An integrated approach to fetal growth restriction

Hepburn, 1986, An audit of the detection and management of small-for-gestational age babies, Br J Obstet Gynaecol, 93, 212, 10.1111/j.1471-0528.1986.tb07895.x

Backe, 1993, Effectiveness of antenatal care: a population based study, Br J Obstet Gynaecol, 100, 727, 10.1111/j.1471-0528.1993.tb14263.x

Richardus, 2003, Differences in perinatal mortality and suboptimal care between 10 European regions: results of an international audit, BJOG, 110, 97, 10.1046/j.1471-0528.2003.02053.x

Cnossen, 2008, Use of uterine artery Doppler ultrasonography to predict pre-eclampsia and intrauterine growth restriction: a systematic review and bivariable meta-analysis, CMAJ, 11, 701, 10.1503/cmaj.070430

Crovetto, 2014, First-trimester screening for early and late small-for-gestational-age neonates using maternal serum biochemistry, blood pressure and uterine artery Doppler, Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol, 43, 34, 10.1002/uog.12537

Figueras, 2008, Predictiveness of antenatal umbilical artery Doppler for adverse pregnancy outcome in small-for-gestational-age babies according to customised birthweight centiles: population-based study, BJOG, 115, 590, 10.1111/j.1471-0528.2008.01670.x

Karagiannis, 2011, Prediction of small-for-gestation neonates from biophysical and biochemical markers at 11-13 weeks, Fetal Diagn Ther, 29, 148, 10.1159/000321694

Clausson, 1998, Preterm and term births of small for gestational age infants: a population-based study of risk factors among nulliparous women, Br J Obstet Gynaecol, 105, 1011, 10.1111/j.1471-0528.1998.tb10266.x

Clausson, 2001, Perinatal outcome in SGA births defined by customised versus population-based birthweight standards, BJOG, 108, 830

Moraitis, 2014, Birth weight percentile and the risk of term perinatal death, Obstet Gynecol, 124, 274, 10.1097/AOG.0000000000000388

Savchev, 2012, Estimated weight centile as a predictor of perinatal outcome in small-for-gestational-age pregnancies with normal fetal and maternal Doppler indices, Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol, 39, 299, 10.1002/uog.10150

van Wyk, 2012, Effects on (neuro)developmental and behavioral outcome at 2 years of age of induced labor compared with expectant management in intrauterine growth-restricted infants: long-term outcomes of the DIGITAT trial, Am J Obstet Gynecol, 206, e1

Kean, 1996, Antenatal care as a screening tool for the detection of small for gestational age babies in the low risk population, J Obstet Gynaecol, 16, 77, 10.3109/01443619609007744

Lindqvist, 2005, Does antenatal identification of small-for-gestational age fetuses significantly improve their outcome?, Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol, 25, 258, 10.1002/uog.1806

Souka, 2012, Performance of third-trimester ultrasound for prediction of small-for-gestational-age neonates and evaluation of contingency screening policies, Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol, 39, 535, 10.1002/uog.10078

Sovio, 2015, Screening for fetal growth restriction with universal third trimester ultrasonography in nulliparous women in the Pregnancy Outcome Prediction (POP) study: a prospective cohort study, Lancet, 386, 2089, 10.1016/S0140-6736(15)00131-2

Triunfo, 2015, Contingent versus routine third-trimester screening for late fetal growth restriction, Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol, 47, 81, 10.1002/uog.15740

Bricker, 2008, Routine ultrasound in late pregnancy (after 24 weeks' gestation), Cochrane Database Syst Rev, CD001451

Skrastad, 2013, A randomized controlled trial of third-trimester routine ultrasound in a non-selected population, Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand, 92, 1353, 10.1111/aogs.12249

McKenna, 2003, A randomized trial using ultrasound to identify the high-risk fetus in a low-risk population, Obstet Gynecol, 101, 626

Duff, 1993, A randomized controlled trial in a hospital population of ultrasound measurement screening for the small for dates baby, Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol, 33, 374, 10.1111/j.1479-828X.1993.tb02113.x

Neilson, 1984, Screening for small for dates fetuses: a controlled trial, Br Med J (Clin Res Ed), 289, 1179, 10.1136/bmj.289.6453.1179

Roma, 2015, Ultrasound screening for fetal growth restriction at 36 vs 32 weeks' gestation: a randomized trial (ROUTE), Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol, 46, 391, 10.1002/uog.14915

Alfirevic, 1995, Doppler ultrasonography in high-risk pregnancies: systematic review with meta-analysis, Am J Obstet Gynecol, 172, 1379, 10.1016/0002-9378(95)90466-2

Trudell, 2013, Risk of stillbirth after 37 weeks in pregnancies complicated by small-for-gestational-age fetuses, Am J Obstet Gynecol, 208, e1

Gardosi, 2013, Maternal and fetal risk factors for stillbirth: population based study, BMJ, 346, f108, 10.1136/bmj.f108

De Wit, 2016, Prenatal and postnatal findings in small for gestational age fetuses without structural ultrasound anomalies at 18-24 weeks, Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol

Shaffer, 2012, Detection rates of clinically significant genomic alterations by microarray analysis for specific anomalies detected by ultrasound, Prenat Diagn, 32, 986, 10.1002/pd.3943

Gordijn, 2016, Consensus definition for placental fetal growth restriction: a Delphi procedure, Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol, 48, 333, 10.1002/uog.15884

Westergaard, 2001, A critical appraisal of the use of umbilical artery Doppler ultrasound in high-risk pregnancies: use of meta-analyses in evidence-based obstetrics, Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol, 17, 466, 10.1046/j.1469-0705.2001.00415.x

Llurba, 2013, Emergence of late-onset placental dysfunction: relationship to the change in uterine artery blood flow resistance between the first and third trimesters, Am J Perinatol, 30, 505, 10.1055/s-0032-1329181

Chang, 1994, Prediction of perinatal morbidity at term in small fetuses: comparison of fetal growth and Doppler ultrasound, Br J Obstet Gynaecol, 101, 422, 10.1111/j.1471-0528.1994.tb11916.x

Oros, 2011, Longitudinal changes in uterine, umbilical and fetal cerebral Doppler indices in late-onset small-for-gestational age fetuses, Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol, 37, 191, 10.1002/uog.7738

Parra-Saavedra, 2013, Added value of umbilical vein flow as a predictor of perinatal outcome in term small-for-gestational-age fetuses, Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol, 42, 189, 10.1002/uog.12380

Morrow, 1989, Effect of placental embolization on the umbilical arterial velocity waveform in fetal sheep, Am J Obstet Gynecol, 161, 1055, 10.1016/0002-9378(89)90783-7

Thompson, 1989, Mathematical model for interpretation of Doppler velocity waveform indices, Med Biol Eng Comput, 27, 269, 10.1007/BF02441484

Hershkovitz, 2000, Fetal cerebral blood flow redistribution in late gestation: identification of compromise in small fetuses with normal umbilical artery Doppler, Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol, 15, 209, 10.1046/j.1469-0705.2000.00079.x

Severi, 2002, Uterine and fetal cerebral Doppler predict the outcome of third-trimester small-for-gestational age fetuses with normal umbilical artery Doppler, Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol, 19, 225, 10.1046/j.1469-0705.2002.00652.x

Cruz-Martinez, 2009, Cerebral blood perfusion and neurobehavioral performance in full-term small-for-gestational-age fetuses, Am J Obstet Gynecol, 201, e1

Eixarch, 2012, Neonatal neurobehavior and diffusion MRI changes in brain reorganization due to intrauterine growth restriction in a rabbit model, PloS One, 7, e31497, 10.1371/journal.pone.0031497

Arbeille, 1995, Assessment of the fetal PO2 changes by cerebral and umbilical Doppler on lamb fetuses during acute hypoxia, Ultrasound Med Biol, 21, 861, 10.1016/0301-5629(95)00025-M

Bahado-Singh, 1999, The Doppler cerebroplacental ratio and perinatal outcome in intrauterine growth restriction, Am J Obstet Gynecol, 180, 750, 10.1016/S0002-9378(99)70283-8

Gramellini, 1992, Cerebral-umbilical Doppler ratio as a predictor of adverse perinatal outcome, Obstet Gynecol, 79, 416, 10.1097/00006250-199203000-00018

Ghosh, 2009, Uterine and umbilical artery Doppler are comparable in predicting perinatal outcome of growth-restricted fetuses, BJOG, 116, 424, 10.1111/j.1471-0528.2008.02057.x

Vergani, 2002, Prognostic value of uterine artery Doppler velocimetry in growth-restricted fetuses delivered near term, Am J Obstet Gynecol, 187, 932, 10.1067/mob.2002.127137

Fratelli, 2013, Effects of antenatal recognition and follow-up on perinatal outcomes in small-for-gestational age infants delivered after 36 weeks, Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand, 92, 223, 10.1111/aogs.12020

Figueras, 2015, An integrated model with classification criteria to predict small-for-gestational fetuses at risk of adverse perinatal outcome, Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol, 45, 279, 10.1002/uog.14714

Lobmaier, 2014, Angiogenic factors vs Doppler surveillance in the prediction of adverse outcome among late-pregnancy small-for- gestational-age fetuses, Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol, 43, 533, 10.1002/uog.13246

Aviram, 2010, Placental aetiologies of foetal growth restriction: clinical and pathological differences, Early Hum Dev, 86, 59, 10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2010.01.020

Benton, 2011, Angiogenic factors as diagnostic tests for preeclampsia: a performance comparison between two commercial immunoassays, Am J Obstet Gynecol, 205, e1

Triunfo, 2014, Angiogenic factors at diagnosis of late-onset small-for-gestational age and histological placental underperfusion, Placenta, 35, 398, 10.1016/j.placenta.2014.03.021

Hecher, 2001, Monitoring of fetuses with intrauterine growth restriction: a longitudinal study, Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol, 18, 564, 10.1046/j.0960-7692.2001.00590.x

Turan, 2008, Progression of Doppler abnormalities in intrauterine growth restriction, Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol, 32, 160, 10.1002/uog.5386

Baschat, 2007, Predictors of neonatal outcome in early-onset placental dysfunction, Obstet Gynecol, 109, 253, 10.1097/01.AOG.0000253215.79121.75

Lees, 2013, Perinatal morbidity and mortality in early-onset fetal growth restriction: cohort outcomes of the trial of randomized umbilical and fetal flow in Europe (TRUFFLE), Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol, 42, 400, 10.1002/uog.13190

Savchev, 2014, Evaluation of an optimal gestational age cut-off for the definition of early- and late-onset fetal growth restriction, Fetal Diagn Ther, 36, 99, 10.1159/000355525

McCowan, 2000, A pilot randomized controlled trial of two regimens of fetal surveillance for small-for-gestational-age fetuses with normal results of umbilical artery doppler velocimetry, Am J Obstet Gynecol, 182, 81, 10.1016/S0002-9378(00)70494-7

Boers, 2010, Induction versus expectant monitoring for intrauterine growth restriction at term: randomised equivalence trial (DIGITAT), BMJ, 341, c7087, 10.1136/bmj.c7087

Nabhan, 2008, Amniotic fluid index versus single deepest vertical pocket as a screening test for preventing adverse pregnancy outcome, Cochrane Database Syst Rev, CD006593

Chauhan, 1999, Perinatal outcome and amniotic fluid index in the antepartum and intrapartum periods: a meta-analysis, Am J Obstet Gynecol, 181, 1473, 10.1016/S0002-9378(99)70393-5

Alfirevic, 2010, Fetal and umbilical Doppler ultrasound in high-risk pregnancies, Cochrane Database Syst Rev, CD007529

Ferrazzi, 2002, Temporal sequence of abnormal Doppler changes in the peripheral and central circulatory systems of the severely growth-restricted fetus, Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol, 19, 140, 10.1046/j.0960-7692.2002.00627.x

Cosmi, 2005, Doppler, cardiotocography, and biophysical profile changes in growth-restricted fetuses, Obstet Gynecol, 106, 1240, 10.1097/01.AOG.0000187540.37795.3a

Thornton, 2004, Infant wellbeing at 2 years of age in the Growth Restriction Intervention Trial (GRIT): multicentred randomised controlled trial, Lancet, 364, 513, 10.1016/S0140-6736(04)16809-8

2003, A randomised trial of timed delivery for the compromised preterm fetus: short term outcomes and Bayesian interpretation, BJOG, 110, 27, 10.1016/S1470-0328(02)02514-4

Cruz-Lemini, 2012, Risk of perinatal death in early-onset intrauterine growth restriction according to gestational age and cardiovascular Doppler indices: a multicenter study, Fetal Diagn Ther, 32, 116, 10.1159/000333001

Eixarch, 2008, Neurodevelopmental outcome in 2-year-old infants who were small-for-gestational age term fetuses with cerebral blood flow redistribution, Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol, 32, 894, 10.1002/uog.6249

Cruz-Martinez, 2011, Fetal brain Doppler to predict cesarean delivery for nonreassuring fetal status in term small-for-gestational-age fetuses, Obstet Gynecol, 117, 618, 10.1097/AOG.0b013e31820b0884

Boers, 2012, Neonatal morbidity after induction vs expectant monitoring in intrauterine growth restriction at term: a subanalysis of the DIGITAT RCT, Am J Obstet Gynecol, 206, e1

Meher, 2015, Impact of cerebral redistribution on neurodevelopmental outcome in small-for-gestational-age or growth-restricted babies: a systematic review, Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol, 46, 398, 10.1002/uog.14818

Oros, 2010, Middle versus anterior cerebral artery Doppler for the prediction of adverse outcome in term small-for-gestational-age fetuses, Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol, 35, 456, 10.1002/uog.7588

Cruz-Martinez, 2010, Longitudinal brain perfusion changes in near-term small-for-gestational-age fetuses as measured by spectral Doppler indices or by fractional moving blood volume, Am J Obstet Gynecol, 203, e1

Baschat, 2001, The sequence of changes in Doppler and biophysical parameters as severe fetal growth restriction worsens, Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol, 18, 571, 10.1046/j.0960-7692.2001.00591.x

Schwarze, 2005, Qualitative venous Doppler flow waveform analysis in preterm intrauterine growth-restricted fetuses with ARED flow in the umbilical artery–correlation with short-term outcome, Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol, 25, 573, 10.1002/uog.1914

Baschat, 2003, Qualitative venous Doppler waveform analysis improves prediction of critical perinatal outcomes in premature growth-restricted fetuses, Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol, 22, 240, 10.1002/uog.149

Fouron, 1999, Relationship between flow through the fetal aortic isthmus and cerebral oxygenation during acute placental circulatory insufficiency in ovine fetuses, Am J Obstet Gynecol, 181, 1102, 10.1016/S0002-9378(99)70089-X

Makikallio, 2003, Retrograde aortic isthmus net blood flow and human fetal cardiac function in placental insufficiency, Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol, 22, 351, 10.1002/uog.232

Del Rio, 2008, Doppler assessment of the aortic isthmus and perinatal outcome in preterm fetuses with severe intrauterine growth restriction, Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol, 31, 41, 10.1002/uog.5237

Fouron, 2005, The relationship between an aortic isthmus blood flow velocity index and the postnatal neurodevelopmental status of fetuses with placental circulatory insufficiency, Am J Obstet Gynecol, 192, 497, 10.1016/j.ajog.2004.08.026

Cruz-Martinez, 2011, Changes in myocardial performance index and aortic isthmus and ductus venosus Doppler in term, small-for-gestational age fetuses with normal umbilical artery pulsatility index, Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol, 38, 400, 10.1002/uog.8976

Figueras, 2009, Monitoring of fetuses with intrauterine growth restriction: longitudinal changes in ductus venosus and aortic isthmus flow, Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol, 33, 39, 10.1002/uog.6278

Evertson, 1979, Antepartum fetal heart rate testing. I. Evolution of the nonstress test, Am J Obstet Gynecol, 133, 29, 10.1016/0002-9378(79)90406-X

Pattison, 2000, Cardiotocography for antepartum fetal assessment, Cochrane Database Syst Rev, CD001068

Kaur, 2008, Biophysical profile in the treatment of intrauterine growth-restricted fetuses who weigh <1000 g, Am J Obstet Gynecol, 199, e1

Alfirevic, 2000, Biophysical profile for fetal assessment in high risk pregnancies, Cochrane Database Syst Rev, CD000038

Gulmezoglu, 2000, Plasma volume expansion for suspected impaired fetal growth, Cochrane Database Syst Rev, CD000167

Gulmezoglu, 2001, Betamimetics for suspected impaired fetal growth, Cochrane Database Syst Rev, CD000036

Laurin, 1987, The effect of bedrest in hospital on fetal outcome in pregnancies complicated by intra-uterine growth retardation, Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand, 66, 407, 10.3109/00016348709022043

Say, 2003, Maternal nutrient supplementation for suspected impaired fetal growth, Cochrane Database Syst Rev, CD000148

Say, 2003, Maternal oxygen administration for suspected impaired fetal growth, Cochrane Database Syst Rev, CD000137

Lees, 2015, 2 year neurodevelopmental and intermediate perinatal outcomes in infants with very preterm fetal growth restriction (TRUFFLE): a randomised trial, Lancet, 385, 2162, 10.1016/S0140-6736(14)62049-3