Alobar holoprosencephaly, mobile proboscis and trisomy 13 in a fetus with maternal gestational diabetes mellitus: a 2D ultrasound diagnosis and review of the literature

Papp C, Beke A, Ban Z, Szigeti Z, Toth-Pal E, Papp Z (2006) Prenatal diagnosis of trisomy 13: analysis of 28 cases. J Ultrasound Med 25:429–435

Anderson JL, Waller DK, Canfield MA, Shaw GM, Watkins ML, Werler MM (2005) Maternal obesity, gestational diabetes, and central nervous system birth defects. Epidemiology 16:87–92

Patau K, Smith DW, Therman E, Inhorn SL, Wagner HP (1960) Multiple congenital anomaly caused by an extra autosome. Lancet 1:790–793

Snijders RJ, Sebire NJ, Nicolaides KH (1995) Maternal age and gestational age-specific risk for chromosomal defects. Fetal Diagn Ther 10:356–367

Rasmussen SA, Wong LY, Yang Q, May KM, Friedman JM (2003) Population-based analyses of mortality in trisomy 13 and trisomy 18. Pediatrics 111:777–784

Papageorghiou AT, Avgidou K, Spencer K, Nix B, Nicolaides KH (2006) Sonographic screening for trisomy 13 at 11 to 13 + 6 weeks of gestation. Am J Obstet Gynecol 194:397–401

Tsai EM, Lee JN, Chao MC, Chai CY (1993) Holoprosencephaly and trisomy 13 in a fetus with maternal early gestational amphetamine abuse—a case report. Gaoxiong Yi Xue Ke Xue Za Zhi 9:703–706

Chen CP (2004) Perinatal identification of caudal regression syndrome and alobar holoprosencephaly in pregnancies with poor maternal metabolic control. Genet Couns 15:485–488

Chen CP, Chen CY, Lin CY, Shaw SW, Wang W, Tzen CY (2005) Prenatal diagnosis of concomitant alobar holoprosencephaly and caudal regression syndrome associated with maternal diabetes. Prenat Diagn 25:264–266

Peebles DM (1998) Holoprosencephaly. Prenat Diagn 18:477–480

Chen CP, Chern SR, Lin CJ, Lee CC, Wang W, Tzen CY (2005) A comparison of maternal age, sex ratio and associated anomalies among numerically aneuploid, structurally aneuploid and euploid holoprosencephaly. Genet Couns 16:49–57

Cohen MM (1989) Perspectives on holoprosencephaly. Part I: epidemiology, genetics and syndromology. Teratology 40:211–235

Lee YY, Lin MT, Lee MS, Lin LY (2002) Holoprosencephaly and cyclopia visualized by two- and three-dimensional prenatal ultrasound. Chang Gung Med J 25:207–210

Chen CP, Shih JC, Hsu CY, Chen CY, Huang JK, Wang W (2005) Prenatal three-dimensional/four-dimensional sonographic demonstration of facial dysmorphisms associated with holoprosencephaly. J Clin Ultrasound 33:312–318