Adrenal surgery in the pediatric population

Current Urology Reports - Tập 8 - Trang 89-94 - 2007
Rosalia Misseri1
1James Whitcomb Riley Hospital for Children, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, USA

Tóm tắt

Adrenal tumors in children may be benign or malignant. In addition, both benign and malignant tumors may be hormonally active, leading to hypertension, metabolic crises, and endocrinopathies. These tumors may be found incidentally or secondary to signs and symptoms of the aforementioned disorders. Both a metabolic and a radiographic work-up are required before treatment of an adrenal tumor. The primary therapy for most adrenal lesions is surgical, though some are treated medically or require chemotherapy before excision. Laparoscopy has become the surgical approach of choice in both adult and pediatric patients with localized disease. Open surgical approaches remain necessary in patients with extensive locally invasive or metastatic disease.

Tài liệu tham khảo

Standring S: Gray’s Anatomy: The Anatomical Basis of Clinical Practice. London: Elvsevier; 2005. Moore KL, Persaud TVN: The Developing Human: Clinically Oriented Embryology. Philadelphia: Saunders; 1998. Mitty HA: Embryology, anatomy and anomalies of the adrenal gland. Semin Roentgenol 1988, 23:271–279. Masiakos PT, Gerstle JT, Chaeng T, et al.: Is surgery necessary for incidentally discovered adrenal masses in children? J Pediatr Surg 2004, 39:754–758. Gurney JG, Ross JA, Wall DA, et al.: Infant cancer in the US: histology-specific incidence and trends, 1973 to 1992. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 1996, 19:428–432. Bonovarus A, Kirks DR, Grossman H: Imaging of neuroblastoma: an overview. Pediatr Radiol 1986, 16:89–106. McLorie GA, Bagli DJ: Tumors of the retroperitoneum. In Clinical Pediatric Urology. Edited by Belman AB, King LR, Kramer SA. London: Martin Dunitz; 2002:1325–1348. Carlsen NL: Neuroblastoma: epidemiology and pattern of regression. Problems in interpreting results of mass screening. Am J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 1992, 14:103–110. Grosfeld JL: Neuroblastoma. In Pediatric Surgery 5th edition. Edited by O’Neill JA, Rowe MI, Grosfeld JL, et al.: St. Louis: CV Mosby; 1998:405–419. Grosfeld JL: Risk-based management of solid tumors in children. Am J Surg 2000, 180:322–327. Nitschke R, Smith EI, Altshuler G, et al.: Postoperative treatment of nonmetastatic visible residual neuroblastoma: a Pediatric Oncology Group study. J Clin Oncol 1991, 9:1181–1188. Stram DO, Matthay KK, O’Leary M, et al.: Consolidation chemoradiotherapy and autologous bone marrow transplantation versus continued chemotherapy for metastatic neuroblastoma: a report of two concurrent Children’s Cancer Group studies. J Clin Oncol 1996, 14:2417–2426. Bloom DA, Fonkalsrud EW: Surgical management of pheochromocytoma in children. J Pediatr Surg 1974, 9:179–184. Bravo EL, Gifford RW: Pheochromocytoma. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 1993, 22:329–341. Goldfarb DA, Novick AC, Bravo EL, et al.: Experience with extra-adrenal phenochromocytoma. J Urol 1989, 142:931–936. Perel Y, Schlumberger M, Marguerite G, et al.: Pheochromocytoma and paraganglionoma in children: A report of 24 cases of the French Society of Pediatric Oncology. Pediatr Hematol Oncol 1997, 14:413–422. Hume DM: Pheochromocytoma in the adult and in the child. Am J Surg 1960, 99:458–465. Caty MG, Coran AG, Geagen M, et al.: Current diagnosis and treatment of pheochromocytoma in children. Arch Surg 1990, 125:978–981. Guller U, Turek J, Eubanks S, et al.: Detecting pheochromocytoma: defining the most sensitive test. Ann Surg 2006, 243:102–107. Miller RW, Young JL, Novackovic B: Childhood cancer. Cancer 1995, 75:395–405. Sabbaga CC, Avilla SG, Schulz C, et al.: Adrenocortical carcinoma in children: clinical aspects and prognosis. J Pediatr Surg 1993, 28:841–843. Rescorla FJ. Malignant adrenal tumors. Semin Pediatr Surg 2006, 15:48–56. Gmyrek GA, New MI, Sosa RE, et al.: Bilateral laparoscopic adrenalectomy as a treatment for classic congenital adrenal hyperplasia attributable to 21-hydroxylase deficiency. Pediatrics 2002, 109:28. Ogilvie CM, Crouch NS, Rumsby G, et al.: Congenital adrenal hyperplasia in adults: a review of medical, surgical and psychological issues. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2006, 64:2–11. Gagner M, Lacroix A, Bolte E: Laparoscopic adrenalectomy in Cushing’s syndrome and pheochromocytoma. New Engl J Med 1992, 327:1003–1006. Higashihara E, Tanaka Y, Horie S, et al.: Laparoscopic adrenalectomy: The initial 3 cases. J Urol 1993, 149:973–976. Yamamoto H, Yoshida M, Sera Y: Laparoscopic surgery for neuroblastom a identified by mass screening. J Pediatr Surg 1996, 31:385–388. Miller KA, Albanese C, Harrison M, et al.: Experience with laparoscopic adrenalectomy in pediatric patients. J Pediatr Surg 2002, 37:979–982. Mirallie E, Leclair MD, de Lagausie P, et al.: Laparoscopic adrenalectomy in children. Surg Endosc 2001, 15:156–160. Castilho LN, Castillo OA, Denes FT, et al.: Laparoscopic adrenal surgery in children. J Urol 2002,168:221–224. Stanford A, Upperman JS, Nguyen N, et al.: Surgical management of open versus laparoscopic adrenalectomy: outcome analysis. J Pediatr Surg 2002, 37:1027–1029. Vaughan ED Jr, Phillips H: Modified posterior approach for right adrenalectomy. Surg Gynecol Obstet 1987, 165:453–455. Schulick RD: The safety and efficacy of laparoscopic adrenalectomy in children—invited critique. Arch Surg 2005, 140:909–910. Skarsgard ED, Albanese CT: The safety and efficacy of laparoscopic adrenalectomy in children. Arch Surg 2005, 140:905–908. Kadamba P, Habib Z, Rossi L, et al.: Experience with laparoscopic adrenalectomy in children. J Pediatr Surg 2004, 39:746–747. Pampaloni F, Valeri A, Mattei R, et al.: Experience with laparoscopic adrenalectomy in children. Chir Ital 2006, 58:45–54. Horgan S, Vanuno D: Roboics in laparoscopic surgery. J Laparoendosc Adv Surg Tech 2001, 11:415–419. Beninca G, Garrone C, Rebecchi F, et al.: Robot-assisted laparoscopic surgery. Preliminary results. Chir Ital 2003, 55:321–331. Brunaud L, Bresler L, Ayav A, et al.: Advantages of using robotic Da Vinci system for unilateral adrenalectomy: early results. Ann Chir 2003, 128:530–535.