Advances in assessment of pain behaviors and mechanisms of post-operative pain models

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Update from findings in experimental animal models, Curr Opin Anaesthesiol, 31, 575, 10.1097/ACO.0000000000000646 Pogatzki-Zahn, 2017, Postoperative pain—from mechanisms to treatment, Pain Rep, 1 Scherer, 2010, The assessment of cold hyperalgesia after an incision, Anesth Analg, 110, 222, 10.1213/ANE.0b013e3181c0725f Decosterd, 2000, Spared nerve injury: an animal model of persistent peripheral neuropathic pain, Pain, 87, 149, 10.1016/S0304-3959(00)00276-1 Allchorne, 2005, Detection of cold pain, cold allodynia and cold hyperalgesia in freely behaving rats, Mol Pain, 1, 36, 10.1186/1744-8069-1-36 Pogatzki, 2003, A mouse model of incisional pain, Anesthesiology, 99, 1023, 10.1097/00000542-200310000-00041 Buvanendran, 2004, Characterization of a new animal model for evaluation of persistent postthoracotomy pain, Anesth Analg, 99, 1453, 10.1213/01.ANE.0000134806.61887.0D Kendall, 2016, Efficacy of sustained-release buprenorphine in an experimental laparotomy model in female mice, J Am Assoc Lab Anim Sci, 55, 66 Bree, 2015, Development and characterization of a novel, anatomically relevant rat model of acute postoperative pain, J Pain, 16, 421, 10.1016/j.jpain.2015.01.010 Bree, 2016, Characterization of the affective component of acute postoperative pain associated with a novel rat model of inguinal hernia repair pain, CNS Neurosci Ther, 22, 146, 10.1111/cns.12483 Flatters, 2008, Characterization of a model of persistent postoperative pain evoked by skin/muscle incision and retraction (SMIR), Pain, 135, 119, 10.1016/j.pain.2007.05.013 Kang, 2016, Mechanisms of postoperative pain, Anesth Pain Med, 11, 236, 10.17085/apm.2016.11.3.236 Deuis, 2017, Methods used to evaluate pain behaviors in rodents, Front Mol Neurosci, 10, 284, 10.3389/fnmol.2017.00284 Klinck, 2017, Translational pain assessment, Pain, 1 Mogil, 2010, The necessity of animal models in pain research, Pain, 151, 12, 10.1016/j.pain.2010.07.015 Lavand’homme, 2005, Intraoperative epidural analgesia combined with ketamine provides effective preventive analgesia in patients undergoing major digestive surgery, Anesthesiology, 103, 813, 10.1097/00000542-200510000-00020 Eisenach, 2006, Preventing chronic pain after surgery: who, how, and when?, Reg Anesth Pain Med, 31, 1 Sugiyama, 2017, Muscle Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) contribute to post-incisional guarding via the TRPA1 receptor, PLoS One, 12, 10.1371/journal.pone.0170410 Xu, 2010, Guarding pain and spontaneous activity of nociceptors after skin versus skin plus deep tissue incision, Anesthesiology, 112, 153, 10.1097/ALN.0b013e3181c2952e Xu, 2009, Comparison of skin incision vs. skin plus deep tissue incision on ongoing pain and spontaneous activity in dorsal horn neurons, Pain, 144, 329, 10.1016/j.pain.2009.05.019 Kido, 2013, Effect of deep tissue incision on pH responses of afferent fibers and dorsal root ganglia innervating muscle, Anesthesiology, 119, 1186, 10.1097/ALN.0b013e31829bd791 Brennan, 2011, Pathophysiology of postoperative pain, Pain, 152, S33, 10.1016/j.pain.2010.11.005 Reichl, 2016, Activation of glial glutamate transporter via MAPK p38 prevents enhanced and long-lasting non-evoked resting pain after surgical incision in rats, Neuropharmacology, 105, 607, 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2016.02.024 Chen, 2018, Celastrol attenuates incision-induced inflammation and pain associated with inhibition of the NF-κB signalling pathway via SARM, Life Sci, 205, 136, 10.1016/j.lfs.2018.05.020 Srikandarajah, 2011, Systematic review of movement-evoked pain versus pain at rest in postsurgical clinical trials and meta-analyses: a fundamental distinction requiring standardized measurement, Pain, 152, 1734, 10.1016/j.pain.2011.02.008 Tappe-Theodor, 2019, Pros and cons of clinically relevant methods to assess pain in rodents, Neurosci Biobehav Rev, 100, 335, 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.03.009 Luk, 2018, Contribution of diacylglycerol lipase β to pain after surgery, J Pain Res, 11, 473, 10.2147/JPR.S157208 Ghasemlou, 2015, CD11b+Ly6G-myeloid cells mediate mechanical inflammatory pain hypersensitivity, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 112, E6808, 10.1073/pnas.1501372112 Spofford, 2012, Gene expression in skin, muscle, and dorsal root ganglion after plantar incision in the rat, Anesthesiology, 117, 161, 10.1097/ALN.0b013e31825a2a2b Xing, 2018, TLR4/NF-κB signaling activation in plantar tissue and dorsal root ganglion involves in the development of postoperative pain, Mol Pain, 14, 10.1177/1744806918807050 Kang, 2013, Wound hypoxia in deep tissue after incision in rats, Wound Repair Regen, 21, 730, 10.1111/wrr.12081 Sugiyama, 2017, Hydrogen peroxide induces muscle nociception via transient receptor potential Ankyrin 1 receptors, Anesthesiology, 127, 695, 10.1097/ALN.0000000000001756 Boada, 2014, Fast-conducting mechanoreceptors contribute to withdrawal behavior in normal and nerve injured rats, Pain, 155, 2646, 10.1016/j.pain.2014.09.030 Pogatzki, 2002, Characterization of Adelta- and C-fibers innervating the plantar rat hindpaw one day after an incision, J Neurophysiol, 87, 721, 10.1152/jn.00208.2001 Wu, 2009, Expression profile of nerve growth factor after muscle incision in the rat, Anesthesiology, 110, 140, 10.1097/ALN.0b013e318190bc84 Oliveira, 2013, Critical role of protease-activated receptor 2 activation by mast cell tryptase in the development of postoperative pain, Anesthesiology, 118, 679, 10.1097/ALN.0b013e31827d415f Oliveira, 2011, Involvement of mast cells in a mouse model of postoperative pain, Eur J Pharmacol, 672, 88, 10.1016/j.ejphar.2011.10.001 Cowie, 2018, Optogenetic inhibition of CGRPα sensory neurons reveals their distinct roles in neuropathic and incisional pain, J Neurosci, 38, 5807, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3565-17.2018 Hämäläinen, 2002, Acute effect of an incision on mechanosensitive afferents in the plantar rat hindpaw, J Neurophysiol, 87, 712, 10.1152/jn.00207.2001 Yamakita, 2018, Synergistic activation of ERK1/2 between A-fiber neurons and glial cells in the DRG contributes to pain hypersensitivity after tissue injury, Mol Pain, 14, 10.1177/1744806918767508 Sun, 2018, Increased Nav1.7 expression in the dorsal root ganglion contributes to pain hypersensitivity after plantar incision in rats, Mol Pain, 14, 10.1177/1744806918782323 Kumar, 2018, Comparison of the peripheral antinociceptive effect of somatostatin with bupivacaine and morphine in the rodent postoperative pain model, Eur J Anaesthesiol, 35, 955, 10.1097/EJA.0000000000000825 Sukeishi, 2017, Colchicine alleviates acute postoperative pain but delays wound repair in mice. Roles of neutrophils and macrophages, Mol Pain, 13, 10.1177/1744806917743680 Sahbaie, 2012, Roles of Gr-1+ leukocytes in postincisional nociceptive sensitization and inflammation, Anesthesiology, 117, 602, 10.1097/ALN.0b013e3182655f9f Willyard, 2018, Squeaky clean mice could be ruining research, Nature, 556, 16, 10.1038/d41586-018-03916-9 Kehlet, 2006, Persistent postsurgical pain: risk factors and prevention, Lancet, 367, 1618, 10.1016/S0140-6736(06)68700-X Zahn, 1999, Primary and secondary hyperalgesia in a rat model for human postoperative pain, Anesthesiology, 90, 863, 10.1097/00000542-199903000-00030 Reichl, 2012, Peripheral and spinal GABAergic regulation of incisional pain in rats, Pain, 153, 129, 10.1016/j.pain.2011.09.028 Raithel, 2018, Transcriptional changes in dorsal spinal cord persist after surgical incision despite preemptive analgesia with peripheral resiniferatoxin, Anesthesiology, 128, 620, 10.1097/ALN.0000000000002006 Pogatzki-Zahn, 2017, Postoperative pain-from mechanisms to treatment, Pain Rep, 2 Amirmohseni, 2016, Characterization of incisional and inflammatory pain in rats using functional tools of MRI, NeuroImage, 127, 110, 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2015.11.052 Häuser, 2014, The impact of body weight and depression on low back pain in a representative population sample, Pain Med, 15, 1316, 10.1111/pme.12458 Okifuji, 2015, The association between chronic pain and obesity, J Pain Res, 8, 399, 10.2147/JPR.S55598 Zale, 2015, Interrelations between pain and alcohol. An integrative review, Clin Psychol Rev, 37, 57, 10.1016/j.cpr.2015.02.005 Arora, 2018, Psychosocial stress delays recovery of postoperative pain following incisional surgery in the rat, Neuroscience, 382, 35, 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2018.04.014 Cao, 2015, Short-term pre- and post-operative stress prolongs incision-induced pain hypersensitivity without changing basal pain perception, Mol Pain, 11, 73, 10.1186/s12990-015-0077-3 Hambrecht-Wiedbusch, 2017, Preemptive caffeine administration blocks the increase in postoperative pain caused by previous sleep loss in the rat: a potential role for preoptic adenosine A2A receptors in sleep-pain interactions, Sleep, 40 Liu, 2018, Spinal AMPA receptor GluA1 Ser831 phosphorylation controls chronic alcohol consumption-produced prolongation of postsurgical pain, Mol Neurobiol, 55, 4090, 10.1007/s12035-017-0639-7 Song, 2018, High-fat diet exacerbates postoperative pain and inflammation in a sex-dependent manner, Pain, 159, 1731, 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000001259 Liu, 2017, Antinociceptive effects of caloric restriction on post-incisional pain in nonobese rats, Sci Rep, 7 Banik, 2005, Increased nerve growth factor after rat plantar incision contributes to guarding behavior and heat hyperalgesia, Pain, 117, 68, 10.1016/j.pain.2005.05.017 Hamalainen, 2009, Differential effect of capsaicin treatment on pain-related behaviors after plantar incision, J Pain, 10, 637, 10.1016/j.jpain.2009.01.003 Wei, 2012, Transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 ion channel contributes to guarding pain and mechanical hypersensitivity in a rat model of postoperative pain, Anesthesiology, 117, 137, 10.1097/ALN.0b013e31825adb0e Deval, 2008, ASIC3, a sensor of acidic and primary inflammatory pain, EMBO J, 27, 3047, 10.1038/emboj.2008.213 Gautam, 2015, Antinociceptive effect of 1400 W, an inhibitor of inducible nitric oxide synthase, following hind paw incision in rats, Nitric Oxide, 50, 98, 10.1016/j.niox.2015.09.003 Kabadi, 2015, Spontaneous pain-like behaviors are more sensitive to morphine and buprenorphine than mechanically evoked behaviors in a rat model of acute postoperative pain, Anesth Analg, 120, 472, 10.1213/ANE.0000000000000571 Yalamuri, 2013, Neuropeptide Y is analgesic in rats after plantar incision, Eur J Pharmacol, 698, 206, 10.1016/j.ejphar.2012.10.036 Liang, 2010, Caspase-1 modulates incisional sensitization and inflammation, Anesthesiology, 113, 945, 10.1097/ALN.0b013e3181ee2f17 Xu, 2014, Activation of spinal phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B mediates pain behavior induced by plantar incision in mice, Exp Neurol, 255, 71, 10.1016/j.expneurol.2014.02.019 van den Heuvel, 2015, Selective prevention of mechanical hyperalgesia after incision by spinal ERK1/2 inhibition, Eur J Pain, 19, 225, 10.1002/ejp.540 Prasoon, 2015, Role of somatostatin and somatostatin receptor type 2 in postincisional nociception in rats, Neuropeptides, 49, 47, 10.1016/j.npep.2014.12.002 Jang, 2011, Increased local concentration of complement C5a contributes to incisional pain in mice, J Neuroinflammation, 8, 80, 10.1186/1742-2094-8-80 Spofford, 2011, Evaluation of leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) in a rat model of postoperative pain, J Pain, 12, 819, 10.1016/j.jpain.2011.02.351 Li, 2008, Brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) contributes to the pain hypersensitivity following surgical incision in the rats, Mol Pain, 4, 27, 10.1186/1744-8069-4-27 Mizukoshi, 2013, Activation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase in the dorsal root ganglion contributes to pain hypersensitivity after plantar incision, Neuroscience, 234, 77, 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2013.01.001 Masaki, 2016, Early postoperative nociceptive threshold and production of brain-derived neurotrophic factor induced by plantar incision are not influenced with minocycline in a rat: role of spinal microglia, Neuro-Signals, 24, 15, 10.1159/000442608 Liu, 2018, Oxycodone regulates incision-induced activation of neurotrophic factors and receptors in an acute post-surgery pain rat model, J Pain Res, 11, 2663, 10.2147/JPR.S180396 Xing, 2017, CXCL12/CXCR4 signaling mediated ERK1/2 activation in spinal cord contributes to the pathogenesis of postsurgical pain in rats, Mol Pain, 13, 10.1177/1744806917718753 Guo, 2018, Downregulation of neuroligin1 ameliorates postoperative pain through inhibiting neuroligin1/postsynaptic density 95-mediated synaptic targeting of α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionate receptor GluA1 subunits in rat dorsal horns, Mol Pain, 14, 10.1177/1744806918766745 Saha, 2013, Spinal mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphatase-3 (MKP-3) is necessary for the normal resolution of mechanical allodynia in a mouse model of acute postoperative pain, J Neurosci, 33, 17182, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5605-12.2013 Fan, 2017, Paeoniflorin attenuates postoperative pain by suppressing Matrix Metalloproteinase-9/2 in mice, Eur J Pain, 22, 272, 10.1002/ejp.1116 Yang, 2015, Activation of spinal NF-КB mediates pain behavior induced by plantar incision, Int J Clin Exp Med, 8, 9149 Guo, 2018, Increased Neuroligin 2 levels in the postsynaptic membrane in spinal dorsal horn may contribute to postoperative pain, Neuroscience, 382, 14, 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2018.04.028