Anemia in heart failure: still an unsolved enigma

Ziaeian B, Fonarow GC (2016) Epidemiology and aetiology of heart failure. Nat Rev Cardiol 13(6):368–378 Mazurek JA, Jessup M (2017) Understanding Heart Failure. Heart Fail Clin 13(1):1–19 Yancy CW, Jessup M, Bozkurt B, Butler J, Casey DE Jr, Drazner MH, et al; American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (2013) 2013 ACCF/AHA guideline for the management of heart failure: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on practice guidelines. Circulation 128(16):e240–327. Ponikowski P, Anker SD, AlHabib KF, Cowie MR, Force TL, Hu S et al (2014) eart failure: preventing disease and death worldwide. ESC Heart Fail 1(1):4–25 van Veldhuisen DJ, Anker SD, Ponikowski P, Macdougall IC (2011) Anemia and iron deficiency in heart failure: mechanisms and therapeutic approaches. Nat Rev Cardiol 8(9):485–493 Waldum B, Westheim AS, Sandvik L, Flonæs B, Grundtvig M, Gullestad L et al (2012) Baseline anemia is not a predictor of all-cause mortality in outpatients with advanced heart failure or severe renal dysfunction. Results from the Norwegian Heart Failure Registry. J Am Coll Cardiol 59(4):371–378 Grote Beverborg N, van Veldhuisen DJ, van der Meer P (2018) Anemia in Heart Failure: Still Relevant? JACC Heart Fail 6(3):201–208 Anand IS, Gupta P (2018) Anemia and iron deficiency in heart failure. Circulation 138:80–98 Anand IS (2008) Anemia and chronic heart failure implications and treatment options. J Am Coll Cardiol 52:501–511 Ezekowitz JA, McAlister FA, Armstrong PW (2003) Anemia is common in heart failure and is associated with poor outcomes: insights from a cohort of 12065 patients with new-onset heart failure. Circulation 107:223–225 Goodnough LT, Schrier SL (2014) Evaluation and management of anemia in the elderly. Am J Hematol 89:88–96 Anand IS, Kuskowski MA, Rector TS, Florea VG, Glazer RD, Hester A et al (2005) Anemia and change in hemoglobin over time related to mortality and morbidity in patients with chronic heart failure: results from Val-HeFT. Circulation 112:1121–1127 Opasich C, Cazzola M, Scelsi L, De Feo S, Bosimini E, Lagioia R et al (2005) Blunted erythropoietin production and defective iron supply for erythropoiesis as major causes of anaemia in patients with chronic heart failure. Eur Heart J 26:2232–2237 Anand IS, Rector T, Deswal A, Iverson E, Anderson S, Mann D et al (2006) Relationship between proinflammatory cytokines and anemia in heart failure. Eur Heart J 27(suppl 1):485 Groenveld HF, Januzzi JL, Damman K, van Wijngaarden J, Hillege HL, van Veldhuisen DJ et al (2008) Anemia and mortality in heart failure patients a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Am Coll Cardiol 52(10):818–827 Qaseem A, Humphrey LL, Fitterman N, Starkey M, Shekelle P (2013) Clinical Guidelines Committee of the American College of Physicians. Treatment of anemia in patients with heart disease: a clinical practice guideline from the American College of Physicians. Ann Intern Med 159:770–779 Hollenberg SM, Warner Stevenson L, Ahmad T, Amin VJ, Bozkurt B, Butler J et al (2019) 2019 ACC expert consensus decision pathway on risk assessment, management, and clinical trajectory of patients hospitalized with heart failure: a report of the American College of Cardiology Solution Set Oversight Committee. J Am Coll Cardiol 74:1966–2011 Garty M, Cohen E, Zuchenko A et al (2009) Blood transfusion for acute decompensated heart failure—friend or foe? Am Heart J 158:653–658 Kao DP, Kreso E, Fonarow GC, Krantz MJ (2011) Characteristics and outcomes among heart failure patients with anemia and renal insufficiency with and without blood transfusions (public discharge data from California 2000–2006). Am J Cardiol 107:69–73 Swedberg K, Young JB, Anand IS, Cheng S, Desai AS, Diaz R et al (2013) RED-HF committees; RED-HF investigators. Treatment of anemia with darbepoetin alfa in systolic heart failure. N Engl J Med 368(13):1210–1219 van der Meer P, Voors AA, Lipsic E, Smilde TDJ, van Gilst WH, van Veldhuisen DJ (2004) Prognostic value of plasma erythropoietin on mortality in patients with chronic heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol 44:63–67 Yancy CW, Jessup M, Bozkurt B, Butler J, Casey DE, Colvin MM et al (2017) ACCF/ACC/HFSA focused update on new pharmacological therapy for heart failure: an update of the 2013 ACCF/AHA guidelines for the management of heart failure: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines and the Heart Failure Society of America. J Am Coll Cardiol 2017:776–803 Ponikowski P, Voors AA, Anker SD, Bueno H, Cleland JGF, Coats AJS et al. ESC Scientific Document Group (2016) 2016 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure: The Task Force for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) Developed with the special contribution of the Heart Failure Association (HFA) of the ESC. Eur Heart J 37(27):2129–2200. Seferovic PM, Ponikowski P, Anker SD, Bauersachs J, Chioncel O, Cleland JGF (2019) Clinical practice update on heart failure 2019: pharmacotherapy, procedures, devices and patient management. An expert consensus meeting report of the Heart Failure Association of the European Society of Cardiology. Eur J Heart Fail 21:1169–1186 Anker SD, Comin-Colet JC, Filippatos G, Willenheimer R, Dickstein K, Drexler H, FAIR-HF Investigators et al (2009) Ferric carboxymaltose in patients with heart failure and iron deficiency. N Engl J Med 361:2436–2348. Ponikowski P, van Veldhuisen DJ, Comin-Colet J, Ertl G, Komajda M, Mareev V, CONFIRM-HF Investigators et al (2015) Beneficial effects of long-term intravenous iron therapy with ferric carboxymaltose in patients with symptomatic heart failure and iron deficiency†. Eur Heart J 36(11):657–668. van Veldhuisen DJ, Ponikowski P, van der Meer P, Metra M, Böhm M, Doletsky A, EFFECT-HF Investigators et al (2017) Effect of ferric carboxymaltose on exercise capacity in patients with chronic heart failure and iron deficiency. Circulation 136(15):1374–1383 Ponikowski P, Kirwan BA, Anker SD, McDonagh T, Dorobantu M, Drozdz J, AFFIRM-AHF investigators, et al (2020) Ferric carboxymaltose for iron deficiency at discharge after acute heart failure: a multicentre, double-blind, randomised, controlled trial. Lancet 396(10266):1895–1904. Grote Beverborg N, van der Meer P (2017) Definition of iron deficiency based on the gold standard of bone marrow iron staining and treatment effect of ferric carboxymaltose in heart failure patients (abstr). Eur J Heart Fail 19:20–21 Anker SD, Kirwan BA, van Veldhuisen DJ, Filippatos G, Comin-Colet J, Ruschitzka F et al (2018) Effects of ferric carboxymaltose on hospitalisations and mortality rates in iron-deficient heart failure patients: an individual patient data meta-analysis. Eur J Heart Fail 20(1):125–133 Lewis GD, Semigran MJ, Givertz MM, Malhotra R, Anstrom KJ, Hernandez AF et al (2016) Oral iron therapy for heart failure with reduced ejection fraction: design and rationale for oral iron repletion effects on oxygen uptake in heart failure. Circ Heart Fail 9(5):e000345 Hébert PC, Wells G, Tweeddale M, Martin C, Marshall J, Pham B et al (1997) Does transfusion practice affect mortality in critically ill patients? Transfusion Requirements in Critical Care (TRICC) Investigators and the Canadian Critical Care Trials Group. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 155(5):1618–1623 Hebert PC, Yetisir E, Martin C et al (2001) Transfusion Requirements in Critical Care Investigators for the Canadian Critical Care Trials Group. Is a low transfusion threshold safe in critically ill patients with cardiovascular diseases? Crit Care Med 29:227–234 Hebert PC, Wells G, Blajchman MA, Marshall J, Martin C, Pagliarello G et al (1999) A multicenter, randomized, controlled clinical trial of transfusion requirements in critical care. Transfusion requirements in critical care (TRICC)investigators. Canadian critical care trials group. N Engl J Med 340(6):409–417 Ghali JK, Anand IS, Abraham WT, Fonarow GC, Greenberg B, Krum H, et al. Study of Anemia in Heart Failure Trial (STAMINA-HeFT) Group (2008) Randomized double-blind trial of darbepoetin alfa in patients with symptomatic heart failure and anemia. Circulation 117(4):526–535. Vadhan-Raj S, Abonour R, Goldman JW, Smith DA, Slapak CA, Ilaria RL Jr et al (2017) A first-in-human phase 1 study of a hepcidin monoclonal antibody, LY2787106, in cancer-associated anemia. J Hematol Oncol 10(1):73 van Eijk LT, John AS, Schwoebel F, Summo L, Vauléon S, Zöllner S et al (2014) Effect of the antihepcidin Spiegelmer lexaptepid on inflammation-induced decrease in serum iron in humans. Blood 124(17):2643–2646 Paulson RF (2014) Targeting a new regulator of erythropoiesis to alleviate anemia. Nat Med 20(4):334–335 Iancu-Rubin C, Mosoyan G, Wang J, Kraus T, Sung V, Hoffman R (2013) Stromal cell-mediated inhibition of erythropoiesis can be attenuated by Sotatercept (ACE-011), an activin receptor type II ligand trap. Exp Hematol 41(2):155-166.e17 Semenza GL (1998) Hypoxia-inducible factor 1: master regulator of O2 homeostasis. Curr Opin Genet Dev 8:588–594 Chen N, Qian J, Chen J, Yu X, Mei C, Hao C et al (2017) Phase 2 studies of oral hypoxia-inducible factor prolyl hydroxylase inhibitor FG-4592 for treatment of anemia in China. Nephrol Dial Transplant 32(8):1373–1386