Anoxia as a cause of the Permian/Triassic mass extinction: facies evidence from northern Italy and the western United States
Tóm tắt
Từ khóa
Tài liệu tham khảo
Assereto, 1973, The Permian-Triassic boundary in the southern Alps (Italy), 2, 176
Baud, 1989, Permian-Triassic of the Tethys: carbon isotope studies, Geol. Rundsch., 78, 649, 10.1007/BF01776196
Benson, 1984, The Phanerozoic “crisis” as viewed from the Miocene, 437
Berner, 1983, Burial of organic carbon and pyrite sulfur in sediments over Phanerozoic time: a new theory, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 47, 855, 10.1016/0016-7037(83)90151-5
Bosellini, 1964, Stratigrafia, petrografia e sedimentologia delle facies carbonatiche al limite Permo-Trias nelle Dolomiti Occidentali, Mem. Mus. St. Nat. Ven. Trident., 15, 1
Bosellini, 1973, Depositional theme of a marginal marine evaporite, Sedimentology, 20, 5, 10.1111/j.1365-3091.1973.tb01604.x
Bottjer, 1988, Fine scale resolution of mass extinction events: trace fossil evidence from the Permian-Triassic boundary in South China, Geol. Soc. Am. Abstr. with Prog., 20, A106
Boyd, 1973, Permian-Triassic boundary in the middle Rocky Mountains, 2, 294
Brandner, 1988, The Permian-Triassic boundary in the Dolomites (Southern Alps, Italy), San Antonio section, 49
Broglio Loriga, 1986, Upper Permian and P/T boundary in the area between Carnia and the Adige Valley, 23
Broglio Loriga, 1986, The Upper Permian sequence and the P/T boundary in the Sass de Putia Mt. (Dolomites), 73
Broglio Loriga, 1986, The early macrofaunas of the Werfen Formation and the Permian-Triassic boundary in the Dolomites (Southern Alps, Italy), Stud. Trent. Sci. Nat., Acta Geol., 62, 3
Broglio Loriga, 1986, The Werfen Formation (Lower Triassic) in the Costabella Mt., Uomo Section, 116
Broglio Loriga, 1988, Marine fossil assemblages from Upper Permian to Lowermost Triassic in the western Dolomites (Italy), Mem. Soc. Geol. Ital., 34, 5
Buggisch, 1988, Upper Permian and Permian-Triassic boundary of the Carnia (Bellerophon Formation, Tesero Horizon, northern Italy), Mem. Soc. Geol. Ital., 34, 91
Caputo, 1985, Migration of glacial centres across Gondwana during the Paleozoic era, Bull. Geol. Soc. Am., 96, 1020, 10.1130/0016-7606(1985)96<1020:MOGCAG>2.0.CO;2
Carr, 1983, Early Triassic stratigraphy and paleogeography of the Cordilleran miogeocline, 2, 39
Carulli, 1988, The Permian-Triassic boundary in the Paularo area (Carnia), Mem. Soc. Geol. Ital., 34, 107
Ciriacks, 1963, Permian and Eotriassic bivalves of the Middle Rockies, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 125, 1
Claypool, 1980, The age curves of sulfur and oxygen isotopes in marine sulfate, and their mutual interpretation, Chem. Geol., 28, 199, 10.1016/0009-2541(80)90047-9
Collinson, 1978, Early Triassic paleogeography and biostratigraphy of the Cordilleran miogeosyncline, 2, 175
Collinson, 1976, Permian-Triassic boundary in eastern Nevada and west-central Utah, Bull. Geol. Soc. Am., 87, 821, 10.1130/0016-7606(1976)87<821:PBIENA>2.0.CO;2
Conti, 1986, The Bletterbach-Butterloch Section (Val Gardena Sandstone and Bellerophon Formation), 91
Ekdale, 1988, Characteristic trace-fossil associations in oxygen-poor sedimentary environments, Geology, 16, 720, 10.1130/0091-7613(1988)016<0720:CTFAIO>2.3.CO;2
Elder, 1987, The paleoecology of the Cenomanian-Turonian (Cretaceous) stage boundary extinctions at Black Mesa, Arizona, Palaios, 2, 24, 10.2307/3514570
Elderfield, 1988, The oceanic chemistry of the rare-earth elements, Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond., A325, 105, 10.1098/rsta.1988.0046
Erwin, 1990, The end-Permian mass extinction, Ann. Rev. Ecol. Syst., 21, 69, 10.1146/annurev.es.21.110190.000441
Fischer, 1964, Brackish oceans as a cause of the Permo-Triassic marine faunal crisis, 566
Flügel, 1989, Uppermost Permian reefs in Skyros (Greece) and Sichuan (China): Implications for the Late Permian extinction event, Palaios, 4, 502, 10.2307/3514742
Flügel, 1988, Reef biotopes near the Permian/Triassic boundary (Skyros, Greece and Sichuan, China) — environmental trends in extinction?, 6
Garrels, 1981, Phanerozoic cycles of sedimentary carbon and sulfur, 78, 4652
Goodwin, 1985, Punctuated aggradational cycles: General hypothesis of episodic stratigraphic accumulation, J. Geol., 93, 515, 10.1086/628978
Hallam, 1987, Radiations and extinctions in relation to environmental change in the marine Lower Jurassic of north west Europe, Paleobiology, 13, 152, 10.1017/S0094837300008708
Hallam, 1988, A reevaluation of Jurassic eustasy in the light of new data and the revised Exxon curve, 42, 261
Hallam, 1989, The case for sea-level change as a dominant causal factor in mass extinction of marine invertebrates, Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond., B325, 437, 10.1098/rstb.1989.0098
Hallam, 1991, Why was there a delayed radiation after the end-Palaeozoic extinction?, Hist. Biol., 5, 257, 10.1080/10292389109380405
Haq, 1988, Mesozoic and Cenozoic chronostratigraphy and cycles of sea-level change, 42, 71
Herak, 1977, The development of the dascyclad algae through the ages, 143
Hoffman, 1991, On the interrelationship between temporal trends in δ13C, δ18O, and δ34S in the world ocean, J. Geol., 99, 355, 10.1086/629500
Holser, 1987, Events near the Permian-Triassic boundary, Mod. Geol., 11, 155
Holser, 1986, Chemical and isotopic variations in the world ocean during Phanerozoic time, 30, 63
Holser, 1989, A unique geochemical record at the Permian/Triassic boundary, Nature, 337, 39, 10.1038/337039a0
Holser, 1991, The Permian-Triassic of the Gartnerkofel-1 core (Carnic Alps, Austria): Synthesis and conclusions, Abh. Geol. Bundesanst., 45, 213
Jablonski, 1985, Marine regressions and mass extinctions: A test using modern biota, 335
Johnson, 1974, Extinction of perched faunas, Geology, 2, 479, 10.1130/0091-7613(1974)2<479:EOPF>2.0.CO;2
Kozur, 1991, Permian deep-water ostracods from Sicily (Italy) Part 2: Biofacial evolution and remarks on the Silurian to Triassic paleopsychospheric ostracods, Geol. Paläontol. Mitt. Innsbruck, 3, 25
Kristan-Tollman, 1987, Triassic of Tethys and its relations with the Triassic of the Pacific Realm, 169
Kummel, 1957, Paleoecology of Lower Triassic formations of southeastern Idaho and adjacent areas, Mem. Geol. Soc. Am., 67, 437
Kummel, 1973, Lower Triassic (Scythian) molluscs, 225
Kummel, 1970, Stratigraphy and paleontology of the Permian-Triassic boundary beds, Salt Range and Trans-Indus Ranges, West Pakistan, Spec. Publ. Univ. Kans. Dep. Geol., 4, 1
Loutit, 1988, Condensed sections: The key to age dating and correlation of continental margin sequences, 42, 183
Magaritz, 1988, The carbon-isotope shift at the Permian/Triassic boundary in the Southern Alps is gradual, Nature, 331, 337, 10.1038/331337a0
Maughan, 1979, Petroleum source rock evaluation of the Permian Park City Group in the north-eastern Great Basin, Utah, Nevada, and Idaho, 523
Maxwell, 1989, The end Permian mass extinction, 152
Nakazawa, 1981, Analysis of late Permian and early Triassic faunas of Kashmir, 193
Nakazawa, 1973, The Permian-Triassic boundary: a crisis for bivalves?, Mem. Can. Soc. Pet. Geol., 2, 608
Neri, 1986, The Permian-Triassic boundary and the early Scythian sequence — Tesero Section, Dolomites, 111
Newell, 1988, The Paleozoic/Mesozoic erathem boundary, Mem. Soc. Geol. Ital., 34, 303
Newell, 1942, Lower Eo-Triassic stratigraphy, western Wyoming and southeast Idaho, Bull. Geol. Soc. Am., 53, 937, 10.1130/GSAB-53-937
Noé, 1987, Facies and paleogeography of the marine Upper Permian and of the Permian-Triassic boundary in the southern Alps (Bellerophon Formation, Tesero Horizon), Facies, 16, 89, 10.1007/BF02536749
Noé, 1988, The Permian-Triassic boundary in the Southern Alps — A study of foraminiferal evolution, 19
Paull, 1987, Lower Triassic rocks within and adjacent to the thrust belt of Wyoming, Idaho and Utah, 149
Paull, 1986, Epilogue for the Permian — a retrospective view from the Triassic in western Cordillera, Univ. Wyo. Contrib. Geol., 24, 243
Paull, 1985, Conodont biostratigraphy and depositional history of the Lower Triassic Dinwoody Formation in the Meade Plate, southeastern Idaho, Utah Geol. Assoc. Publ., 14, 55
Perri, 1987, Permian-Triassic and Early Triassic conodonts from the southern Alps, Italy, Riv. Ital. Paleontol. Stratigr., 93, 291
Posamentier, 1988, Eustatic controls on clastic deposition II — Sequence and systems tract models, 42, 109
Ramovš, 1986, Marine development of the Upper Permian in the type Karavanke Mountains and the Scythian, 43
Raup, 1979, Size of the Permo-Triassic bottleneck and its evolutionary implications, Science, 206, 217, 10.1126/science.206.4415.217
Savrda, 1987, The exaerobic zone, a new oxygen-deficient marine biofacies, Nature, 327, 54, 10.1038/327054a0
Schönlaub, 1991, The Permian: Triassic of the Gartnerkofel-1 core (Carnic Alps, Austria): Conodont biostratigraphy, Abh. Geol. Bundesanst., 45, 79
Schopf, 1974, Permo-Triassic extinctions: relation to sea floor spreading, J. Geol., 82, 129, 10.1086/627955
Signor, 1982, Sampling bias, gradual extinction patterns, and catastrophes in the fossil record, 190, 291
Stanley, 1984, Marine mass extinctions: a dominant role for temperature, 69
Stanley, 1988, Climatic cooling and mass extinctions of Paleozoic reef communities, Palaios, 3, 228, 10.2307/3514533
Teichert, 1990, The Permian-Triassic boundary revisited, 30, 199
Thomas, 1934, Phosphoria and Dinwoody tongues in lower Chugwater of central and south-eastern Wyoming, Bull. Am. Assoc. Pet. Geol., 18, 1655
Wignall, 1990, Benthic palaeoecology of the Late Jurassic Kimmeridge Clay of England, Spec. Pap. Palaeontol., 43
Wignall, 1990, Observations on the evolution and classification of dysaerobic communities, 5, 99
Wray, 1977, Late Paleozoic calcareous red algae, 167
Wright, 1989, REE in fossil apatite record Phanerozoic OAE, 383
Wright, 1987, Paleoredox variations in ancient oceans recorded by rare earth elements in fossil apatite, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 51, 631, 10.1016/0016-7037(87)90075-5
Wright, 1984, REE and Nd isotopes in conodont apatite: variations with geological age and depositional environment, 196, 325
Yin, 1985, Bivalves near the Permian-Triassic boundary in South China, J. Paleontol., 59, 572
Yin, 1988, A proposal to the biostratigraphic criterion of Permian/Triassic boundary, Mem. Soc. Geol. Ital., 34, 329