Atrial defibrillation with a transvenous lead

Winkle, 1989, Long-term outcome with the automatic implantable cardioverter-defibrillator, J Am Coll Cardiol, 13, 1353, 10.1016/0735-1097(89)90310-0 1997, A comparison of antiarrhythmic-drug therapy with implantable defibrillators in patients resuscitated from near-fatal ventricular arrhythmias, N Engl J Med, 337, 1576, 10.1056/NEJM199711273372202 Moss, 1996, Improved survival with an implanted defibrillator in patients with coronary disease at high risk for ventricular arrhythmia. Multicenter Automatic Defibrillator Implantation Trial, N Engl J Med, 335, 1933, 10.1056/NEJM199612263352601 Grimm, 1993, Symptoms and electrocardiographically documented rhythm preceding spontaneous shocks in patients with implantable cardioverter-defibrillators, Am J Cardiol, 71, 1415, 10.1016/0002-9149(93)90602-9 Wolf, 1991, Atrial fibrillation as an independent risk factor for stroke, Stroke, 22, 983, 10.1161/01.STR.22.8.983 Kannel, 1983, Coronary heart disease and atrial fibrillation, Am Heart J, 106, 389, 10.1016/0002-8703(83)90208-9 Middlekauff, 1991, Prognostic significance of atrial fibrillation in advanced heart failure, Circulation, 84, 40, 10.1161/01.CIR.84.1.40 Hamer, 1994, Quality-of-life assessment in patients with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation or paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia, Am J Cardiol, 74, 826, 10.1016/0002-9149(94)90448-0 Lau, 1997, Initial clinical experience with an implantable human atrial defibrillator, PACE, 20, 220, 10.1111/j.1540-8159.1997.tb04847.x Lévy, 1997, Multicenter low energy transvenous atrial defibrillation (XAD) trial results in different subsets of atrial fibrillation, J Am Coll Cardiol, 29, 750, 10.1016/S0735-1097(96)00583-9 Alt, 1994, Initial experience with intracardiac atrial defibrillation in patients with chronic atrial fibrillation, PACE, 17, 1067, 10.1111/j.1540-8159.1994.tb01462.x Murgatroyd, 1995, Efficacy and tolerability of transvenous low energy cardioversion of paroxysmal atrial fibrillation in man, J Am Coll Cardiol, 25, 1347, 10.1016/0735-1097(94)00555-5 Gold, 1996, Effects of an active pectoral-pulse generator shell on defibrillation efficacy with a transvenous lead system, Am J Cardiol, 78, 540, 10.1016/S0002-9149(96)00361-X Powell, 1992, Low energy conversion of atrial fibrillation in the sheep, J Am Coll Cardiol, 20, 707, 10.1016/0735-1097(92)90028-L Cooper, 1993, Internal cardioversion of atrial fibrillation in sheep, Circulation, 87, 1673, 10.1161/01.CIR.87.5.1673 Alferness, 1994, Lead systems for atrial defibrillation, PACE, 17, 1043, 10.1111/j.1540-8159.1994.tb01459.x Cooper, 1997, Internal atrial defibrillation in humans, Circulation, 95, 1487, 10.1161/01.CIR.95.6.1487 Florin, 1997, Induction of atrial fibrillation with low-energy defibrillator shocks in patients with implantable cardioverter defibrillators, Am J Cardiol, 80, 960, 10.1016/S0002-9149(97)00556-0 Heisel, 1997, Low energy transvenous cardioversion of short duration atrial tachyarrhythmias in humans using a single lead system, PACE, 20, 65, 10.1111/j.1540-8159.1997.tb04813.x Osswald, 1998, Transvenous single lead atrial defibrillation, PACE, 21, 580, 10.1111/j.1540-8159.1998.tb00102.x Ayers, 1994, Ventricular proarrhythmic effects of ventricular cycle length and shock strength in a sheep model of transvenous atrial defibrillation, Circulation, 89, 413, 10.1161/01.CIR.89.1.413 Simons, 1998, Safety of transvenous low energy cardioversion of atrial fibrillation in patients with a history of ventricular tachycardia, PACE, 21, 430, 10.1111/j.1540-8159.1998.tb00068.x Gold, 1997, Clinical predictors of transvenous biphasic defibrillation thresholds, Am J Cardiol, 79, 1623, 10.1016/S0002-9149(97)00210-5 Raitt, 1995, Clinical predictors of the defibrillation threshold with the unipolar implantable defibrillation system, J Am Coll Cardiol, 25, 1576, 10.1016/0735-1097(95)00093-J Carlsson, 1996, Cardioversion of atrial fibrillation in the elderly, Am J Cardiol, 78, 1380, 10.1016/S0002-9149(96)00647-9 Van Gelder, 1991, Prediction of uneventful cardioversion and maintenance of sinus rhythm from direct-current electrical cardioversion of chronic atrial fibrillation and flutter, Am J Cardiol, 68, 41, 10.1016/0002-9149(91)90707-R Lau, 1997, A comparison of transvenous atrial defibrillation of acute and chronic atrial fibrillation and the effect of intravenous sotalol on human atrial defibrillation, PACE, 20, 2442, 10.1111/j.1540-8159.1997.tb06084.x Timmermans, 1998, Effect of electrode length on atrial defibrillation thresholds, J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol, 9, 582, 10.1111/j.1540-8167.1998.tb00938.x Cooper, 1998, Marked reduction in internal atrial defibrillation thresholds with dual-current pathways and sequential shocks in humans, Circulation, 97, 2527, 10.1161/01.CIR.97.25.2527