Anatomical reconstruction of the medial patellofemoral ligament using a free gracilis autograft

Elias DA, White LM, Fithian DC (2002) Acute lateral patellar dislocation at MR imaging: injury patterns of medial patellar soft-tissue restraints and osteochondral injuries of the inferomedial patella. Radiology 225:736–743

Sallay PI, Poggi J, Speer KP, Garrett WE (1996) Acute dislocation of the patella. A correlative pathoanatomic study. Am J Sports Med 24(1):52–60

Sanders TG, Morrison WB, Singleton BA, Miller MD, Cornum KG (2001) Medial patellofemoral ligament injury following acute transient dislocation of the patella: MR findings with surgical correlation in 14 patients. J Comput Assist Tomogr 25:957–962

Amis AA, Firer P, Mountney J, Senavongse W, Thomas NP (2003) Anatomy and biomechanics of the medial patellofemoral ligament. Knee 10:215–220

Desio SM, Burks RT, Bachus KN (1998) Soft tissue restraints to lateral patellar translation in the human knee. Am J Sports Med 26:59–65

Hautamaa PV, Fithian DC, Kaufman KR, Daniel DM and Pohlmeyer AM (1998) Medial soft tissue restraints in lateral patellar instability and repair. Clin Orthop Relat Res (349): 174–182

Nomura E, Horiuchi Y, Kihara M (2000) Medial patellofemoral ligament restraint in lateral patellar translation and reconstruction. Knee 7:121–127

Sandmeier RH, Burks RT, Bachus KN, Billings A (2000) The effect of reconstruction of the medial patellofemoral ligament on patellar tracking. Am J Sports Med 28:345–349

Moller BN, Moller-Larsen F, Frich LH (1989) Chondromalacia induced by patellar subluxation in the rabbit. Acta Orthop Scand 60:188–191

Christoforakis J, Bull AM, Strachan RK, Shymkiw R, Senavongse W, Amis AA (2006) Effects of lateral retinacular release on the lateral stability of the patella. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 14:273–277

Avikainen VJ, Nikku RK, Seppanen-Lehmonen TK (1993) Adductor magnus tenodesis for patellar dislocation. Technique and preliminary results. Clin Orthop Relat Res (297):12–16

Chassaing V, Tremoulet J (2005) Medial patellofemoral ligament reconstruction with gracilis autograft for patellar instability. Rev Chir Orthop Reparatrice Appar Mot 91:335–340

Deie M, Ochi M, Sumen Y, Adachi N, Kobayashi K, Yasumoto M (2005) A long-term follow-up study after medial patellofemoral ligament reconstruction using the transferred semitendinosus tendon for patellar dislocation. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 13(7):522–528

Drez D Jr, Edwards TB, Williams CS (2001) Results of medial patellofemoral ligament reconstruction in the treatment of patellar dislocation. Arthroscopy 17:298–306

Ellera Gomes JL, Stigler Marczyk LR, Cesar de Cesar P, Jungblut CF (2004) Medial patellofemoral ligament reconstruction with semitendinosus autograft for chronic patellar instability: a follow-up study. Arthroscopy 20:147–151

Nomura E, Inoue M (2003) Surgical technique and rationale for medial patellofemoral ligament reconstruction for recurrent patellar dislocation. Arthroscopy 19:E47

Schottle PB, Fucentese SF, Romero J (2005) Clinical and radiological outcome of medial patellofemoral ligament reconstruction with a semitendinosus autograft for patella instability. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 13:516–521

Steensen RN, Dopirak RM, McDonald WG 3rd (2004) The anatomy and isometry of the medial patellofemoral ligament: implications for reconstruction. Am J Sports Med 32:1509–1513

Herald J, Cooper L, Machart F (2002) Tourniquet-induced restriction of the quadriceps muscle mechanism. Fact or fiction? J Bone Joint Surg Br 84:856–857

Warren LA, Marshall JL, Girgis F (1974) The prime static stabilizer of the medical side of the knee. J Bone Joint Surg Am 56:665–674

Nomura E, Inoue M, Osada N (2005) Anatomical analysis of the medial patellofemoral ligament of the knee, especially the femoral attachment. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 13:510–515

Schottle PB, Schmeling A, Rosenstiel N, Weiler A (2006) Radiographic landmark for femoral tunnel placement in medial patellofemoral ligament reconstruction. Am J Sports Med (in press)

Weiler A, Richter M, Schmidmaier G, Kandziora F, Sudkamp NP (2001) The EndoPearl device increases fixation strength and eliminates construct slippage of hamstring tendon grafts with interference screw fixation. Arthroscopy 17:353–359

Schottle PB, Weiler A (2006) Die anatomische Rekonstruktion des ligamentum patellofemorale mediale. Endo-Press, Tuttlingen

Elias JJ, Cosgarea AJ (2006) Technical errors during medial patellofemoral ligament reconstruction could overload medial patellofemoral cartilage: a computational analysis. Am J Sports Med 34(9):1478–1485

Nomura E, Horiuchi Y, Inoue M (2002) Correlation of MR imaging findings and open exploration of medial patellofemoral ligament injuries in acute patellar dislocations. Knee 9:139–143

Senavongse W, Amis AA (2005) The effects of articular, retinacular, or muscular deficiencies on patellofemoral joint stability. J Bone Joint Surg Br 87:577–582

Palmer I (2007) On the injuries to the ligaments of the knee joint: a clinical study, 1938. Clin Orthop Relat Res 454:17–22; discussion 14

Bernard M, Hertel P, Hornung H, Cierpinski T (1997) Femoral insertion of the ACL. Radiographic quadrant method. Am J Knee Surg 10:14–21 discussion 21–12

Noyes FR, Albright JC (2006) Reconstruction of the medial patellofemoral ligament with autologous quadriceps tendon. Arthroscopy 22(8):904 e901–e907

Steensen RN, Dopirak RM, Maurus PB (2005) A simple technique for reconstruction of the medial patellofemoral ligament using a quadriceps tendon graft. Arthroscopy 21:365–370

Weiler A, Peine R, Pashmineh-Azar A, Abel C, Sudkamp NP, Hoffmann RF (2002) Tendon healing in a bone tunnel. Part I: Biomechanical results after biodegradable interference fit fixation in a model of anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction in sheep. Arthroscopy 18:113–123

Dejour D, Reynaud P, Lecoultre B (1998) Douleurs et instabilité rotulienne. Essai de classification. Med Hyg 56:1466–1471

Schottle PB, Scheffler SU, Schwarck A, Weiler A (2006) Arthroscopic medial retinacular repair after patella dislocation with and without underlying trochlear dysplasia—a preliminary report. Arthroscopy 11:231–238