by ghrelin in the rat., J Physiol, 537, 231, 10.1111/j.1469-7793.2001.0231k.x

Nieminen, 2002, Seasonal weight regulation of the raccoon dog (Nyctereutes procyonoides): interactions between melatonin, leptin, ghrelin, and growth hormone., J Biol Rhythms, 17, 155, 10.1177/074873002129002447

Tolle, 2002, Ultradian rhythmicity of ghrelin secretion in relation with GH, feeding behavior, and sleep-wake patterns in rats., Endocrinology, 143, 1353, 10.1210/endo.143.4.8712

Asakawa, 2001, A role of ghrelin in neuroendocrine and behavioral responses to stress in mice., Neuroendocrinology, 74, 143, 10.1159/000054680

Jeffery, 2002, Expression and action of the growth hormone releasing peptide ghrelin and its receptor in prostate cancer cell lines., J Endocrinol, 172, R7, 10.1677/joe.0.172r007

Bennett, 1997, Hypothalamic growth hormone secretagogue-receptor (GHS-R) expression is regulated by growth hormone in the rat., Endocrinology, 138, 4552, 10.1210/endo.138.11.5476

Casanueva, 1999, Growth hormone secretagogues: physiological role and clinical utility., Trends Endocrinol Metab, 10, 30, 10.1016/S1043-2760(98)00116-7

Bodart, 2002, CD36 mediates the cardiovascular action of growth hormone-releasing peptides in the heart., Circ Res, 90, 844, 10.1161/01.RES.0000016164.02525.B4

Okumura, 2002, Vasodilatory effect of ghrelin, an endogenous peptide from the stomach., J Cardiovasc Pharmacol, 39, 779, 10.1097/00005344-200206000-00001

Horvath, 2001, Minireview: ghrelin and the regulation of energy balance—a hypothalamic perspective., Endocrinology, 142, 4163, 10.1210/endo.142.10.8490

Inui, 2001, Ghrelin: an orexigenic and somatotrophic signal from the stomach., Nat Rev Neurosci, 2, 551, 10.1038/35086018

Furuta, 2001, Intracerebroventricular administration of ghrelin rapidly suppresses pulsatile luteinizing hormone secretion in ovariectomized rats., Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 288, 780, 10.1006/bbrc.2001.5854

Furuse, 2001, Intracerebroventricular injection of ghrelin and growth hormone releasing factor inhibits food intake in neonatal chicks., Neurosci Lett, 301, 123, 10.1016/S0304-3940(01)01621-4

Frohman, 2000, Secretagogues and the somatotrope: signaling and proliferation., Recent Prog Horm Res, 55, 269

Yoshihara, 2002, Ghrelin: a novel peptide for growth hormone release and feeding regulation., Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care, 5, 391, 10.1097/00075197-200207000-00007

Caminos, 2003, Expression of ghrelin in the cyclic and pregnant rat ovary., Endocrinology, 144, 1594, 10.1210/en.2002-221058

Gaytan, 2003, Immunolocalization of ghrelin and its functional receptor, the type 1a growth hormone secretagogue receptor, in the cyclic human ovary., J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 88, 879, 10.1210/jc.2002-021196

Momany, 1981, Design, synthesis, and biological activity of peptides which release growth hormone in vitro., Endocrinology, 108, 31, 10.1210/endo-108-1-31

Momany, 1984, Conformational energy studies and in vitro and in vivo activity data on growth hormone-releasing peptides., Endocrinology, 114, 1531, 10.1210/endo-114-5-1531

Sartor, 1985, Variables determining the growth hormone response of His-d-Trp-Ala-Trp-d-Phe-Lys-NH2 in the rat., Endocrinology, 117, 1441, 10.1210/endo-117-4-1441

Sartor, 1985, Parallel studies of His-DTrp-Ala-Trp-DPhe-Lys-NH2 and human pancreatic growth hormone-releasing factor-44-NH2 in rat primary pituitary cell monolayer culture., Endocrinology, 116, 952, 10.1210/endo-116-3-952

Bowers, 1990, Growth hormone (GH)-releasing peptide stimulates GH release in normal men and acts synergistically with GH-releasing hormone., J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 70, 975, 10.1210/jcem-70-4-975

Thorner, 1990, Growth hormone-releasing hormone and growth hormone-releasing peptide as potential therapeutic modalities., Acta Paediatr Scand Suppl, 367, 29, 10.1111/j.1651-2227.1990.tb11628.x

Bowers, 1991, On the actions of the growth hormone-releasing hexapeptide, GHRP., Endocrinology, 128, 2027, 10.1210/endo-128-4-2027

Sethumadhavan, 1991, Demonstration and characterization of the specific binding of growth hormone-releasing peptide to rat anterior pituitary and hypothalamic membranes., Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 178, 31, 10.1016/0006-291X(91)91775-8

Robinson, 1992, Acute growth hormone (GH) response to GH-releasing hexapeptide in humans is independent of endogenous GH-releasing hormone., J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 75, 1121

Bowers, 1993, GH releasing peptides–structure and kinetics., J Pediatr Endocrinol, 6, 21, 10.1515/JPEM.1993.6.1.21

Bowers, 1994, On a peptidomimetic growth hormone-releasing peptide., J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 79, 940

Bowers, 2001, Unnatural growth hormone-releasing peptide begets natural ghrelin., J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 86, 1464, 10.1210/jcem.86.4.7431

Tannenbaum, 2001, Interactions of growth hormone secretagogues and growth hormone-releasing hormone/somatostatin., Endocrine, 14, 21, 10.1385/ENDO:14:1:021

Veldhuis, 2001, Interactive regulation of postmenopausal growth hormone insulin-like growth factor axis by estrogen and growth hormone-releasing peptide-2., Endocrine, 14, 45, 10.1385/ENDO:14:1:045

Bowers, 1998, Growth hormone-releasing peptide (GHRP)., Cell Mol Life Sci, 54, 1316, 10.1007/s000180050257

Camanni, 1998, Growth hormone-releasing peptides and their analogs., Front Neuroendocrinol, 19, 47, 10.1006/frne.1997.0158

Pan, 2001, Preclinical pharmacology of CP-424,391, an orally active pyrazolinone-piperidine growth hormone secretagogue., Endocrine, 14, 121, 10.1385/ENDO:14:1:121

Raun, 1998, Ipamorelin, the first selective growth hormone secretagogue., Eur J Endocrinol, 139, 552, 10.1530/eje.0.1390552

DeVita, 1998, A potent, orally bioavailable benzazepinone growth hormone secretagogue., J Med Chem, 41, 1716, 10.1021/jm970816j

Chang, 1995, Activity of a novel nonpeptidyl growth hormone secretagogue, L-700,653, in swine., Endocrinology, 136, 1065, 10.1210/endo.136.3.7867560

Elias, 1995, In vitro characterization of four novel classes of growth hormone-releasing peptide., Endocrinology, 136, 5694, 10.1210/endo.136.12.7588325

McDowell, 1995, Growth hormone secretagogues: characterization, efficacy, and minimal bioactive conformation., Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 92, 11165, 10.1073/pnas.92.24.11165

Deghenghi, 1995, Small peptides as potent releasers of growth hormone., J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab, 8, 311, 10.1515/JPEM.1995.8.4.311

Hansen, 2001, Highly potent growth hormone secretagogues: hybrids of NN703 and ipamorelin., Bioorg Med Chem Lett, 11, 1915, 10.1016/S0960-894X(01)00345-6

Bowers, 1992, The growth hormone-releasing activity of a synthetic hexapeptide in normal men and short statured children after oral administration., J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 74, 292

Patchett, 1995, Design and biological activities of L-163,191 (MK-0677): a potent, orally active growth hormone secretagogue., Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 92, 7001, 10.1073/pnas.92.15.7001

Chapman, 1996, Stimulation of the growth hormone (GH)-insulin-like growth factor I axis by daily oral administration of a GH secretogogue (MK-677) in healthy elderly subjects., J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 81, 4249

Copinschi, 1996, Effects of a 7-day treatment with a novel, orally active, growth hormone (GH) secretagogue, MK-677, on 24-hour GH profiles, insulin-like growth factor I, and adrenocortical function in normal young men., J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 81, 2776

Jacks, 1996, MK-0677, a potent, novel, orally active growth hormone (GH) secretagogue: GH, insulin-like growth factor I, and other hormonal responses in beagles., Endocrinology, 137, 5284, 10.1210/endo.137.12.8940347

Smith, 1996, Modulation of pulsatile GH release through a novel receptor in hypothalamus and pituitary gland., Recent Prog Horm Res, 51, 261

Thorner, 1996, Theodore R. Woodward Award. Age-related decline in growth hormone secretion: clinical significance and potential reversibility., Trans Am Clin Climatol Assoc, 108, 99

Chapman, 1997, Oral administration of growth hormone (GH) releasing peptide-mimetic MK-677 stimulates the GH/insulin-like growth factor-I axis in selected GH-deficient adults., J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 82, 3455

Constanzer, 1997, Determination of a novel growth hormone secretagogue (MK-677) in human plasma at picogram levels by liquid chromatography with atmospheric pressure chemical ionization tandem mass spectrometry., J Chromatogr B Biomed Sci Appl, 693, 131, 10.1016/S0378-4347(97)00035-2

Copinschi, 1997, Prolonged oral treatment with MK-677, a novel growth hormone secretagogue, improves sleep quality in man., Neuroendocrinology, 66, 278, 10.1159/000127249

Hickey, 1997, Repeat administration of the GH secretagogue MK-0677 increases and maintains elevated IGF-I levels in beagles., J Endocrinol, 152, 183, 10.1677/joe.0.1520183

Lieber, 1997, Growth hormone secretagogue increases muscle strength during remobilization after canine hindlimb immobilization., J Orthop Res, 15, 519, 10.1002/jor.1100150407

Bailey, 1998, The nonpeptide growth hormone secretagogue, MK-0677, activates hypothalamic arcuate nucleus neurons in vivo., J Neuroendocrinol, 10, 111, 10.1046/j.1365-2826.1998.00176.x

Murphy, 1998, MK-677, an orally active growth hormone secretagogue, reverses diet-induced catabolism., J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 83, 320

Svensson, 1998, Two-month treatment of obese subjects with the oral growth hormone (GH) secretagogue MK-677 increases GH secretion, fat-free mass, and energy expenditure., J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 83, 362

Svensson, 1998, Treatment with the oral growth hormone secretagogue MK-677 increases markers of bone formation and bone resorption in obese young males., J Bone Miner Res, 13, 1158, 10.1359/jbmr.1998.13.7.1158

Murphy, 1999, Oral administration of the growth hormone secretagogue MK-677 increases markers of bone turnover in healthy and functionally impaired elderly adults. The MK-677 Study Group., J Bone Miner Res, 14, 1182, 10.1359/jbmr.1999.14.7.1182

Schleim, 1999, Increases in circulating insulin-like growth factor I levels by the oral growth hormone secretagogue MK-0677 in the beagle are dependent upon pituitary mediation., Endocrinology, 140, 1552, 10.1210/endo.140.4.6667

Svensson, 1999, Treatment of obese subjects with the oral growth hormone secretagogue MK-677 affects serum concentrations of several lipoproteins, but not lipoprotein(a)., J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 84, 2028

Murphy, 2001, Effect of alendronate and MK-677 (a growth hormone secretagogue), individually and in combination, on markers of bone turnover and bone mineral density in postmenopausal osteoporotic women., J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 86, 1116

Aloi, 1994, Neuroendocrine responses to a novel growth hormone secretagogue, L-692,429, in healthy older subjects., J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 79, 943

Gertz, 1993, Growth hormone response in man to L-692,429, a novel nonpeptide mimic of growth hormone-releasing peptide-6., J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 77, 1393

Gertz, 1994, L-692,429, a nonpeptide growth hormone (GH) secretagogue, reverses glucocorticoid suppression of GH secretion., J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 79, 745

Broglio, 2002, EP1572: a novel peptido-mimetic GH secretagogue with potent and selective GH-releasing activity in man., J Endocrinol Invest, 25, RC26, 10.1007/BF03345096

Ong, 1998, Identification of a pituitary growth hormone-releasing peptide (GHRP) receptor subtype by photoaffinity labeling., Endocrinology, 139, 432, 10.1210/endo.139.1.5811

Codd, 1989, Binding of a growth hormone releasing hexapeptide to specific hypothalamic and pituitary binding sites., Neuropharmacology, 28, 1139, 10.1016/0028-3908(89)90129-9

Kamegai, 1998, Growth hormone-dependent regulation of pituitary GH secretagogue receptor (GHS-R) mRNA levels in the spontaneous dwarf rat., Neuroendocrinology, 68, 312, 10.1159/000054379

Kamegai, 1999, Growth hormone-releasing hormone receptor (GHRH-R) and growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHS-R) mRNA levels during postnatal development in male and female rats., J Neuroendocrinol, 11, 299, 10.1046/j.1365-2826.1999.00330.x

Kineman, 1999, Growth hormone (GH)-releasing hormone (GHRH) and the GH secretagogue (GHS), L692,585, differentially modulate rat pituitary GHS-R and GHRH receptor messenger ribonucleic acid levels., Endocrinology, 140, 3581, 10.1210/endo.140.8.6918

Smith, 2001, Growth hormone secretagogue receptor family members and ligands., Endocrine, 14, 9, 10.1385/ENDO:14:1:009

McKee, 1997, Cloning and characterization of two human G protein-coupled receptor genes (GPR38 and GPR39) related to the growth hormone secretagogue and neurotensin receptors., Genomics, 46, 426, 10.1006/geno.1997.5069

McKee, 1997, Molecular analysis of rat pituitary and hypothalamic growth hormone secretagogue receptors., Mol Endocrinol, 11, 415, 10.1210/mend.11.4.9908

Tan, 1998, Cloning and characterization of a human and murine T-cell orphan G protein-coupled receptor similar to the growth hormone secretagogue and neurotensin receptors., Genomics, 52, 223, 10.1006/geno.1998.5441

Feighner, 1998, Structural requirements for the activation of the human growth hormone secretagogue receptor by peptide and nonpeptide secretagogues., Mol Endocrinol, 12, 137, 10.1210/mend.12.1.0051

Palyha, 2000, Ligand activation domain of human orphan growth hormone (GH) secretagogue receptor (GHS-R) conserved from pufferfish to humans., Mol Endocrinol, 14, 160, 10.1210/mend.14.1.0412

Feighner, 1999, Receptor for motilin identified in the human gastrointestinal system., Science, 284, 2184, 10.1126/science.284.5423.2184

Cheng, 1997, Inhibition of L-692,429-stimulated rat growth hormone release by a weak substance P antagonist: L-756,867., J Endocrinol, 152, 155, 10.1677/joe.0.1520155

Bluet-Pajot, 2001, Growth hormone secretagogues and hypothalamic networks., Endocrine, 14, 1, 10.1385/ENDO:14:1:001

Korbonits, 1998, Expression of the growth hormone secretagogue receptor in pituitary adenomas and other neuroendocrine tumors., J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 83, 3624

Ghigo, 1999, Endocrine and non-endocrine activities of growth hormone secretagogues in humans., Horm Res, 51(Suppl 3), 9

Cowley, 2003, The distribution and mechanism of action of ghrelin in the CNS demonstrates a novel hypothalamic circuit regulating energy homeostasis., Neuron, 37, 649, 10.1016/S0896-6273(03)00063-1

Dornonville de la Cour, 2001, A-like cells in the rat stomach contain ghrelin and do not operate under gastrin control., Regul Pept, 99, 141, 10.1016/S0167-0115(01)00243-9

Rindi, 2002, Characterisation of gastric ghrelin cells in man and other mammals: studies in adult and fetal tissues., Histochem Cell Biol, 117, 511, 10.1007/s00418-002-0415-1

Papotti, 2001, Ghrelin-producing endocrine tumors of the stomach and intestine., J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 86, 5052, 10.1210/jcem.86.10.7918

Tomasetto, 2000, Identification and characterization of a novel gastric peptide hormone: the motilin-related peptide., Gastroenterology, 119, 395, 10.1053/gast.2000.9371

Rindi, 2002, Ghrelin expression in gut endocrine growths., Histochem Cell Biol, 117, 521, 10.1007/s00418-002-0416-0

Kanamoto, 2001, Substantial production of ghrelin by a human medullary thyroid carcinoma cell line., J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 86, 4984, 10.1210/jcem.86.10.7891

Matsumoto, 2001, Structure-activity relationship of ghrelin: pharmacological study of ghrelin peptides., Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 287, 142, 10.1006/bbrc.2001.5553

Hosoda, 2000, Ghrelin and des-acyl ghrelin: two major forms of rat ghrelin peptide in gastrointestinal tissue., Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 279, 909, 10.1006/bbrc.2000.4039

Silva Elipe, 2001, 1H NMR structural analysis of human ghrelin and its six truncated analogs., Biopolymers, 59, 489, 10.1002/1097-0282(200112)59:7<489::AID-BIP1054>3.0.CO;2-S

Hosoda, 2003, Structural divergence of human ghrelin. Identification of multiple ghrelin-derived molecules produced by post-translational processing., J Biol Chem, 278, 64, 10.1074/jbc.M205366200

Del Rincon, 2001, Motilin-related peptide and ghrelin: lessons from molecular techniques, peptide chemistry, and receptor biology., Gastroenterology, 120, 587, 10.1053/gast.2001.22164

Tomasetto, 2001, Identification of cDNA encoding motilin related peptide/ghrelin precursor from dog fundus., Peptides, 22, 2055, 10.1016/S0196-9781(01)00557-5

Trudel, 2002, Ghrelin/motilin-related peptide is a potent prokinetic to reverse gastric postoperative ileus in rat., Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol, 282, G948, 10.1152/ajpgi.00339.2001

Asakawa, 2001, Ghrelin is an appetite-stimulatory signal from stomach with structural resemblance to motilin., Gastroenterology, 120, 337, 10.1053/gast.2001.22158

Coulie, 2001, Identification of peptide ligand-binding domains within the human motilin receptor using photoaffinity labeling., J Biol Chem, 276, 35518, 10.1074/jbc.M104489200

Tolle, 2001, In vivo and in vitro effects of ghrelin/motilin-related peptide on growth hormone secretion in the rat., Neuroendocrinology, 73, 54, 10.1159/000054620

Folwaczny, 2001, Ghrelin and motilin: two sides of one coin?, Eur J Endocrinol, 144, R1, 10.1530/eje.0.144r001

Samson, 1984, Motilin: a novel growth hormone releasing agent., Brain Res Bull, 12, 57, 10.1016/0361-9230(84)90215-6

Depoortere, 2003, Interaction of the growth hormone-releasing peptides ghrelin and growth hormone-releasing peptide-6 with the motilin receptor in the rabbit gastric antrum., J Pharmacol Exp Ther, 305, 660, 10.1124/jpet.102.047563

Kojima, 2001, Ghrelin: discovery of the natural endogenous ligand for the growth hormone secretagogue receptor., Trends Endocrinol Metab, 12, 118, 10.1016/S1043-2760(00)00362-3

Smith, 1999, A new orphan receptor involved in pulsatile growth hormone release., Trends Endocrinol Metab, 10, 128, 10.1016/S1043-2760(98)00132-5

Smith, 1999, Growth hormone releasing substances: types and their receptors., Horm Res, 51(Suppl 3), 1

Petersenn, 2001, Genomic structure and transcriptional regulation of the human growth hormone secretagogue receptor., Endocrinology, 142, 2649, 10.1210/endo.142.6.8184

Kojima, 2001, Purification and distribution of ghrelin: the natural endogenous ligand for the growth hormone secretagogue receptor., Horm Res, 56(Suppl 1), 93

Chen, 1996, Signal transduction systems employed by synthetic GH-releasing peptides in somatotrophs., J Endocrinol, 148, 381, 10.1677/joe.0.1480381

Casanueva, 1999, Neuroendocrine regulation and actions of leptin., Front Neuroendocrinol, 20, 317, 10.1006/frne.1999.0187

Hosoda, 2000, Purification and characterization of rat des-Gln14-ghrelin, a second endogenous ligand for the growth hormone secretagogue receptor., J Biol Chem, 275, 21995, 10.1074/jbc.M002784200

Broglio, 2003, Non-acylated ghrelin does not possess the pituitaric and pancreatic endocrine activity of acylated ghrelin in humans., J Endocrinol Invest, 26, 192, 10.1007/BF03345156

Beaumont, 2003, Ghrelin can bind to a species of high-density lipoprotein associated with paraoxonase., J Biol Chem, 278, 8877, 10.1074/jbc.C200575200

Torsello, 2002, Short ghrelin peptides neither displace ghrelin binding in vitro nor stimulate GH release in vivo., Endocrinology, 143, 1968, 10.1210/endo.143.5.8894

Tullin, 2000, Adenosine is an agonist of the growth hormone secretagogue receptor., Endocrinology, 141, 3397, 10.1210/endo.141.9.7631

Smith, 2000, Adenosine: a partial agonist of the growth hormone secretagogue receptor., Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 276, 1306, 10.1006/bbrc.2000.3610

Yokote, 1998, Molecular cloning and gene expression of growth hormone-releasing peptide receptor in rat tissues., Peptides, 19, 15, 10.1016/S0196-9781(97)00263-5

Shuto, 2001, Generation of polyclonal antiserum against the growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHS-R): evidence that the GHS-R exists in the hypothalamus, pituitary and stomach of rats., Life Sci, 68, 991, 10.1016/S0024-3205(00)01001-8

Willesen, 1999, Co-localization of growth hormone secretagogue receptor and NPY mRNA in the arcuate nucleus of the rat., Neuroendocrinology, 70, 306, 10.1159/000054491

Shintani, 2001, Ghrelin, an endogenous growth hormone secretagogue, is a novel orexigenic peptide that antagonizes leptin action through the activation of hypothalamic neuropeptide Y/Y1 receptor pathway., Diabetes, 50, 227, 10.2337/diabetes.50.2.227

Dickson, 1997, Induction of c-fos messenger ribonucleic acid in neuropeptide Y and growth hormone (GH)-releasing factor neurons in the rat arcuate nucleus following systemic injection of the GH secretagogue, GH-releasing peptide-6., Endocrinology, 138, 771, 10.1210/endo.138.2.4907

Hewson, 2000, Systemic administration of ghrelin induces Fos and Egr-1 proteins in the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus of fasted and fed rats., J Neuroendocrinol, 12, 1047, 10.1046/j.1365-2826.2000.00584.x

Katayama, 2000, Developmentally and regionally regulated expression of growth hormone secretagogue receptor mRNA in rat brain and pituitary gland., Neuroendocrinology, 72, 333, 10.1159/000054602

Korbonits, 2001, The expression of the growth hormone secretagogue receptor ligand ghrelin in normal and abnormal human pituitary and other neuroendocrine tumors., J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 86, 881

Nagaya, 2001, Hemodynamic, renal, and hormonal effects of ghrelin infusion in patients with chronic heart failure., J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 86, 5854, 10.1210/jcem.86.12.8115

Nagaya, 2001, Chronic administration of ghrelin improves left ventricular dysfunction and attenuates development of cardiac cachexia in rats with heart failure., Circulation, 104, 1430, 10.1161/hc3601.095575

Keyzer, 1997, Widespread transcription of the growth hormone-releasing peptide receptor gene in neuroendocrine human tumors., Eur J Endocrinol, 137, 715, 10.1530/eje.0.1370715

Bodart, 1999, Identification and characterization of a new growth hormone-releasing peptide receptor in the heart., Circ Res, 85, 796, 10.1161/01.RES.85.9.796

Katugampola, 2003, Emerging roles for orphan G protein-coupled receptors in the cardiovascular system., Trends Pharmacol Sci, 24, 30, 10.1016/S0165-6147(02)00007-X

Volante, 2002, Expression of ghrelin and of the GH secretagogue receptor by pancreatic islet cells and related endocrine tumors., J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 87, 1300, 10.1210/jcem.87.3.8279

Baldanzi, 2002, Ghrelin and des-acyl ghrelin inhibit cell death in cardiomyocytes and endothelial cells through ERK1/2 and PI 3-kinase/AKT., J Cell Biol, 159, 1029, 10.1083/jcb.200207165

Filigheddu, 2001, Hexarelin protects H9c2 cardiomyocytes from doxorubicin-induced cell death., Endocrine, 14, 113, 10.1385/ENDO:14:1:113

Deghenghi, 2001, Somatostatin octapeptides (lanreotide, octreotide, vapreotide, and their analogs) share the growth hormone-releasing peptide receptor in the human pituitary gland., Endocrine, 14, 29, 10.1385/ENDO:14:1:029

Lecea, 1996, A cortical neuropeptide with neuronal depressant and sleep-modulating properties., Nature, 381, 242, 10.1038/381242a0

Lecea, 1996, Peptides, sleep and cortistatin., Mol Psychiatry, 1, 349

Connor, 1997, Cortistatin increase of a potassium conductance in rat locus coeruleus in vitro., Br J Pharmacol, 122, 1567, 10.1038/sj.bjp.0701541

Lecea, 1997, Cloning, mRNA expression, and chromosomal mapping of mouse and human preprocortistatin., Genomics, 42, 499, 10.1006/geno.1997.4763

Lecea, 1997, Cortistatin is expressed in a distinct subset of cortical interneurons., J Neurosci, 17, 5868, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.17-15-05868.1997

Flood, 1997, The cortical neuropeptide, cortistatin-14, impairs post-training memory processing., Brain Res, 775, 250, 10.1016/S0006-8993(97)01084-6

Fukusumi, 1997, Identification and characterization of a novel human cortistatin-like peptide., Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 232, 157, 10.1006/bbrc.1997.6252

Braun, 1998, Protective effects of cortistatin (CST-14) against kainate-induced neurotoxicity in rat brain., Brain Res, 803, 54, 10.1016/S0006-8993(98)00609-X

Siehler, 1998, [125I]Tyr10-cortistatin14 labels all five somatostatin receptors., Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol, 357, 483, 10.1007/PL00005197

Calbet, 1999, Cortistatin and somatostatin mRNAs are differentially regulated in response to kainate., Brain Res Mol Brain Res, 72, 55, 10.1016/S0169-328X(99)00220-X

Criado, 1999, Structural and compositional determinants of cortistatin activity., J Neurosci Res, 56, 611, 10.1002/(SICI)1097-4547(19990615)56:6<611::AID-JNR7>3.0.CO;2-G

Kreienkamp, 1999, Molecular biology of the receptors for somatostatin and cortistatin., Results Probl Cell Differ, 26, 215, 10.1007/978-3-540-49421-8_10

Vasilaki, 1999, Cortistatin affects glutamate sensitivity in mouse hypothalamic neurons through activation of sst2 somatostatin receptor subtype., Neuroscience, 88, 359, 10.1016/S0306-4522(98)00413-8

Ejeskar, 2000, Fine mapping of the human preprocortistatin gene (CORT) to neuroblastoma consensus deletion region 1p36.3→p36.2, but absence of mutations in primary tumors., Cytogenet Cell Genet, 89, 62, 10.1159/000015566

Sanchez-Alavez, 2000, Cortistatin modulates memory processes in rats., Brain Res, 858, 78, 10.1016/S0006-8993(99)02336-7

Spier, 2000, Cortistatin: a member of the somatostatin neuropeptide family with distinct physiological functions., Brain Res Brain Res Rev, 33, 228, 10.1016/S0165-0173(00)00031-X

Adams, 1995, The growth hormone secretagogue, L-692,429, induces phosphatidylinositol hydrolysis and hormone secretion by human pituitary tumors., Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 208, 555, 10.1006/bbrc.1995.1374

Arvat, 1995, Modulation of growth hormone-releasing activity of hexarelin in man., Neuroendocrinology, 61, 51, 10.1159/000126827

Broglio, 2002, Endocrine activities of cortistatin-14 and its interaction with GHRH and ghrelin in humans., J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 87, 3783, 10.1210/jcem.87.8.8749

Deghenghi, 2001, Growth hormone-inhibiting activity of cortistatin in the rat., J Endocrinol Invest, 24, RC31, 10.1007/BF03343939

Arvat, 1997, Mechanisms underlying the negative growth hormone (GH) autofeedback on the GH-releasing effect of hexarelin in man., Metabolism, 46, 83, 10.1016/S0026-0495(97)90173-6

Arvat, 1996, Supramaximal doses of GHRH or hexarelin, a synthetic hexapeptide, enhance the low somatotrope responsiveness in aging., J Endocrinol Invest, 19(Suppl 5), 3

Arvat, 1996, Influence of β-adrenergic agonists and antagonists on the GH-releasing effect of hexarelin in man., J Endocrinol Invest, 19, 25, 10.1007/BF03347854

Arvat, 1997, Oestrogen replacement does not restore the reduced GH-releasing activity of hexarelin, a synthetic hexapeptide, in post-menopausal women., Eur J Endocrinol, 136, 483, 10.1530/eje.0.1360483

Wiley, 2002, Comparison of vasodilators in human internal mammary artery: ghrelin is a potent physiological antagonist of endothelin-1., Br J Pharmacol, 136, 1146, 10.1038/sj.bjp.0704815

Banks, 2002, Extent and direction of ghrelin transport across the blood-brain barrier is determined by its unique primary structure., J Pharmacol Exp Ther, 302, 822, 10.1124/jpet.102.034827

Luckman, 1999, Activation of arcuate nucleus neurons by systemic administration of leptin and growth hormone-releasing peptide-6 in normal and fasted rats., Neuroendocrinology, 70, 93, 10.1159/000054463

Sakata, 2002, Ghrelin-producing cells exist as two types of cells, closed- and opened-type cells, in the rat gastrointestinal tract., Peptides, 23, 531, 10.1016/S0196-9781(01)00633-7

Moller, 2003, Splanchnic release of ghrelin in humans., J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 88, 850, 10.1210/jc.2002-021086

Cummings, 2002, Plasma ghrelin levels after diet-induced weight loss or gastric bypass surgery., N Engl J Med, 346, 1623, 10.1056/NEJMoa012908

Faraj, 2003, Plasma acylation-stimulating protein, adiponectin, leptin, and ghrelin before and after weight loss induced by gastric bypass surgery in morbidly obese subjects., J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 88, 1594, 10.1210/jc.2002-021309

Geloneze, 2003, Ghrelin: a gut-brain hormone: effect of gastric bypass surgery., Obes Surg, 13, 17, 10.1381/096089203321136539

Holdstock, 2003, Ghrelin and adipose tissue regulatory peptides: effect of gastric bypass surgery in obese humans., J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 88, 3177, 10.1210/jc.2002-021734

Date, 2002, Ghrelin is present in pancreatic α-cells of humans and rats and stimulates insulin secretion., Diabetes, 51, 124, 10.2337/diabetes.51.1.124

Lu, 2002, Immunocytochemical observation of ghrelin-containing neurons in the rat arcuate nucleus., Neurosci Lett, 321, 157, 10.1016/S0304-3940(01)02544-7

Koo, 2001, Immune enhancing effect of a growth hormone secretagogue., J Immunol, 166, 4195, 10.4049/jimmunol.166.6.4195

Cummings, 2001, A preprandial rise in plasma ghrelin levels suggests a role in meal initiation in humans., Diabetes, 50, 1714, 10.2337/diabetes.50.8.1714

Barkan, 2003, Ghrelin secretion in humans is sexually dimorphic, suppressed by somatostatin, and not affected by the ambient growth hormone levels., J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 88, 2180, 10.1210/jc.2002-021169

Saad, 2002, Insulin regulates plasma ghrelin concentration., J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 87, 3997, 10.1210/jcem.87.8.8879

Mohlig, 2002, Euglycemic hyperinsulinemia, but not lipid infusion, decreases circulating ghrelin levels in humans., J Endocrinol Invest, 25, RC36, 10.1007/BF03344062

Flanagan, 2003, The influence of insulin on circulating ghrelin., Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab, 284, E313, 10.1152/ajpendo.00569.2001

Lucidi, 2002, Ghrelin is not necessary for adequate hormonal counterregulation of insulin-induced hypoglycemia., Diabetes, 51, 2911, 10.2337/diabetes.51.10.2911

Masaoka, 2003, Enhanced plasma ghrelin levels in rats with streptozotocin-induced diabetes., FEBS Lett, 541, 64, 10.1016/S0014-5793(03)00306-5

Ostergard, 2003, Circulating ghrelin concentrations are reduced in healthy offspring of type 2 diabetic subjects, and are increased in women independent of a family history of type 2 diabetes., Diabetologia, 46, 134, 10.1007/s00125-002-0985-4

Reimer, 2003, Dose-dependent inhibition by ghrelin of insulin secretion in the mouse., Endocrinology, 144, 916, 10.1210/en.2002-220819

Nakagawa, 2002, Hyperglycaemia suppresses the secretion of ghrelin, a novel growth-hormone-releasing peptide: responses to the intravenous and oral administration of glucose., Clin Sci (Lond), 103, 325, 10.1042/cs1030325

Shiiya, 2002, Plasma ghrelin levels in lean and obese humans and the effect of glucose on ghrelin secretion., J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 87, 240, 10.1210/jcem.87.1.8129

Nakai, 2003, Plasma levels of active form of ghrelin during oral glucose tolerance test in patients with anorexia nervosa., Eur J Endocrinol, 149, R001

Schaller, 2003, Plasma ghrelin concentrations are not regulated by glucose or insulin: a double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover clamp study., Diabetes, 52, 16, 10.2337/diabetes.52.1.16

Williams, 2003, Meal-related ghrelin suppression requires postgastric feedback., Endocrinology, 144, 2765, 10.1210/en.2003-0381

Broglio, 2002, Ghrelin secretion is inhibited by either somatostatin or cortistatin in humans., J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 87, 4829, 10.1210/jc.2002-020956

Freda, 2003, Serum ghrelin levels in acromegaly: effects of surgical and long-acting octreotide therapy., J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 88, 2037, 10.1210/jc.2002-021683

Norrelund, 2002, Ghrelin immunoreactivity in human plasma is suppressed by somatostatin., Clin Endocrinol (Oxf), 57, 539, 10.1046/j.1365-2265.2002.01649.x

Shimada, 2003, Somatostatin suppresses ghrelin secretion from the rat stomach., Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 302, 520, 10.1016/S0006-291X(03)00178-5

Tannenbaum, 2003, Interrelationship between the novel peptide ghrelin and somatostatin/growth hormone-releasing hormone in regulation of pulsatile growth hormone secretion., Endocrinology, 144, 967, 10.1210/en.2002-220852

Tschop, 2002, Hypophysectomy prevents ghrelin-induced adiposity and increases gastric ghrelin secretion in rats., Obes Res, 10, 991, 10.1038/oby.2002.135

Cappiello, 2002, Circulating ghrelin levels in basal conditions and during glucose tolerance test in acromegalic patients., Eur J Endocrinol, 147, 189, 10.1530/eje.0.1470189

Toorn, 2002, Central ghrelin production does not substantially contribute to systemic ghrelin concentrations; a study in two subjects with active acromegaly., Eur J Endocrinol, 147, 195, 10.1530/eje.0.1470195

Muller, 2002, Ghrelin drives GH secretion during fasting in man., Eur J Endocrinol, 146, 203, 10.1530/eje.0.1460203

Murdolo, 2003, Circulating ghrelin levels of visceral obese men are not modified by a short-term treatment with very low doses of GH replacement., J Endocrinol Invest, 26, 244, 10.1007/BF03345164

Kalra, 1999, Interacting appetite-regulating pathways in the hypothalamic regulation of body weight., Endocr Rev, 20, 68

Rosicka, 2003, Serum ghrelin levels in obese patients: the relationship to serum leptin levels and soluble leptin receptors levels., Physiol Res, 52, 61, 10.33549/physiolres.930301

Tolle, 2003, Balance in ghrelin and leptin plasma levels in anorexia nervosa patients and constitutionally thin women., J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 88, 109, 10.1210/jc.2002-020645

Tritos, 2003, Cerebrospinal fluid ghrelin is negatively associated with body mass index., J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 88, 2943, 10.1210/jc.2003-030300

Weigle, 2003, Roles of leptin and ghrelin in the loss of body weight caused by a low fat, high carbohydrate diet., J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 88, 1577, 10.1210/jc.2002-021262

Mustonen, 2001, Preliminary evidence that pharmacologic melatonin treatment decreases rat ghrelin levels., Endocrine, 16, 43, 10.1385/ENDO:16:1:43

Riis, 2003, Hyperthyroidism is associated with suppressed circulating ghrelin levels., J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 88, 853, 10.1210/jc.2002-021302

Kishimoto, 2003, Cloning and characterization of the 5(’)-flanking region of the human ghrelin gene., Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 305, 186, 10.1016/S0006-291X(03)00722-8

Sugino, 2003, Involvement of cholinergic neurons in the regulation of the ghrelin secretory response to feeding in sheep., Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 304, 308, 10.1016/S0006-291X(03)00593-X

Tschop, 2001, Post-prandial decrease of circulating human ghrelin levels., J Endocrinol Invest, 24, RC19, 10.1007/BF03351037

Toshinai, 2001, Upregulation of ghrelin expression in the stomach upon fasting, insulin-induced hypoglycemia, and leptin administration., Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 281, 1220, 10.1006/bbrc.2001.4518

Hayashida, 2001, Ghrelin in domestic animals: distribution in stomach and its possible role., Domest Anim Endocrinol, 21, 17, 10.1016/S0739-7240(01)00104-7

Ariyasu, 2001, Stomach is a major source of circulating ghrelin, and feeding state determines plasma ghrelin-like immunoreactivity levels in humans., J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 86, 4753, 10.1210/jcem.86.10.7885

Ariyasu, 2002, Delayed short-term secretory regulation of ghrelin in obese animals: evidenced by a specific RIA for the active form of ghrelin., Endocrinology, 143, 3341, 10.1210/en.2002-220225

Janssen, 2001, Systemic ghrelin levels in subjects with growth hormone deficiency are not modified by one year of growth hormone replacement therapy., Eur J Endocrinol, 145, 711, 10.1530/eje.0.1450711

Gualillo, 2001, Gender and gonadal influences on ghrelin mRNA levels in rat stomach., Eur J Endocrinol, 144, 687, 10.1530/eje.0.1440687

Bellone, 2002, Circulating ghrelin levels as function of gender, pubertal status and adiposity in childhood., J Endocrinol Invest, 25, RC13, 10.1007/BF03344026

Peino, 2000, Ghrelin-induced growth hormone secretion in humans., Eur J Endocrinol, 143, R11, 10.1530/eje.0.143r011

Seoane, 2000, Ghrelin elicits a marked stimulatory effect on GH secretion in freely-moving rats., Eur J Endocrinol, 143, R7, 10.1530/eje.0.143r007

Hataya, 2001, A low dose of ghrelin stimulates growth hormone (GH) release synergistically with GH-releasing hormone in humans., J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 86, 4552, 10.1210/jcem.86.9.8002

Akman, 1993, Mechanisms of action of a second generation growth hormone-releasing peptide (Ala-His-D-β Nal-Ala-Trp-D-Phe-Lys-NH2) in rat anterior pituitary cells., Endocrinology, 132, 1286, 10.1210/endo.132.3.8095015

Badger, 1984, The effects of growth hormone (GH)-releasing peptides on GH secretion in perifused pituitary cells of adult male rats., Endocrinology, 115, 1432, 10.1210/endo-115-4-1432

Cheng, 1989, The synergistic effects of His-D-Trp-Ala-Trp-D-Phe-Lys-NH2 on growth hormone (GH)-releasing factor-stimulated GH release and intracellular adenosine 3′,5′-monophosphate accumulation in rat primary pituitary cell culture., Endocrinology, 124, 2791, 10.1210/endo-124-6-2791

Cheng, 1993, Stimulation of growth hormone release from rat primary pituitary cells by L-692,429, a novel non-peptidyl GH secretagogue., Endocrinology, 132, 2729, 10.1210/endo.132.6.8389289

Cheng, 1993, A novel non-peptidyl growth hormone secretagogue., Horm Res, 40, 109, 10.1159/000183777

Goth, 1992, Pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide, growth hormone (GH)-releasing peptide and GH-releasing hormone stimulate GH release through distinct pituitary receptors., Endocrinology, 130, 939

Herrington, 1994, Growth hormone-releasing hexapeptide elevates intracellular calcium in rat somatotropes by two mechanisms., Endocrinology, 135, 1100, 10.1210/endo.135.3.8070352

Locatelli, 1994, Growth hormone-releasing hexapeptide is a potent stimulator of growth hormone gene expression and release in the growth hormone-releasing hormone-deprived infant rat., Pediatr Res, 36, 169, 10.1203/00006450-199408000-00006

Smith, 1993, A nonpeptidyl growth hormone secretagogue., Science, 260, 1640, 10.1126/science.8503009

Wu, 1994, Effects in vitro of new growth hormone releasing peptide (GHRP-1) on growth hormone secretion from ovine pituitary cells in primary culture., J Neuroendocrinol, 6, 185, 10.1111/j.1365-2826.1994.tb00571.x

Wu, 1994, The effect of GH-releasing peptide-2 (GHRP-2 or KP 102) on GH secretion from primary cultured ovine pituitary cells can be abolished by a specific GH-releasing factor (GRF) receptor antagonist., J Endocrinol, 140, R9, 10.1677/joe.0.140R009

Glavaski-Joksimovic, 2003, Stimulatory effect of ghrelin on isolated porcine somatotropes., Neuroendocrinology, 77, 367, 10.1159/000071309

Hashizume, 2003, Effects of ghrelin on growth hormone secretion from cultured adenohypophysial cells in pigs., Domest Anim Endocrinol, 24, 209, 10.1016/S0739-7240(02)00240-0

Blake, 1991, Desensitization studies using perifused rat pituitary cells show that growth hormone-releasing hormone and His-D-Trp-Ala-Trp-D-Phe-Lys-NH2 stimulate growth hormone release through distinct receptor sites., J Endocrinol, 129, 11, 10.1677/joe.0.1290011

Bowers, 1984, On the in vitro and in vivo activity of a new synthetic hexapeptide that acts on the pituitary to specifically release growth hormone., Endocrinology, 114, 1537, 10.1210/endo-114-5-1537

Mazza, 1989, Effect of the potentiation of cholinergic activity on the variability in individual GH response to GH-releasing hormone., J Endocrinol Invest, 12, 795, 10.1007/BF03350063

Clark, 1989, The effects of a growth hormone-releasing peptide and growth hormone-releasing factor in conscious and anaesthetized rats., J Neuroendocrinol, 1, 249, 10.1111/j.1365-2826.1989.tb00112.x

Malozowski, 1991, Growth hormone (GH) responses to the hexapeptide GH-releasing peptide and GH-releasing hormone (GHRH) in the cynomolgus macaque: evidence for non-GHRH-mediated responses., J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 73, 314, 10.1210/jcem-73-2-314

Fletcher, 1994, Constitutive growth hormone secretion in sheep after hypothalamopituitary disconnection and the direct in vivo pituitary effect of growth hormone releasing peptide 6., Neuroendocrinology, 60, 76, 10.1159/000126722

Hickey, 1996, Mediation by the central nervous system is critical to the in vivo activity of the GH secretagogue L-692,585., J Endocrinol, 148, 371, 10.1677/joe.0.1480371

Mallo, 1993, Regulation of His-dTrp-Ala-Trp-dPhe-Lys-NH2 (GHRP-6)-induced GH secretion in the rat., Neuroendocrinology, 57, 247, 10.1159/000126366

Bercu, 1992, Role of selected endogenous peptides in growth hormone-releasing hexapeptide activity: analysis of growth hormone-releasing hormone, thyroid hormone-releasing hormone, and gonadotropin-releasing hormone., Endocrinology, 130, 2579, 10.1210/endo.130.5.1315249

Conley, 1995, Mechanism of action of hexarelin and GHRP-6: analysis of the involvement of GHRH and somatostatin in the rat., Neuroendocrinology, 61, 44, 10.1159/000126826

Yagi, 1996, Effect of intravenous or intracerebroventricular injections of His-D-Trp-Ala-Trp-D-Phe-Lys-NH2 on GH release in conscious, freely moving male rats., Neuroendocrinology, 63, 198, 10.1159/000126958

Guillaume, 1994, Growth hormone (GH)-releasing hormone secretion is stimulated by a new GH-releasing hexapeptide in sheep., Endocrinology, 135, 1073, 10.1210/endo.135.3.7915227

Korbonits, 1995, Growth hormone-releasing peptide and its analogues., Trends Endocrinol Metab, 6, 43, 10.1016/1043-2760(94)00204-H

Dickson, 1995, GH-deficient dw/dw rats and lit/lit mice show increased Fos expression in the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus following systemic injection of GH-releasing peptide-6., J Endocrinol, 146, 519, 10.1677/joe.0.1460519

Dickson, 1995, Central actions of peptide and non-peptide growth hormone secretagogues in the rat., Neuroendocrinology, 61, 36, 10.1159/000126825

Sirinathsinghji, 1995, Induction of c-fos mRNA in the arcuate nucleus of normal and mutant growth hormone-deficient mice by a synthetic non-peptidyl growth hormone secretagogue., Neuroreport, 6, 1989, 10.1097/00001756-199510010-00009

Drisko, 1999, Administration of a nonpeptidyl growth hormone secretagogue, L-163, 255, changes somatostatin pattern, but has no effect on patterns of growth hormone-releasing factor in the hypophyseal-portal circulation of the conscious pig., Proc Soc Exp Biol Med, 222, 70

Korbonits, 1999, The effect of growth hormone secretagogues and neuropeptide Y on hypothalamic hormone release from acute rat hypothalamic explants., J Neuroendocrinol, 11, 521, 10.1046/j.1365-2826.1999.00353.x

Korbonits, 1996, Analogues of growth hormone-releasing peptide (GRHP) do not affect the release of growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) or somatostatin from the rat hypothalamus., J Endocrinol, 148 (Suppl), 123

Jacks, 1994, Effects of acute and repeated intravenous administration of L-692,585, a novel non-peptidyl growth hormone secretagogue, on plasma growth hormone, IGF-1, ACTH, cortisol, prolactin, insulin, and thyroxine levels in beagles., J Endocrinol, 143, 399, 10.1677/joe.0.1430399

Walker, 1993, 167

Popovic, 1995, Blocked growth hormone-releasing peptide (GHRP-6)-induced GH secretion and absence of the synergic action of GHRP-6 plus GH-releasing hormone in patients with hypothalamopituitary disconnection: evidence that GHRP-6 main action is exerted at the hypothalamic level., J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 80, 942

Pandya, 1998, Growth hormone (GH)-releasing peptide-6 requires endogenous hypothalamic GH-releasing hormone for maximal GH stimulation., J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 83, 1186

Popovic, 2003, Ghrelin main action on the regulation of growth hormone release is exerted at hypothalamic level., J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 88, 3450, 10.1210/jc.2003-030211

Maheshwari, 2002, Pulsatile growth hormone secretion persists in genetic growth hormone-releasing hormone resistance., Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab, 282, E943, 10.1152/ajpendo.00537.2001

Maheshwari, 1999, Selective lack of growth hormone (GH) response to the GH-releasing peptide hexarelin in patients with GH-releasing hormone receptor deficiency., J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 84, 956

Gondo, 2001, Growth hormone-releasing peptide-2 stimulates GH secretion in GH-deficient patients with mutated GH-releasing hormone receptor., J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 86, 3279

Di Vito, 2002, The GH-releasing effect of ghrelin, a natural GH secretagogue, is only blunted by the infusion of exogenous somatostatin in humans., Clin Endocrinol (Oxf), 56, 643, 10.1046/j.1365-2265.2002.01530.x

Broglio, 2002, Effects of glucose, free fatty acids or arginine load on the GH-releasing activity of ghrelin in humans., Clin Endocrinol (Oxf), 57, 265, 10.1046/j.1365-2265.2002.01595.x

Ghigo, 1999, Effects of recombinant human insulin-like growth factor I administration on growth hormone (GH) secretion, both spontaneous and stimulated by GH-releasing hormone or hexarelin, a peptidyl GH secretagogue, in humans., J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 84, 285

Massoud, 1995, Hexarelin induced growth hormone release is influenced by exogenous growth hormone., Clin Endocrinol (Oxf), 43, 617, 10.1111/j.1365-2265.1995.tb02927.x

DeBell, 1991, Growth hormone (GH) secretion during continuous infusion of GH-releasing peptide: partial response attenuation., J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 72, 1312, 10.1210/jcem-72-6-1312

Van den Berghe, 1996, Pituitary responsiveness to GH-releasing hormone, GH-releasing peptide-2 and thyrotrophin-releasing hormone in critical illness., Clin Endocrinol (Oxf), 45, 341, 10.1046/j.1365-2265.1996.00805.x

Huhn, 1993, Twenty-four-hour growth hormone (GH)-releasing peptide (GHRP) infusion enhances pulsatile GH secretion and specifically attenuates the response to a subsequent GHRP bolus., J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 76, 1202

Jaffe, 1993, Effects of a prolonged growth hormone (GH)-releasing peptide infusion on pulsatile GH secretion in normal men., J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 77, 1641

Massoud, 1996, The effect of repeated administration of hexarelin, a growth hormone releasing peptide, and growth hormone releasing hormone on growth hormone responsivity., Clin Endocrinol (Oxf), 44, 555, 10.1046/j.1365-2265.1996.722543.x

Sartorio, 1995, GH responsiveness to repeated GHRH or hexarelin administration in normal adults., J Endocrinol Invest, 18, 718, 10.1007/BF03349794

Ghigo, 1994, Growth hormone-releasing activity of hexarelin, a new synthetic hexapeptide, after intravenous, subcutaneous, intranasal, and oral administration in man., J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 78, 693

Ghigo, 1996, Short-term administration of intranasal or oral hexarelin, a synthetic hexapeptide, does not desensitize the growth hormone responsiveness in human aging., Eur J Endocrinol, 135, 407, 10.1530/eje.0.1350407

Hayashi, 1991, Intranasal administration of His-D-Trp-Ala-Trp-D-Phe-LysNH2 (growth hormone releasing peptide) increased plasma growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor-I levels in normal men., Endocrinol Jpn, 38, 15, 10.1507/endocrj1954.38.15

Laron, 1995, Intranasal administration of the GHRP hexarelin accelerates growth in short children., Clin Endocrinol (Oxf), 43, 631, 10.1111/j.1365-2265.1995.tb02929.x

Arvat, 1998, Age-related variations in the neuroendocrine control, more than impaired receptor sensitivity, cause the reduction in the GH-releasing activity of GHRPs in human aging., Pituitary, 1, 51, 10.1023/A:1009970909015

Arvat, 1997, Age-related growth hormone-releasing activity of growth hormone secretagogues in humans., Acta Paediatr Suppl, 423, 92, 10.1111/j.1651-2227.1997.tb18383.x

Carmignac, 1998, Effects of growth hormone secretagogues on prolactin release in anesthetized dwarf (dw/dw) rats., Endocrinology, 139, 3590, 10.1210/endo.139.8.6148

Loche, 1997, The growth hormone response to hexarelin in children: reproducibility and effect of sex steroids., J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 82, 861

Bellone, 1995, Growth hormone-releasing activity of hexarelin, a new synthetic hexapeptide, before and during puberty., J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 80, 1090

Anderson, 2001, E2 supplementation selectively relieves GH’s autonegative feedback on GH-releasing peptide-2-stimulated GH secretion., J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 86, 5904

Anderson, 2001, Short-term estradiol supplementation augments growth hormone (GH) secretory responsiveness to dose-varying GH-releasing peptide infusions in healthy postmenopausal women., J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 86, 551

Giustina, 1998, Pathophysiology of the neuroregulation of growth hormone secretion in experimental animals and the human., Endocr Rev, 19, 717

Thorner, 1997, Growth hormone-releasing hormone and growth hormone-releasing peptide as therapeutic agents to enhance growth hormone secretion in disease and aging., Recent Prog Horm Res, 52, 215

Broglio, 2003, The endocrine response to ghrelin as a function of gender in humans in young and elderly subjects., J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 88, 1537, 10.1210/jc.2002-021504

Leal-Cerro, 1995, Growth hormone (GH) responses to the combined administration of GH-releasing hormone plus GH-releasing peptide 6 in adults with GH deficiency., Eur J Endocrinol, 132, 712, 10.1530/eje.0.1320712

Ghigo, 1998, Diagnostic and therapeutic uses of growth hormone-releasing substances in adult and elderly subjects., Baillieres Clin Endocrinol Metab, 12, 341, 10.1016/S0950-351X(98)80027-X

Popovic, 2000, GH-releasing hormone and GH-releasing peptide-6 for diagnostic testing in GH-deficient adults., Lancet, 356, 1137, 10.1016/S0140-6736(00)02755-0

Aimaretti, 2002, Endocrine responses to ghrelin in adult patients with isolated childhood-onset growth hormone deficiency., Clin Endocrinol (Oxf), 56, 765, 10.1046/j.1365-2265.2002.01547.x

Corpas, 1993, Human growth hormone and human aging., Endocr Rev, 14, 20, 10.1210/edrv-14-1-20

Ghigo, 1996, Reliability of provocative tests to assess growth hormone secretory status. Study in 472 normally growing children., J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 81, 3323

Arvat, 1997, Effects of GHRP-2 and hexarelin, two synthetic GH-releasing peptides, on GH, prolactin, ACTH and cortisol levels in man. Comparison with the effects of GHRH, TRH and hCRH., Peptides, 18, 885, 10.1016/S0196-9781(97)00016-8

Riley, 2002, Rat ghrelin stimulates growth hormone and prolactin release in the tilapia, Oreochromis mossambicus., Zoolog Sci, 19, 797, 10.2108/zsj.19.797

Arvat, 1997, The GH, prolactin, ACTH and cortisol responses to hexarelin, a synthetic hexapeptide, undergo different age-related variations., Eur J Endocrinol, 137, 635, 10.1530/eje.0.1370635

Bowers, 1996, GHRP-2, GHRH and SRIF interrelationships during chronic administration of GHRP-2 to humans., J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab, 9(Suppl 3), 261

Korbonits, 1999, The growth hormone secretagogue hexarelin stimulates the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis via arginine vasopressin., J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 84, 2489, 10.1210/jcem.84.7.5811

Korbonits, 1995, The effect of an opiate antagonist on the hormonal changes induced by hexarelin., Clin Endocrinol (Oxf), 43, 365, 10.1111/j.1365-2265.1995.tb02045.x

Clark, 1997, Growth hormone secretagogues stimulate the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and are diabetogenic in the Zucker diabetic fatty rat., Endocrinology, 138, 4316, 10.1210/endo.138.10.5424

Thomas, 1997, Activation of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis by the growth hormone (GH) secretagogue, GH-releasing peptide-6, in rats., Endocrinology, 138, 1585, 10.1210/endo.138.4.5065

Ghigo, 1998, Growth hormone secretagogues as corticotrophin-releasing factors., Growth Horm IGF Res, 8(Suppl B), 145, 10.1016/S1096-6374(98)80040-3

Shimon, 1998, Human fetal pituitary expresses functional growth hormone-releasing peptide receptors., J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 83, 174

Ishizaki, 2002, Role of ghrelin in the regulation of vasopressin release in conscious rats., Endocrinology, 143, 1589, 10.1210/endo.143.5.8804

Arvat, 1998, Effects of dexamethasone and alprazolam, a benzodiazepine, on the stimulatory effect of hexarelin, a synthetic GHRP, on ACTH, cortisol and GH secretion in humans., Neuroendocrinology, 67, 310, 10.1159/000054328

Arvat, 1998, Adrenocorticotropin and cortisol hyperresponsiveness to hexarelin in patients with Cushing’s disease bearing a pituitary microadenoma, but not in those with macroadenoma., J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 83, 4207

Ghigo, 1997, Adrenocorticotropin- and cortisol-releasing effect of hexarelin, a synthetic growth hormone-releasing peptide, in normal subjects and patients with Cushing’s syndrome., J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 82, 2439

Barlier, 1999, Expression of functional growth hormone secretagogue receptors in human pituitary adenomas: polymerase chain reaction, triple in-situ hybridization and cell culture studies., J Neuroendocrinol, 11, 491, 10.1046/j.1365-2826.1999.00351.x

Locke, 1995, Intracerebroventricular growth-hormone-releasing peptide-6 stimulates eating without affecting plasma growth hormone responses in rats., Life Sci, 56, 1347, 10.1016/0024-3205(95)00087-9

Okada, 1996, Intracerebroventricular administration of the growth hormone-releasing peptide KP-102 increases food intake in free-feeding rats., Endocrinology, 137, 5155, 10.1210/endo.137.11.8895390

Torsello, 1998, Novel hexarelin analogs stimulate feeding in the rat through a mechanism not involving growth hormone release., Eur J Pharmacol, 360, 123, 10.1016/S0014-2999(98)00677-3

Torsello, 2000, Differential orexigenic effects of hexarelin and its analogs in the rat hypothalamus: indication for multiple growth hormone secretagogue receptor subtypes., Neuroendocrinology, 72, 327, 10.1159/000054601

Dickson, 1993, Systemic administration of growth hormone-releasing peptide activates hypothalamic arcuate neurons., Neuroscience, 53, 303, 10.1016/0306-4522(93)90197-N

Dickson, 1994, Electrical stimulation of the rat periventricular nucleus influences the activity of hypothalamic arcuate neurones., J Neuroendocrinol, 6, 359, 10.1111/j.1365-2826.1994.tb00594.x

Dickson, 1996, Retrogradely labelled neurosecretory neurones of the rat hypothalamic arcuate nucleus express Fos protein following systemic injection of GH-releasing peptide-6., J Endocrinol, 151, 323, 10.1677/joe.0.1510323

Dickson, 1997, Attenuation of the growth hormone secretagogue induction of Fos protein in the rat arcuate nucleus by central somatostatin action., Neuroendocrinology, 66, 188, 10.1159/000127237

Salomon, 1989, The effects of treatment with recombinant human growth hormone on body composition and metabolism in adults with growth hormone deficiency., N Engl J Med, 321, 1797, 10.1056/NEJM198912283212605

Vernon, 1996, GH inhibition of lipogenesis and stimulation of lipolysis in sheep adipose tissue: involvement of protein serine phosphorylation and dephosphorylation and phospholipase C., J Endocrinol, 150, 129, 10.1677/joe.0.1500129

Cowley, 2003, Electrophysiological actions of peripheral hormones on melanocortin neurons., Ann NY Acad Sci, 994, 175, 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2003.tb03178.x

Kohno, 2003, Ghrelin directly interacts with neuropeptide-Y-containing neurons in the rat arcuate nucleus: Ca(2+) signaling via protein kinase A and N-type channel-dependent mechanisms and cross-talk with leptin and orexin., Diabetes, 52, 948, 10.2337/diabetes.52.4.948

Olszewski, 2003, Neural basis of orexigenic effects of ghrelin acting within lateral hypothalamus., Peptides, 24, 597, 10.1016/S0196-9781(03)00105-0

Riediger, 2003, Site-specific effects of ghrelin on the neuronal activity in the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus., Neurosci Lett, 341, 151, 10.1016/S0304-3940(02)01381-2

Seoane, 2003, Agouti-related peptide, neuropeptide Y, and somatostatin-producing neurons are targets for ghrelin actions in the rat hypothalamus., Endocrinology, 144, 544, 10.1210/en.2002-220795

Tschop, 2002, GH-releasing peptide-2 increases fat mass in mice lacking NPY: indication for a crucial mediating role of hypothalamic agouti-related protein., Endocrinology, 143, 558, 10.1210/endo.143.2.8633

Lissett, 2000, Effects of growth hormone on bone and muscle., Growth Horm IGF Res, 10(Suppl B), S95, 10.1016/S1096-6374(00)80018-0

Lall, 2001, Growth hormone (GH)-independent stimulation of adiposity by GH secretagogues., Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 280, 132, 10.1006/bbrc.2000.4065

Spiegelman, 2001, Obesity and the regulation of energy balance., Cell, 104, 531, 10.1016/S0092-8674(01)00240-9

Tung, 2001, Actions of leptin on growth hormone secretagogue-responsive neurones in the rat hypothalamic arcuate nucleus recorded in vitro., J Neuroendocrinol, 13, 209, 10.1046/j.1365-2826.2001.00615.x

Ahima, 2001, Molecular regulation of eating behavior: new insights and prospects for therapeutic strategies., Trends Mol Med, 7, 205, 10.1016/S1471-4914(01)01989-X

Schwartz, 2000, Central nervous system control of food intake., Nature, 404, 661, 10.1038/35007534

Elmquist, 2000, Anatomic basis of leptin action in the hypothalamus., Front Horm Res, 26, 21, 10.1159/000061020

Shuto, 2002, Hypothalamic growth hormone secretagogue receptor regulates growth hormone secretion, feeding, and adiposity., J Clin Invest, 109, 1429, 10.1172/JCI0213300

Gehlert, 1999, Role of hypothalamic neuropeptide Y in feeding and obesity., Neuropeptides, 33, 329, 10.1054/npep.1999.0057

Tritos, 1999, Two important systems in energy homeostasis: melanocortins and melanin-concentrating hormone., Neuropeptides, 33, 339, 10.1054/npep.1999.0055

Banks, 2001, Enhanced leptin transport across the blood-brain barrier by α 1-adrenergic agents., Brain Res, 899, 209, 10.1016/S0006-8993(01)02242-9

Banks, 2001, Leptin transport across the blood-brain barrier: implications for the cause and treatment of obesity., Curr Pharm Des, 7, 125, 10.2174/1381612013398310

Merchenthaler, 1991, Neurons with access to the general circulation in the central nervous system of the rat: a retrograde tracing study with fluoro-gold., Neuroscience, 44, 655, 10.1016/0306-4522(91)90085-3

Marks, 2001, Central melanocortins and the regulation of weight during acute and chronic disease., Recent Prog Horm Res, 56, 359, 10.1210/rp.56.1.359

Palmiter, 1998, Life without neuropeptide Y., Recent Prog Horm Res, 53, 163

Friedman, 1998, Fuel partitioning and food intake., Am J Clin Nutr, 67, 513, 10.1093/ajcn/67.3.513S

Sakata, 2003, Growth hormone secretagogue receptor expression in the cells of the stomach-projected afferent nerve in the rat nodose ganglion., Neurosci Lett, 342, 183, 10.1016/S0304-3940(03)00294-5

Wei, 2000, Effect of CCK pretreatment on the CCK sensitivity of rat polymodal gastric vagal afferent in vitro., Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab, 279, E695, 10.1152/ajpendo.2000.279.3.E695

Date, 2002, The role of the gastric afferent vagal nerve in ghrelin-induced feeding and growth hormone secretion in rats., Gastroenterology, 123, 1120, 10.1053/gast.2002.35954

Broglio, 2003, Acetylcholine does not play a major role in mediating the endocrine responses to ghrelin, a natural ligand of the GH secretagogue receptor, in humans., Clin Endocrinol (Oxf), 58, 92, 10.1046/j.1365-2265.2003.01680.x

Choi, 2003, The role of ghrelin and growth hormone secretagogues receptor on rat adipogenesis., Endocrinology, 144, 754, 10.1210/en.2002-220783

Van Cauter, 1998, Alterations of circadian rhythmicity and sleep in aging: endocrine consequences., Horm Res, 49, 147

Frieboes, 1999, Effects of growth hormone-releasing peptide-6 on the nocturnal secretion of GH, ACTH and cortisol and on the sleep EEG in man: role of routes of administration., J Neuroendocrinol, 11, 473, 10.1046/j.1365-2826.1999.00364.x

Frieboes, 1995, Growth hormone-releasing peptide-6 stimulates sleep, growth hormone, ACTH and cortisol release in normal man., Neuroendocrinology, 61, 584, 10.1159/000126883

Moreno-Reyes, 1998, Evidence against a role for the growth hormone-releasing peptide axis in human slow-wave sleep regulation., Am J Physiol, 274, E779

Weikel, 2003, Ghrelin promotes slow-wave sleep in humans., Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab, 284, E407, 10.1152/ajpendo.00184.2002

Hayashida, 2002, Ghrelin in neonatal rats: distribution in stomach and its possible role., J Endocrinol, 173, 239, 10.1677/joe.0.1730239

Lee, 2002, Ghrelin, a new gastrointestinal endocrine peptide that stimulates insulin secretion: enteric distribution, ontogeny, influence of endocrine, and dietary manipulations., Endocrinology, 143, 185, 10.1210/endo.143.1.8602

Coulie, 2001, Identification of motilin-related peptide., Gastroenterology, 120, 588, 10.1053/gast.2001.22165

Bjorkqvist, 2002, Role of gastrin in the development of gastric mucosa, ECL cells and A-like cells in newborn and young rats., Regul Pept, 108, 73, 10.1016/S0167-0115(02)00111-8

Kaiya, 2002, Chicken ghrelin: purification, cDNA cloning, and biological activity., Endocrinology, 143, 3454, 10.1210/en.2002-220255

Sakata, 2002, Postnatal changes in ghrelin mRNA expression and in ghrelin-producing cells in the rat stomach., J Endocrinol, 174, 463, 10.1677/joe.0.1740463

Unniappan, 2002, Goldfish ghrelin: molecular characterization of the complementary deoxyribonucleic acid, partial gene structure and evidence for its stimulatory role in food intake., Endocrinology, 143, 4143, 10.1210/en.2002-220644

Depoortere, 2001, Motilin and motilin receptors: characterization and functional significance., Verh K Acad Geneeskd Belg, 63, 511

Djurhuus, 2002, Feast or famine: are GLP-1 and ghrelin secretion intertwined?, Horm Metab Res, 34, 353, 10.1055/s-2002-33477

Djurhuus, 2002, Circulating levels of ghrelin and GLP-1 are inversely related during glucose ingestion., Horm Metab Res, 34, 411, 10.1055/s-2002-33475

Murakami, 2002, Role for central ghrelin in food intake and secretion profile of stomach ghrelin in rats., J Endocrinol, 174, 283, 10.1677/joe.0.1740283

Sibilia, 2002, Evidence for a central inhibitory role of growth hormone secretagogues and ghrelin on gastric acid secretion in conscious rats., Neuroendocrinology, 75, 92, 10.1159/000048225

Fujino, 2003, Ghrelin induces fasted motor activity of the gastrointestinal tract in conscious fed rats., J Physiol, 550, 227, 10.1113/jphysiol.2003.040600

Adeghate, 2002, Ghrelin stimulates insulin secretion from the pancreas of normal and diabetic rats., J Neuroendocrinol, 14, 555, 10.1046/j.1365-2826.2002.00811.x

Corbetta, 2003, Circulating ghrelin levels in patients with pancreatic and gastrointestinal neuroendocrine tumors: identification of one pancreatic ghrelinoma., J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 88, 3117, 10.1210/jc.2002-021842

Wierup, 2002, The ghrelin cell: a novel developmentally regulated islet cell in the human pancreas., Regul Pept, 107, 63, 10.1016/S0167-0115(02)00067-8

Pagotto, 2002, Plasma ghrelin, obesity and the polycystic ovary syndrome: correlation with insulin resistance and androgen levels., J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 87, 5625, 10.1210/jc.2002-020776

Caixas, 2002, Insulin, unlike food intake, does not suppress ghrelin in human subjects., J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 87, 1902, 10.1210/jcem.87.4.8538

Arosio, 2003, Stimulatory effects of ghrelin on circulating somatostatin and pancreatic polypeptide levels., J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 88, 701, 10.1210/jc.2002-021161

Muller, 2001, Blockade of the growth hormone (GH) receptor unmasks rapid GH-releasing peptide-6-mediated tissue-specific insulin resistance., J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 86, 590, 10.1210/jcem.86.2.7173

Cryer, 1998, 939

Murata, 2002, Ghrelin modulates the downstream molecules of insulin signaling in hepatoma cells., J Biol Chem, 277, 5667, 10.1074/jbc.M103898200

Cummings, 2002, Elevated plasma ghrelin levels in Prader Willi syndrome., Nat Med, 8, 643, 10.1038/nm0702-643

Del Parigi, 2002, High circulating ghrelin: a potential cause for hyperphagia and obesity in Prader-Willi syndrome., J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 87, 5461, 10.1210/jc.2002-020871

Haqq, 2003, Serum ghrelin levels are inversely correlated with body mass index, age, and insulin concentrations in normal children and are markedly increased in Prader-Willi syndrome., J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 88, 174, 10.1210/jc.2002-021052

Katugampola, 2001, [125I-His(9)]-ghrelin, a novel radioligand for localizing GHS orphan receptors in human and rat tissue: up-regulation of receptors with atherosclerosis., Br J Pharmacol, 134, 143, 10.1038/sj.bjp.0704228

Colonna, 1997, Hexarelin, a growth hormone-releasing peptide, discloses protectant activity against cardiovascular damage in rats with isolated growth hormone deficiency., Cardiologia, 42, 1165

Colonna, 1997, Cardiac ischemia and impairment of vascular endothelium function in hearts from growth hormone-deficient rats: protection by hexarelin., Eur J Pharmacol, 334, 201, 10.1016/S0014-2999(97)01178-3

Rossoni, 1998, Protectant activity of hexarelin or growth hormone against postischemic ventricular dysfunction in hearts from aged rats., J Cardiovasc Pharmacol, 32, 260, 10.1097/00005344-199808000-00013

Locatelli, 1999, Growth hormone-independent cardioprotective effects of hexarelin in the rat., Endocrinology, 140, 4024, 10.1210/endo.140.9.6948

Weekers, 2000, Pretreatment with growth hormone-releasing peptide-2 directly protects against the diastolic dysfunction of myocardial stunning in an isolated, blood-perfused rabbit heart model., Endocrinology, 141, 3993, 10.1210/endo.141.11.7768

Tivesten, 2000, The growth hormone secretagogue hexarelin improves cardiac function in rats after experimental myocardial infarction., Endocrinology, 141, 60, 10.1210/endo.141.1.7249

King, 2001, Treatment with a growth hormone secretagogue in a model of developing heart failure: effects on ventricular and myocyte function., Circulation, 103, 308, 10.1161/01.CIR.103.2.308

Bedendi, 2001, Role of endothelial cells in modulation of contractility induced by hexarelin in rat ventricle., Life Sci, 69, 2189, 10.1016/S0024-3205(01)01312-1

Torsello, 2003, Ghrelin plays a minor role in the physiological control of cardiac function in the rat., Endocrinology, 144, 1787, 10.1210/en.2002-221048

Ong, 1998, Binding sites for growth hormone-releasing peptide., Growth Horm IGF Res, 8(Suppl B), 137, 10.1016/S1096-6374(98)80038-5

Nagaya, 2001, Elevated circulating level of ghrelin in cachexia associated with chronic heart failure: relationships between ghrelin and anabolic/catabolic factors., Circulation, 104, 2034, 10.1161/hc4201.097836

Bisi, 1999, Cardiac effects of hexarelin in hypopituitary adults., Eur J Pharmacol, 381, 31, 10.1016/S0014-2999(99)00537-3

Bisi, 1999, Acute cardiovascular and hormonal effects of GH and hexarelin, a synthetic GH-releasing peptide, in humans., J Endocrinol Invest, 22, 266, 10.1007/BF03343555

Broglio, 2001, Growth hormone-independent cardiotropic activities of growth hormone-releasing peptides in normal subjects, in patients with growth hormone deficiency, and in patients with idiopathic or ischemic dilated cardiomyopathy., Endocrine, 14, 105, 10.1385/ENDO:14:1:105

Imazio, 2002, GH-independent cardiotropic activities of hexarelin in patients with severe left ventricular dysfunction due to dilated and ischemic cardiomyopathy., Eur J Heart Fail, 4, 185, 10.1016/S1388-9842(01)00223-9

Makino, 2002, Alteration of plasma ghrelin levels associated with the blood pressure in pregnancy., Hypertension, 39, 781, 10.1161/hy0302.105221

Broglio, 2002, Effects of acute hexarelin administration on cardiac performance in patients with coronary artery disease during by-pass surgery., Eur J Pharmacol, 448, 193, 10.1016/S0014-2999(02)01934-9

Enomoto, 2003, Cardiovascular and hormonal effects of subcutaneous administration of ghrelin, a novel growth hormone-releasing peptide, in healthy humans., Clin Sci (Lond), 105, 431, 10.1042/CS20030184

Cassoni, 2000, Specific binding sites for synthetic growth hormone secretagogues in non-tumoral and neoplastic human thyroid tissue., J Endocrinol, 165, 139, 10.1677/joe.0.1650139

Cassoni, 2002, Cortistatin-14 inhibits cell proliferation of human thyroid carcinoma cell lines of both follicular and parafollicular origin., J Endocrinol Invest, 25, 362, 10.1007/BF03344019

Ghe, 2002, The antiproliferative effect of synthetic peptidyl GH secretagogues in human CALU-1 lung carcinoma cells., Endocrinology, 143, 484, 10.1210/endo.143.2.8654

Andreis, 2003, Ghrelin and growth hormone secretagogue receptor are expressed in the rat adrenal cortex: evidence that ghrelin stimulates the growth, but not the secretory activity of adrenal cells., FEBS Lett, 536, 173, 10.1016/S0014-5793(03)00051-6

Pettersson, 2002, Natural (ghrelin) and synthetic (hexarelin) GH secretagogues stimulate H9c2 cardiomyocyte cell proliferation., J Endocrinol, 175, 201, 10.1677/joe.0.1750201

Hanada, 2003, Anti-cachectic effect of ghrelin in nude mice bearing human melanoma cells., Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 301, 275, 10.1016/S0006-291X(02)03028-0

Shimizu, 2003, Increased plasma ghrelin level in lung cancer cachexia., Clin Cancer Res, 9, 774

Shepherd, 2000, The hexapeptide KP-102 (D-ala-D-beta-Nal-ala-trp-D-phe-lys-NH(2)) stimulates growth hormone release in a cichlid fish (Ooreochromis mossambicus)., J Endocrinol, 167, R7, 10.1677/joe.0.167r007

Kaiya, 2001, Bullfrog ghrelin is modified by n-octanoic acid at its third threonine residue., J Biol Chem, 276, 40441, 10.1074/jbc.M105212200

Nieminen, 2002, Phytosterols act as endocrine and metabolic disruptors in the European polecat (Mustela putorius)., Toxicol Appl Pharmacol, 178, 22, 10.1006/taap.2001.9315

Ahmed, 2002, Ghrelin: a hypothalamic GH-releasing factor in domestic fowl (Gallus domesticus)., J Endocrinol, 172, 117, 10.1677/joe.0.1720117

Mustonen, 2002, Leptin, ghrelin, and energy metabolism of the spawning burbot (Lota lota, L.)., J Exp Zool, 293, 119, 10.1002/jez.10142

Galas, 2002, Immunohistochemical localization and biochemical characterization of ghrelin in the brain and stomach of the frog Rana esculenta., J Comp Neurol, 450, 34, 10.1002/cne.10291

Mustonen, 2002, Melatonin and the wintering strategy of the tundra vole, Microtus oeconomus., Zoolog Sci, 19, 683, 10.2108/zsj.19.683

Sugino, 2002, A transient ghrelin surge occurs just before feeding in a scheduled meal-fed sheep., Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 295, 255, 10.1016/S0006-291X(02)00654-X

Heiman, 2001, Ghrelin provides the calories that growth hormone requires for growth and repair., Topic Endocrinol Suppl, 2, 39

Lawrence, 2002, Acute central ghrelin and GH secretagogues induce feeding and activate brain appetite centers., Endocrinology, 143, 155, 10.1210/endo.143.1.8561

James, 2001, The worldwide obesity epidemic., Obes Res, 9(Suppl 4), 228S, 10.1038/oby.2001.123

Ukkola, 2002, Role of ghrelin polymorphisms in obesity based on three different studies., Obes Res, 10, 782, 10.1038/oby.2002.106

Sorensen, 2000, The changing lifestyle in the world. Body weight and what else?, Diabetes Care, 23(Suppl 2), B1

Tschop, 2001, Circulating ghrelin levels are decreased in human obesity., Diabetes, 50, 707, 10.2337/diabetes.50.4.707

Hansen, 2002, Weight loss increases circulating levels of ghrelin in human obesity., Clin Endocrinol (Oxf), 56, 203, 10.1046/j.0300-0664.2001.01456.x

Otto, 2001, Weight gain decreases elevated plasma ghrelin concentrations of patients with anorexia nervosa., Eur J Endocrinol, 145, 669, 10.1530/EJE-1450669

Wisse, 2001, Reversal of cancer anorexia by blockade of central melanocortin receptors in rats., Endocrinology, 142, 3292, 10.1210/endo.142.8.8324

Bizzarri, 2004, Maintenance of a normal meal-induced decrease in plasma ghrelin levels in children with Prader-Willi syndrome., Horm Metab Res, 36, 164, 10.1055/s-2004-814340

Burman, 2001, Endocrine dysfunction in Prader-Willi syndrome: a review with special reference to GH., Endocr Rev, 22, 787, 10.1210/edrv.22.6.0447

Considine, 1996, Serum immunoreactive-leptin concentrations in normal-weight and obese humans., N Engl J Med, 334, 292, 10.1056/NEJM199602013340503

Campbell, 2002, Insulin therapy in type 2 diabetes., J Am Pharm Assoc (Wash), 42, 602, 10.1331/108658002763029580

Jequier, 2002, Pathways to obesity., Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord, 26, S12, 10.1038/sj.ijo.0802123

Nargund, 1998, Peptidomimetic growth hormone secretagogues. Design considerations and therapeutic potential., J Med Chem, 41, 3103, 10.1021/jm970342o

Bowers, 2001, Growth hormone/insulin-like growth factor-1 response to acute and chronic growth hormone-releasing peptide-2, growth hormone-releasing hormone 1–44NH2 and in combination in older men and women with decreased growth hormone secretion., Endocrine, 14, 79, 10.1385/ENDO:14:1:079

Roumi, 2001, Permeability of the peptidic GH secretagogues hexarelin and EP 51389, across rat jejunum., Peptides, 22, 1129, 10.1016/S0196-9781(01)00435-1

Ankersen, 1999, Growth hormone secretagogues: recent advances and applications., Drug Discov Today, 4, 497, 10.1016/S1359-6446(99)01415-4

Svensson, 1999, Growth hormone secretagogues as therapeutic agents., Growth Horm IGF Res, 9(Suppl A), 107, 10.1016/S1096-6374(99)80021-5

Penalva, 2001, Physiology and possible pathology of growth hormone secretagogues., J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab, 14(Suppl 5), 1207

Bercu, 1997, Growth hormone secretagogues in children with altered growth., Acta Paediatr Suppl, 423, 102, 10.1111/j.1651-2227.1997.tb18385.x

Fuh, 1998, Growth hormone secretagogues: mechanism of action and use in aging., Growth Horm IGF Res, 8, 13, 10.1016/S1096-6374(98)80317-1

Khorram, 2001, Use of growth hormone and growth hormone secretagogues in aging: help or harm., Clin Obstet Gynecol, 44, 893, 10.1097/00003081-200112000-00026

Van den Berghe, 1999, Growth hormone secretagogues in critical illness., Horm Res, 51(Suppl 3), 21

Ghigo, 2001, Growth hormone-releasing hormone combined with arginine or growth hormone secretagogues for the diagnosis of growth hormone deficiency in adults., Endocrine, 15, 29, 10.1385/ENDO:15:1:029

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Svensson, 2000, The GH secretagogues ipamorelin and GH-releasing peptide-6 increase bone mineral content in adult female rats., J Endocrinol, 165, 569, 10.1677/joe.0.1650569

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