Quá trình tự chết theo lập trình trong sự sinh bệnh học và điều trị bệnh
Tóm tắt
Ở các sinh vật đa bào, cân bằng nội môi được duy trì thông qua sự cân bằng giữa sự sinh sản và sự chết của tế bào. Mặc dù đã biết rất nhiều về việc kiểm soát sự sinh sản của tế bào, nhưng hiểu biết về việc kiểm soát sự chết của tế bào thì ít hơn. Sự chết tế bào sinh lý chủ yếu xảy ra thông qua một dạng tự sát của tế bào được bảo tồn qua tiến hóa, được gọi là quá trình tự chết theo lập trình (apoptosis). Quyết định của một tế bào để trải qua quá trình apoptosis có thể bị ảnh hưởng bởi một loạt các kích thích điều tiết khác nhau. Bằng chứng gần đây cho thấy rằng sự thay đổi trong sự sống còn của tế bào góp phần vào sự sinh bệnh học của một số bệnh ở người, bao gồm ung thư, nhiễm trùng virus, bệnh tự miễn, rối loạn thoái hóa thần kinh và AIDS (hội chứng suy giảm miễn dịch mắc phải). Các phương pháp điều trị được thiết kế để thay đổi ngưỡng apoptosis một cách đặc hiệu có thể có tiềm năng thay đổi tiến trình tự nhiên của một số bệnh này.
Từ khóa
#homeostasis #apoptosis #cell proliferation #cell death #pathogenesis #human diseases #therapeutic targetingTài liệu tham khảo
ALDERSON, M.R., FAS TRANSDUCES ACTIVATION SIGNALS IN NORMAL HUMAN T-LYMPHOCYTES, JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE 178: 2231 (1993).
AMEISEN, J.C., CELL DYSFUNCTION AND DEPLETION IN AIDS - THE PROGRAMMED CELL-DEATH HYPOTHESIS, IMMUNOLOGY TODAY 12: 102 (1991).
ARENAS, E, NEUROTROPHIN-3 PREVENTS THE DEATH OF ADULT CENTRAL NORADRENERGIC NEURONS IN-VIVO, NATURE 367: 368 (1994).
BANDA, N.K., CROSS-LINKING CD4 BY HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS-GP120 PRIMES T-CELLS FOR ACTIVATION-INDUCED APOPTOSIS, JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE 176: 1099 (1992).
BLACKWELL, S, PHARMACOTHERAPY 12: 20S (1992).
BURSCH, W, DETERMINATION OF THE LENGTH OF THE HISTOLOGICAL STAGES OF APOPTOSIS IN NORMAL LIVER AND IN ALTERED HEPATIC FOCI OF RATS, CARCINOGENESIS 11: 847 (1990).
BURSCH, W, CELL-DEATH BY APOPTOSIS AND ITS PROTECTIVE ROLE AGAINST DISEASE, TRENDS IN PHARMACOLOGICAL SCIENCES 13: 245 (1992).
CASTLE, V.P., EXPRESSION OF THE APOPTOSIS-SUPPRESSING PROTEIN BCL-2, IN NEUROBLASTOMA IS ASSOCIATED WITH UNFAVORABLE HISTOLOGY AND N-MYC AMPLIFICATION, AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 143: 1543 (1993).
CHANG, G.Q., APOPTOSIS - FINAL COMMON PATHWAY OF PHOTORECEPTOR DEATH IN RD, RDS, AND RHODOPSIN MUTANT MICE, NEURON 11: 595 (1993).
CLARKE M.F. unpublished data.
CLEARY, M.L., NUCLEOTIDE-SEQUENCE OF A T(14,18) CHROMOSOMAL BREAKPOINT IN FOLLICULAR LYMPHOMA AND DEMONSTRATION OF A BREAKPOINT-CLUSTER REGION NEAR A TRANSCRIPTIONALLY ACTIVE LOCUS ON CHROMOSOME-18, PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 82: 7439 (1985).
CLEM, R.J., CONTROL OF PROGRAMMED CELL-DEATH BY THE BACULOVIRUS GENES P35 AND IAP, MOLECULAR AND CELLULAR BIOLOGY 14: 5212 (1994).
CLEMENT, M.V., FAS AND TUMOR-NECROSIS-FACTOR RECEPTOR-MEDIATED CELL-DEATH - SIMILARITIES AND DISTINCTIONS, JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE 180: 557 (1994).
COHEN, D.A., ACTIVATION-DEPENDENT APOPTOSIS IN CD4+ T-CELLS DURING MURINE AIDS, CELLULAR IMMUNOLOGY 151: 392 (1993).
COHEN, J.J., APOPTOSIS - THE PHYSIOLOGICAL PATHWAY OF CELL-DEATH, HOSPITAL PRACTICE 28: 35 (1993).
COHEN, S, PURIFICATION OF A NERVE-GROWTH PROMOTING PROTEIN FROM THE MOUSE SALIVARY GLAND AND ITS NEURO-CYTOTOXIC ANTISERUM, PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 46: 302 (1960).
COLOMBEL, M, HORMONE-REGULATED APOPTOSIS RESULTS FROM REENTRY OF DIFFERENTIATED PROSTATE CELLS ONTO A DEFECTIVE CELL-CYCLE, CANCER RESEARCH 52: 4313 (1992).
CRITCHFIELD, J.M., T-CELL DELETION IN HIGH ANTIGEN DOSE THERAPY OF AUTOIMMUNE ENCEPHALOMYELITIS, SCIENCE 263: 1139 (1994).
CYSTER, J.G., COMPETITION FOR FOLLICULAR NICHES EXCLUDES SELF-REACTIVE CELLS FROM THE RECIRCULATING B-CELL REPERTOIRE, NATURE 371: 389 (1994).
DANCESCU, M, INTERLEUKIN-4 PROTECTS CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIC B-CELLS FROM DEATH BY APOPTOSIS AND UP-REGULATES BCL-2 EXPRESSION, JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE 176: 1319 (1992).
EMLEN, W, ACCELERATED IN-VITRO APOPTOSIS OF LYMPHOCYTES FROM PATIENTS WITH SYSTEMIC LUPUS-ERYTHEMATOSUS, JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 152: 3685 (1994).
FADOK, V.A., EXPOSURE OF PHOSPHATIDYLSERINE ON THE SURFACE OF APOPTOTIC LYMPHOCYTES TRIGGERS SPECIFIC RECOGNITION AND REMOVAL BY MACROPHAGES, JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 148: 2207 (1992).
FADOK, V.A., DIFFERENT POPULATIONS OF MACROPHAGES USE EITHER THE VITRONECTIN RECEPTOR OR THE PHOSPHATIDYLSERINE RECEPTOR TO RECOGNIZE AND REMOVE APOPTOTIC CELLS, JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 149: 4029 (1992).
FAIRBAIRN, L.J., SUPPRESSION OF APOPTOSIS ALLOWS DIFFERENTIATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF A MULTIPOTENT HEMATOPOIETIC-CELL LINE IN THE ABSENCE OF ADDED GROWTH-FACTORS, CELL 74: 823 (1993).
FLEISCHMAN, R.A., SOUTHWESTERN INTERNAL-MEDICINE CONFERENCE - CLINICAL USE OF HEMATOPOIETIC GROWTH-FACTORS, AMERICAN JOURNAL OF THE MEDICAL SCIENCES 305: 248 (1993).
FREEMAN, R.S., ANALYSIS OF CELL CYCLE-RELATED GENE-EXPRESSION IN POSTMITOTIC NEURONS - SELECTIVE INDUCTION OF CYCLIN D1 DURING PROGRAMMED CELL-DEATH, NEURON 12: 343 (1994).
GARCHON, H.J., GENETIC-ANALYSIS OF IMMUNE DYSFUNCTION IN NONOBESE DIABETIC (NOD) MICE - MAPPING OF A SUSCEPTIBILITY LOCUS CLOSE TO THE BCL-2 GENE CORRELATES WITH INCREASED RESISTANCE OF NOD T-CELLS TO APOPTOSIS INDUCTION, EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 24: 380 (1994).
GOLDIN, R.D., APOPTOTIC BODIES IN A MURINE MODEL OF ALCOHOLIC LIVER-DISEASE - REVERSIBILITY OF ETHANOL-INDUCED CHANGES, JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 171: 73 (1993).
GONZALEZGARCIA, M, BCL-X(L) IS THE MAJOR BCL-X MESSENGER-RNA FORM EXPRESSED DURING MURINE DEVELOPMENT AND ITS PRODUCT LOCALIZES TO MITOCHONDRIA, DEVELOPMENT 120: 3033 (1994).
GOTTLIEB, R.A., REPERFUSION INJURY INDUCES APOPTOSIS IN RABBIT CARDIOMYOCYTES, JOURNAL OF CLINICAL INVESTIGATION 94: 1621 (1994).
GROUX, H, ACTIVATION-INDUCED DEATH BY APOPTOSIS IN CD4+ T-CELLS FROM HUMAN-IMMUNODEFICIENCY-VIRUS INFECTED ASYMPTOMATIC INDIVIDUALS, JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE 175: 331 (1992).
GUIOT, A.L., EVIDENCE FOR A PROGRAMMED CELL-DEATH PROCESS IN LYMPHOCYTES OF FIV-INFECTED CATS, COMPTES RENDUS DE L ACADEMIE DES SCIENCES SERIE III-SCIENCES DE LA VIE-LIFE SCIENCES 316: 1297 (1993).
HAASE, D, KARYOTYPE AND INVITRO-RESPONSE TO GM-CSF - ANALYSIS OF BONE-MARROW CULTURES IN LEUKEMIA, MYELODYSPLASIA AND APLASTIC-ANEMIA, BLUT 60: 192 (1990).
HAGUE, A, BCL-2 EXPRESSION IN HUMAN COLORECTAL ADENOMAS AND CARCINOMAS, ONCOGENE 9: 3367 (1994).
HALL, S.E., APOPTOTIC NEUTROPHILS ARE PHAGOCYTOSED BY FIBROBLASTS WITH PARTICIPATION OF THE FIBROBLAST VITRONECTIN RECEPTOR AND INVOLVEMENT OF A MANNOSE/FUCOSE-SPECIFIC LECTIN, JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 153: 3218 (1994).
HEINTZ, N, CELL-DEATH AND THE CELL-CYCLE - A RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN TRANSFORMATION AND NEURODEGENERATION, TRENDS IN BIOCHEMICAL SCIENCES 18: 157 (1993).
HENDERSON, S, INDUCTION OF BCL-2 EXPRESSION BY EPSTEIN-BARR-VIRUS LATENT MEMBRANE PROTEIN-1 PROTECTS INFECTED B-CELLS FROM PROGRAMMED CELL-DEATH, CELL 65: 1107 (1991).
HENDERSON, S, EPSTEIN-BARR VIRUS-CODED BHRF1 PROTEIN, A VIRAL HOMOLOG OF BCL-2, PROTECTS HUMAN B-CELLS FROM PROGRAMMED CELL-DEATH, PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 90: 8479 (1993).
HENKART, P.A., LYMPHOCYTE-MEDIATED CYTOTOXICITY - 2 PATHWAYS AND MULTIPLE EFFECTOR MOLECULES, IMMUNITY 1: 343 (1994).
HERRERO, M.T., GM-1 GANGLIOSIDE PROMOTES THE RECOVERY OF SURVIVING MIDBRAIN DOPAMINERGIC-NEURONS IN MPTP-TREATED MONKEYS, NEUROSCIENCE 56: 965 (1993).
HEUSEL, J.W., CYTOTOXIC LYMPHOCYTES REQUIRE GRANZYME-B FOR THE RAPID INDUCTION OF DNA FRAGMENTATION AND APOPTOSIS IN ALLOGENEIC TARGET-CELLS, CELL 76: 977 (1994).
HOCKENBERY, D, BCL-2 IS AN INNER MITOCHONDRIAL-MEMBRANE PROTEIN THAT BLOCKS PROGRAMMED CELL-DEATH, NATURE 348: 334 (1990).
HOCKENBERY, D.M., BCL-2 FUNCTIONS IN AN ANTIOXIDANT PATHWAY TO PREVENT APOPTOSIS, CELL 75: 241 (1993).
HOCKENBERY, D.M., BCL2 PROTEIN IS TOPOGRAPHICALLY RESTRICTED IN TISSUES CHARACTERIZED BY APOPTOTIC CELL-DEATH, PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 88: 6961 (1991).
HOFFMAN, B, MOLECULAR CONTROLS OF APOPTOSIS - DIFFERENTIATION/GROWTH ARREST PRIMARY RESPONSE GENES, PROTOONCOGENES, AND TUMOR-SUPPRESSOR GENES AS POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE MODULATORS, ONCOGENE 9: 1807 (1994).
ISHIZAKI, Y, AUTOCRINE SIGNALS ENABLE CHONDROCYTES TO SURVIVE IN CULTURE, JOURNAL OF CELL BIOLOGY 126: 1069 (1994).
JACOBSON, M.D., PROGRAMMED CELL-DEATH AND BCL-2 PROTECTION IN THE ABSENCE OF A NUCLEUS, EMBO JOURNAL 13: 1899 (1994).
KAGI, D, CYTOTOXICITY MEDIATED BY T-CELLS AND NATURAL-KILLER-CELLS IS GREATLY IMPAIRED IN PERFORIN DEFICIENT MICE, NATURE 369: 31 (1994).
KAGI, D, FAS AND PERFORIN PATHWAYS AS MAJOR MECHANISMS OF T-CELL-MEDIATED CYTOTOXICITY, SCIENCE 265: 528 (1994).
KELLEY, L.L., SURVIVAL OR DEATH OF INDIVIDUAL PROERYTHROBLASTS RESULTS FROM DIFFERING ERYTHROPOIETIN SENSITIVITIES - A MECHANISM FOR CONTROLLED RATES OF ERYTHROCYTE PRODUCTION, BLOOD 82: 2340 (1993).
KERR, JFR, BRIT J CANCER 26: 18 (1972).
KOZOPAS, K.M., MCL1, A GENE EXPRESSED IN PROGRAMMED MYELOID CELL-DIFFERENTIATION, HAS SEQUENCE SIMILARITY TO BCL2, PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 90: 3516 (1993).
KUMAR, S, INDUCTION OF APOPTOSIS BY THE MOUSE NEDD2 GENE, WHICH ENCODES A PROTEIN SIMILAR TO THE PRODUCT OF THE CAENORHABDITIS-ELEGANS CELL-DEATH GENE CED-3 AND THE MAMMALIAN IL-1-BETA-CONVERTING ENZYME, GENES & DEVELOPMENT 8: 1613 (1994).
LAVAIL, M.M., MULTIPLE GROWTH-FACTORS, CYTOKINES, AND NEUROTROPHINS RESCUE PHOTORECEPTORS FROM THE DAMAGING EFFECTS OF CONSTANT LIGHT, PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 89: 11249 (1992).
LEE, J.M., P53 MUTATIONS INCREASE RESISTANCE TO IONIZING-RADIATION, PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 90: 5742 (1993).
LEVINE, B, CONVERSION OF LYTIC TO PERSISTENT ALPHAVIRUS INFECTION BY THE BCL-2 CELLULAR ONCOGENE, NATURE 361: 739 (1993).
LEVY, Y, INTERLEUKIN-10 PREVENTS SPONTANEOUS DEATH OF GERMINAL CENTER B-CELLS BY INDUCTION OF THE BCL-2 PROTEIN, JOURNAL OF CLINICAL INVESTIGATION 93: 424 (1994).
LIN, E.Y., CHARACTERIZATION OF A1, A NOVEL HEMATOPOIETIC-SPECIFIC EARLY-RESPONSE GENE WITH SEQUENCE SIMILARITY TO BCL-2, JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 151: 1979 (1993).
LOO, D.T., APOPTOSIS IS INDUCED BY BETA-AMYLOID IN CULTURED CENTRAL-NERVOUS-SYSTEM NEURONS, PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 90: 7951 (1993).
LOTEM, J, REGULATION BY BCL-2, C-MYC, AND P53 OF SUSCEPTIBILITY TO INDUCTION OF APOPTOSIS BY HEAT-SHOCK AND CANCER-CHEMOTHERAPY COMPOUNDS IN DIFFERENTIATION-COMPETENT AND DIFFERENTIATION-DEFECTIVE MYELOID LEUKEMIC-CELLS, CELL GROWTH & DIFFERENTIATION 4: 41 (1993).
LU, X, DIFFERENTIAL INDUCTION OF TRANSCRIPTIONALLY ACTIVE P53 FOLLOWING UV OR IONIZING-RADIATION - DEFECTS IN CHROMOSOME INSTABILITY SYNDROMES, CELL 75: 765 (1993).
MATTSON, M.P., ALTERED CALCIUM SIGNALING AND NEURONAL INJURY - STROKE AND ALZHEIMERS-DISEASE AS EXAMPLES, ANNALS OF THE NEW YORK ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 679: 1 (1993).
MAY, W.S., INTERLEUKIN-3 AND BRYOSTATIN-1 MEDIATE HYPERPHOSPHORYLATION OF BCL2-ALPHA IN ASSOCIATION WITH SUPPRESSION OF APOPTOSIS, JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY 269: 26865 (1994).
MCCONKEY, D.J., INHIBITION OF DNA FRAGMENTATION IN THYMOCYTES AND ISOLATED THYMOCYTE NUCLEI BY AGENTS THAT STIMULATE PROTEIN KINASE-C, JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY 264: 13399 (1989).
MCDONNELL, T.J., EXPRESSION OF THE PROTOONCOGENE BCL-2 IN THE PROSTATE AND ITS ASSOCIATION WITH EMERGENCE OF ANDROGEN-INDEPENDENT PROSTATE-CANCER, CANCER RESEARCH 52: 6940 (1992).
MINN A unpublished data.
MIURA, M, INDUCTION OF APOPTOSIS IN FIBROBLASTS BY IL-1-BETA-CONVERTING ENZYME, A MAMMALIAN HOMOLOG OF THE C-ELEGANS CELL-DEATH GENE CED-3, CELL 75: 653 (1993).
MIYASHITA, T, BCL-2 ONCOPROTEIN BLOCKS CHEMOTHERAPY-INDUCED APOPTOSIS IN A HUMAN LEUKEMIA-CELL LINE, BLOOD 81: 151 (1993).
MOHR, W, OSTEOARTHROSIS OF THE ANKLE JOINTS IN OLD RATS, ZEITSCHRIFT FUR RHEUMATOLOGIE 51: 35 (1992).
MOUNTZ, J.D., AUTOIMMUNE-DISEASE - A PROBLEM OF DEFECTIVE APOPTOSIS, ARTHRITIS AND RHEUMATISM 37: 1415 (1994).
MUTA, K, APOPTOSIS OF HUMAN ERYTHROID COLONY-FORMING CELLS IS DECREASED BY STEM-CELL FACTOR AND INSULIN-LIKE GROWTH FACTOR-I AS WELL AS ERYTHROPOIETIN, JOURNAL OF CELLULAR PHYSIOLOGY 156: 264 (1993).
NEILAN, J.G., AN AFRICAN SWINE FEVER VIRUS GENE WITH SIMILARITY TO THE PROTOONCOGENE BCL-2 AND THE EPSTEIN-BARR-VIRUS GENE BHRF1, JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY 67: 4391 (1993).
NEIMAN, P.E., INDUCTION OF APOPTOSIS DURING NORMAL AND NEOPLASTIC B-CELL DEVELOPMENT IN THE BURSA OF FABRICIUS, PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 88: 5857 (1991).
NETA, R, IL-12 PROTECTS BONE-MARROW FROM AND SENSITIZES INTESTINAL-TRACT TO IONIZING-RADIATION, JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 153: 4230 (1994).
NEWELL, M.K., DEATH OF MATURE T-CELLS BY SEPARATE LIGATION OF CD4 AND THE T-CELL RECEPTOR FOR ANTIGEN, NATURE 347: 286 (1990).
NUNEZ, G, DEREGULATED BCL-2 GENE-EXPRESSION SELECTIVELY PROLONGS SURVIVAL OF GROWTH FACTOR-DEPRIVED HEMATOPOIETIC-CELL LINES, JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 144: 3602 (1990).
OHMORI, T, APOPTOSIS OF LUNG-CANCER CELLS CAUSED BY SOME ANTICANCER AGENTS (MMC, CPT-11, ADM) IS INHIBITED BY BCL-2, BIOCHEMICAL AND BIOPHYSICAL RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS 192: 30 (1993).
OKAMOTO, M, PROTECTIVE ACTION OF CHONDROITIN SULFATE PROTEOGLYCANS AGAINST NEURONAL CELL-DEATH INDUCED BY GLUTAMATE, BRAIN RESEARCH 637: 57 (1994).
OLTVAI, Z.N., BCL-2 HETERODIMERIZES IN-VIVO WITH A CONSERVED HOMOLOG, BAX, THAT ACCELERATES PROGRAMMED CELL-DEATH, CELL 74: 609 (1993).
PARFITT, A.M., BONE-AGE, MINERAL DENSITY, AND FATIGUE DAMAGE, CALCIFIED TISSUE INTERNATIONAL 53: S82 (1993).
RABIZADEH, S, EXPRESSION OF THE BACULOVIRUS P35-GENE INHIBITS MAMMALIAN NEURAL CELL-DEATH, JOURNAL OF NEUROCHEMISTRY 61: 2318 (1993).
RAO, L, THE ADENOVIRUS E1A PROTEINS INDUCE APOPTOSIS, WHICH IS INHIBITED BY THE E1B 19-KDA AND BCL-2 PROTEINS, PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 89: 7742 (1992).
RAO, V.R., RHODOPSIN MUTATION G90D AND A MOLECULAR MECHANISM FOR CONGENITAL NIGHT BLINDNESS, NATURE 367: 639 (1994).
RAY, C.A., VIRAL INHIBITION OF INFLAMMATION - COWPOX VIRUS ENCODES AN INHIBITOR OF THE INTERLEUKIN-1-BETA CONVERTING ENZYME, CELL 69: 597 (1992).
REED, J.C., ANTISENSE-MEDIATED INHIBITION OF BCL2 PROTOONCOGENE EXPRESSION AND LEUKEMIC-CELL GROWTH AND SURVIVAL - COMPARISONS OF PHOSPHODIESTER AND PHOSPHOROTHIOATE OLIGODEOXYNUCLEOTIDES, CANCER RESEARCH 50: 6565 (1990).
REED, J.C., BCL-2 AND THE REGULATION OF PROGRAMMED CELL-DEATH, JOURNAL OF CELL BIOLOGY 124: 1 (1994).
ROSENBAUM, D.M., SUPEROXIDE-DISMUTASE AMELIORATES NEURONAL DEATH FROM HYPOXIA IN CULTURE, STROKE 25: 857 (1994).
ROY, N, THE GENE FOR NEURONAL APOPTOSIS INHIBITORY PROTEIN IS PARTIALLY DELETED IN INDIVIDUALS WITH SPINAL MUSCULAR-ATROPHY, CELL 80: 167 (1995).
SACHS, L, CONTROL OF PROGRAMMED CELL-DEATH IN NORMAL AND LEUKEMIC-CELLS - NEW IMPLICATIONS FOR THERAPY, BLOOD 82: 15 (1993).
SHARKEY, J, IMMUNOPHILINS MEDIATE THE NEUROPROTECTIVE EFFECTS OF FK506 IN FOCAL CEREBRAL-ISCHEMIA, NATURE 371: 336 (1994).
SINGER, G.G., THE FAS ANTIGEN IS INVOLVED IN PERIPHERAL BUT NOT THYMIC DELETION OF T-LYMPHOCYTES IN T-CELL RECEPTOR TRANSGENIC MICE, IMMUNITY 1: 365 (1994).
STRASSER, A, NOVEL PRIMITIVE LYMPHOID TUMORS INDUCED IN TRANSGENIC MICE BY COOPERATION BETWEEN MYC AND BCL-2, NATURE 348: 331 (1990).
STRASSER, A, ENFORCED BCL2 EXPRESSION IN B-LYMPHOID CELLS PROLONGS ANTIBODY-RESPONSES AND ELICITS AUTOIMMUNE-DISEASE, PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 88: 8661 (1991).
SUDA, T, MOLECULAR-CLONING AND EXPRESSION OF THE FAS LIGAND, A NOVEL MEMBER OF THE TUMOR-NECROSIS-FACTOR FAMILY, CELL 75: 1169 (1993).
SUGIMOTO, A, BACULOVIRUS P35 PREVENTS DEVELOPMENTALLY PROGRAMMED CELL-DEATH AND RESCUES A CED-9 MUTANT IN THE NEMATODE CAENORHABDITIS-ELEGANS, EMBO JOURNAL 13: 2023 (1994).
TAKASHIMA, A, TAU-PROTEIN KINASE-I IS ESSENTIAL FOR AMYLOID BETA-PROTEIN-INDUCED NEUROTOXICITY, PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 90: 7789 (1993).
TANAKA, M, HYPOXIA INDUCES APOPTOSIS WITH ENHANCED EXPRESSION OF FAS ANTIGEN MESSENGER-RNA IN CULTURED NEONATAL RAT CARDIOMYOCYTES, CIRCULATION RESEARCH 75: 426 (1994).
TROY, C.M., DOWN-REGULATION OF COPPER/ZINC SUPEROXIDE-DISMUTASE CAUSES APOPTOTIC DEATH IN PC12 NEURONAL CELLS, PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 91: 6384 (1994).
UYAMA, O, PROTECTIVE EFFECTS OF HUMAN RECOMBINANT SUPEROXIDE-DISMUTASE ON TRANSIENT ISCHEMIC-INJURY OF CA1 NEURONS IN GERBILS, STROKE 23: 75 (1992).
VASCONCELOS, A.C., APOPTOSIS INDUCED BY INFECTIOUS BURSAL DISEASE VIRUS, JOURNAL OF GENERAL VIROLOGY 75: 1803 (1994).
VAUX, D.L., BCL-2 GENE PROMOTES HEMATOPOIETIC-CELL SURVIVAL AND COOPERATES WITH C-MYC TO IMMORTALIZE PRE-B-CELLS, NATURE 335: 440 (1988).
WATANABEFUKUNAG.R, LYMPHOPROLIFERATION DISORDER IN MICE EXPLAINED BY DEFECTS IN FAS ANTIGEN THAT MEDIATES APOPTOSIS, NATURE 356: 314 (1992).
WILLIAMS, G.T., HEMATOPOIETIC COLONY STIMULATING FACTORS PROMOTE CELL-SURVIVAL BY SUPPRESSING APOPTOSIS, NATURE 343: 76 (1990).
YIN, X.M., BH1 AND BH2 DOMAINS OF BCL-2 ARE REQUIRED FOR INHIBITION OF APOPTOSIS AND HETERODIMERIZATION WITH BAX, NATURE 369: 321 (1994).
YOSHIDA, Y, HYPOTHESIS - APOPTOSIS MAY BE THE MECHANISM RESPONSIBLE FOR THE PREMATURE INTRAMEDULLARY CELL-DEATH IN THE MYELODYSPLASTIC SYNDROME, LEUKEMIA 7: 144 (1993).
ZHONG, L.T., BCL-2 INHIBITS DEATH OF CENTRAL NEURAL CELLS INDUCED BY MULTIPLE AGENTS, PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 90: 4533 (1993).