Bad light, bad road, or bad luck? The associations of road lighting and road surface quality on road crash severities in Indonesia

Abdul Manan, M. M., & Varhelyi, A., 2012. Motorcycle fatalities in Malaysia. IATSS Research, 36(1), 30–39. DOI:10.1016/j.iatssr.2012.02.005. Abdul Manan, 2017, Road characteristics and environment factors associated with motorcycle fatal crashes in Malaysia, IATSS Res. Adam, 2015, Indonesia’s dynamic electricity power sector: investigating need and supply performance, Econ. Finance Indonesia, 61, 53, 10.7454/efi.v61i1.497 al Irsyad, 2016, A survey based approach to estimating the benefits of energy efficiency improvements in street lighting systems in Indonesia, Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev., 58, 1569, 10.1016/j.rser.2015.12.294 Angrist, 2008 Bardal, K. G., & Jørgensen, F., 2017. Valuing the risk and social costs of road traffic accidents – Seasonal variation and the significance of delay costs. Transport Policy, 57(August 2016), 10–19. DOI:10.1016/j.tranpol.2017.03.015. Beenstock, 2000, Globalization in road safety: explaining the downward trend in road accident rates in a single country (Israel), Accid. Anal. Prev., 32, 71, 10.1016/S0001-4575(99)00053-6 Black, 2015, Effects of winter precipitation on automobile collisions, injuries, and fatalities in the United States, J. Transp. Geogr., 48, 165, 10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2015.09.007 Boufous, 2012, Risk factors for severe injury in cyclists involved in traffic crashes in Victoria, Australia, Accid. Anal. Prev., 49, 404, 10.1016/j.aap.2012.03.011 Bullough, 2013, To illuminate or not to illuminate: roadway lighting as it affects traffic safety at intersections, Accid. Anal. Prev., 53, 65, 10.1016/j.aap.2012.12.029 Burger, 2009, Gas prices, traffic, and freeway speeds in Los Angeles, Rev. Econ. Statistics, 91, 652, 10.1162/rest.91.3.652 Burke, 2015, Gasoline prices and road fatalities: international evidence, Econ. Inq., 53, 1437, 10.1111/ecin.12171 Caliendo, 2007, A crash-prediction model for multilane roads, Accid. Anal. Prev., 39, 657, 10.1016/j.aap.2006.10.012 Cameron, 2013 CEIC, 2020. CEIC data. Retrieved from www.ceicdata.com. Chang, L., 2005. Analysis of freeway accident frequencies: Negative binomial regression versus artificial neural network, 43, 541–557. DOI:10.1016/j.ssci.2005.04.004. Chi, 2012, Gasoline Prices and Traffic Crashes in Alabama, 1999–2009, Traffic Inj. Prev., 13, 476, 10.1080/15389588.2012.670815 Conrad, 1996, Helmets, injuries and cultural definitions: motorcycle injury in urban, Indonesia, 28, 193 Directorate General of Highways, 2020. Budget Implementation List for Year 2018, 2019, 2020. https://binamarga.pu.go.id/index.php/konten/profil/informasi-anggaranDirectorate General of Highways. (2016). Project Management Manual Amendment 4 Provincial Road Improvement and Maintenance. Donnell, 2010, A framework for estimating the safety effects of roadway lighting at intersections, Saf. Sci., 48, 1436, 10.1016/j.ssci.2010.06.008 Doyle, 2010, Evaluating the effectiveness of child safety seats and seat belts in protecting children from injury, Econ. Inq., 48, 521, 10.1111/j.1465-7295.2008.00170.x Elvik, 1995, Meta-analysis of evaluations of public lighting as accident countermeasure, Transp. Res. Rec.: J. Transp. Res. Board, 1485, 112 Fischer, 2007, Should Automobile Fuel Economy Standards be Tightened ? Published by : International Association for Energy Economics Stable URL : https://www.jstor.org/stable/41323119 Should Automobile Fuel Economy Standards be Tightened ?, Energy J., 28, 1 Gertler, P. J., Gonzalez-Navarro, M., Gracner, T., & Rothenberg, A. D., 2015. The role of road quality investments on economic activity and welfare: Evidence from Indonesia’s highways. Unpublished manuscript, University of Toronto, and University of Ottawa for helpful comments and suggestions. Haigney, 2001, Mobile (cellular) phone use and driving: a critical review of research methodology, Ergonomics, 44, 132, 10.1080/00140130118417 Haque, M., Chor, H., & Huang, H., 2009. Modeling fault among motorcyclists involved in crashes, 41, 327–335. DOI:10.1016/j.aap.2008.12.010. Hultkrantz, 2012, Voluntary internalization of speeding externalities with vehicle insurance, Transp. Res. Part A: Policy Practice, 46, 926 Indonesian National Police, 2019. Information System of Road Traffic Accidents. Retrieved from http://korlantas.info/site/login. Indonesian National Standard, 2008. Standard Penerangan Jalan SNI 7391 2008. Islam, 2008, Identification of factors in road accidents through in-depth accident analysis, Int. Assoc. Traffic Safety Sci., 32, 58 Jackett, 2013, Quantifying the impact of road lighting on road safety — A New Zealand Study, IATSS Res., 36, 139, 10.1016/j.iatssr.2012.09.001 Jiang, 2017, Transport and public health in China: the road to a healthy future, Lancet, 390, 1781, 10.1016/S0140-6736(17)31958-X Kim, 2007, Bicyclist injury severities in bicycle–motor vehicle accidents, Accid. Anal. Prev., 39, 238, 10.1016/j.aap.2006.07.002 Kusdarwati, 2017, Pengaruh Harga Bensin terhadap Kecelakaan Lalu Lintas di Indonesia The Impact of Gasoline Price on Traffic Accident in Indonesia, Jurnal Ekonomi Pembangunan Indonesia, 16, 173, 10.21002/jepi.v16i2.708 Levitt, 2008, Evidence that seat belts are as effective as child safety seats in preventing death for children aged two and up, Rev. Econ. Stat., 90, 158, 10.1162/rest.90.1.158 Malin, F., Norros, I., & Innamaa, S., 2019. Accident risk of road and weather conditions on different road types. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 122(August 2018), 181–188. DOI:10.1016/j.aap.2018.10.014. Ministry of Health, 2008. Basic Health Research: National Report 2007. Departemen Kesehatan RI. DOI:10.1007/BF00006513. Ministry of Health, 2013. Basic Health Research: National Report 2013. Departemen Kesehatan RI. https://doi.org/1 Desember 2013. Ministry of Public Works and Housing. (2013). Data on national road condition at the end of 2012. Directorate Bina Program. https://binamarga.pu.go.id/assets/files/Laporan_Kondisi &_Profil_Jalnas/02_buku_kondisi_2012-2.pdf. Ministry of Public Works and Housing. (2017). National road condition semester II 2016. Sub Directorate Data Analysis and System Development. https://binamarga.pu.go.id/assets/files/Laporan_Kondisi_&_Profil_Jalnas/09_buku_Kondisi_2016-2.pdf. Ministry of Public Works and Housing. (2019). National road condition semester II 2018. Sub Directorate Data Analysis and System Development. https://binamarga.pu.go.id/assets/files/Laporan_Kondisi_&_Profil_Jalnas/14_Buku_Kondisi_2018-2-optimized.pdf. Ministry of Public Works and Housing. (2020). National road condition semester II 2019. Sub Directorate Data Analysis and System Development. https://binamarga.pu.go.id/assets/js/vendor/ckeditor/uploads/thumbs/Buku%20Kondisi/BUKU%20KONDISI%20JALAN%202019%2022072020.pdf. Monsere, 2008, Safety effects of reducing freeway illumination for energy conservation, Acc. Anal. Prevent. Prevention, 40, 1773, 10.1016/j.aap.2008.06.018 Nehiba, C., 2018. Give me 3 ’: Do minimum distance passing laws reduce bicyclist fatalities? Economics of Transportation, 14(November 2017), 9–20. DOI:10.1016/j.ecotra.2017.12.001. Pai, 2008, Modelling motorcyclist injury severity by various crash types at T-junctions in the UK, Saf. Sci., 46, 1234, 10.1016/j.ssci.2007.07.005 Perkins, 2015, What is the effect of reduced street lighting on crime and road traffic injuries at night? A mixed-methods study, Public Health Res., 3, 1, 10.3310/phr03110 Pischke, S., 2007. Lecture notes on measurement error. http://econ.lse.ac.uk/staff/spischke/ec524/Merr_new.pdf. Reynaud, 2002, Alcohol is the main factor in excess traffic accident fatalities in France, Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res., 26, 1833, 10.1111/j.1530-0277.2002.tb02490.x Sam, 2018, Modelling public bus/minibus transport accident severity in Ghana, Accid. Anal. Prev., 119, 114, 10.1016/j.aap.2018.07.008 Sari, Y., 2019. The Effects of Road Surface Condition and Road Lighting on Road Casualties. Universitas Indonesia. Setyaningsih, E., Putranto, L. S., Soegijanto, Soelami, F. X. N., Setiawan, M. I., & Abdullah, D., 2018. The visual perception of the car drivers dealing with the road supporting facilities, road median, potholes, and other cars on freeways with and without lighting. Journal of Physics: Conf.Series, 1114 012125. DOI:10.1088/1742-6596/1114/1/012125. Shaheed, 2013, A mixed logit analysis of two-vehicle crash severities involving a motorcycle, Accid. Anal. Prev., 61, 119, 10.1016/j.aap.2013.05.028 Shankar, 1996, An exploratory multinomial logit analysis of single-vehicle motorcycle accident severity, J. Saf. Res., 27, 183, 10.1016/0022-4375(96)00010-2 Soehodho, 2007, Motorization in Indonesia and its impact to traffic accidents, Int. Assoc. Traffic Safety Sci., 31, 27 Statistics of Indonesia, 2019. Produk Domestik Bruto Indonesia Menurut Pengeluaran 2014-2018. Steinbach, 2015, The effect of reduced street lighting on road casualties and crime in England and Wales: controlled interrupted time series analysis, J. Epidemiol. Community Health, 69, 1118, 10.1136/jech-2015-206012 Stojanovic, D., Predic, B., and Stojanovic, N., 2016. Mobile crowd sensing for smart urban mobility. In: C. Capineri, M. Haklay, H. Huang, V. Antoniou, J. Kettunen, F. Ostermann, and R. Purves, eds. European handbook of crowdsourced geographic information. London: Ubiquity Press, 371–382. Sugiyanto, 2017, Identification of black spot and equivalent accident number using Upper Control Limit method, ARPN J. Eng. Appl. Sci., 12, 528 Sun, 2020, Influence of road types on road traffic accidents in northern Guizhou Province, China, Chinese J. Traumatol., 24, 34, 10.1016/j.cjtee.2020.11.002 Sutandi, 2017, The application of road lighting standards towards sustainable transportation in large cities in Indonesia, Procedia Eng., 171, 1463, 10.1016/j.proeng.2017.01.471 Sutopo, 2020, A model to improve the implementation standards of street lighting based on solar energy: a case study, Energies, 13, 630, 10.3390/en13030630 Tighe, 2000, Incorporating road safety into pavement management, Transp. Res. Record: J. Transp. Res. Board, 1699, 1, 10.3141/1699-01 Usman, 2010, Quantifying safety benefit of winter road maintenance: accident frequency modeling, Accid. Anal. Prev., 42, 1878, 10.1016/j.aap.2010.05.008 Wanvik, P. O., 2009. Effects of road lighting : An analysis based on Dutch accident statistics 1987 – 2006, 41, 123–128. DOI:10.1016/j.aap.2008.10.003. WHO, 2010. Global Status Report on Road Safety Call for Action. Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean. www.who.int/violence_injury_prevention/road_safety_status_2009. WHO, 2015. Global Status Report on Road Safety 2015. World Health Organization (Vol. 76). DOI:10.1016/j.jmps.2014.12.001. Wijnen, 2016, Social costs of road crashes: an international analysis, Accid. Anal. Prev., 94, 97, 10.1016/j.aap.2016.05.005 Wood, 1997, Safety and the car size effect: a fundamental explanation, Accid. Anal. Prev., 29, 139, 10.1016/S0001-4575(96)00067-X Wooldridge, J. M. (2016). Introductory econometrics: A modern approach. Nelson Education.Wooldridge, J. M. (2013). Introductory Econometrics, A Modern Approach, fifth edition. South-Western, Cengage Learning. Xu, Y., Ye, Z., Wang, Y., Wang, C., & Sun, C., 2018. Evaluating the influence of road lighting on traffic safety at access using an artificial neural network. Traffic Injury Prevention, 19, 601–606. DOI:10.1080/15389588.2018.1471599. Yamauchi, 2011, Are schooling and roads complementary? Evidence from income dynamics in rural Indonesia, World Dev., 39, 2232, 10.1016/j.worlddev.2011.04.003 Younis, M.W., Batool, Z., Bukhari, M., Rehman, Z. ur, Shahzad, S., Rehman, A. ur, Khan, A.H., Yasin, M., Irfan, M., Ali, M.S., 2019. Pattern of underreporting of Road Traffic Injuries (RTIs): an investigation of missing burden of RTIs in Pakistan. J. Transp. Health 14, 100575. DOI:10.1016/j.jth.2019.10057. Zhang, G., Yau, K. K. W., Chen, G., 2013. Risk factors associated with traffic violations and accident severity in China. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 59, 18-25. DOI:10.1016/j.aap.2013.05.004.