Acute coronary syndromes: an emphasis shift from treatment to prevention; and the enduring challenge of vulnerable plaque detection in the cardiac catheterization laboratory

Theroux, 1988, Aspirin, heparin, or both to treat unstable angina, N Engl J Med, 319, 1105, 10.1056/NEJM198810273191701

1990, Risk of myocardial infarction and death during treatment with low dose aspirin and intravenous heparin in men with unstable coronary artery disease., Lancet, 336, 827, 10.1016/0140-6736(90)92336-G

1998, Inhibition of the platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor with tirofiban in unstable angina and non-Q-wave myocardial infarction., N Eng J Med, 338, 1488, 10.1056/NEJM199805213382102

Cannon, 2001, Comparison of early invasive and conservative strategies in patients with unstable coronary syndromes treated with glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitor tirofiban, N Eng J Med, 344, 1879, 10.1056/NEJM200106213442501

Valgimigli, 2004, The additive value of tirofiban administered with the high dose bolus in the prevention of ischemic complications during high-risk coronary angioplasty (ADVANCE) trial, J Am Coll Cardiol, 44, 14, 10.1016/j.jacc.2004.03.042

Mehta, 2001, Effects of pretreatment with clopidogrel and aspirin followed by long-term therapy in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention: the PCI-CURE study, Lancet, 358, 527, 10.1016/S0140-6736(01)05701-4

Schaar, 2004, Terminology for high-risk and vulnerable coronary artery plaques, Eur Heart J, 25, 1077, 10.1016/j.ehj.2004.01.002

Kolodgie, 2001, The thin-cap fibroatheroma: a type of vulnerable plaque: the major precursor lesion to acute coronary syndromes, Curr Opin Cardiol, 16, 285, 10.1097/00001573-200109000-00006

van der Wal, 1994, Site of intimal rupture or erosion of thrombosed coronary atherosclerotic plaques is characterized by an inflammatory process irrespective of the dominant plaque morphology, Circulation, 89, 36, 10.1161/01.CIR.89.1.36

Virmani, 2000, Lessons from sudden coronary death: a comprehensive morphological classification scheme for atherosclerotic lesions, Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, 20, 1262, 10.1161/01.ATV.20.5.1262

Goldstein, 2000, Multiple complex coronary plaques in patients with acute myocardial infarction, N Engl J Med, 343, 915, 10.1056/NEJM200009283431303

Frink, 2004, Chronic ulcerated plaques: new insights into the pathogenesis of acute coronary disease, J Invasive Cardiol, 6, 173

Little, 1988, Can coronary angiography predict the site of a subsequent myocardial infarction in patients with mild-to-moderate coronary artery disease?, Circulation, 78, 1157, 10.1161/01.CIR.78.5.1157

Ambrose, 1988, Angiographic progression of coronary artery disease and the development of myocardial infarction, J Am Coll Cardiol, 12, 56, 10.1016/0735-1097(88)90356-7

Ojio, 2000, Considerable time from the onset of plaque rupture and/or thrombi until the onset of acute myocardial infarction in humans: coronary angiographic findings within 1 week before the onset of infarction, Circulation, 102, 2063, 10.1161/01.CIR.102.17.2063

Asakura, 2001, Extensive development of vulnerable plaques as a pan-coronary process in patients with myocardial infarction: an angioscopic study, J Am Coll Cardiol, 37, 1284, 10.1016/S0735-1097(01)01135-4

Uchida, 1995, Prediction of acute coronary syndromes by percutaneous coronary angioscopy in patients with stable angina, Am Heart J, 130, 195, 10.1016/0002-8703(95)90429-8

Di Mario, 1992, Detection and characterization of vascular lesions by intravascular ultrasound: an in vitro study correlated with histology, J Am Soc Echocardiogr, 5, 135, 10.1016/S0894-7317(14)80543-9

Friedrich, 1994, Detection of intralesional calcium by intracoronary ultrasound depends on the histologic pattern, Am Heart J, 128, 435, 10.1016/0002-8703(94)90614-9

Potkin, 1990, Coronary artery imaging with intravascular high-frequency ultrasound, Circulation, 81, 1575, 10.1161/01.CIR.81.5.1575

Hiro, 1996, Variability of a three-layered appearance in intravascular ultrasound coronary images: a comparison of morphometric measurements with four intravascular ultrasound systems, Am J Card Imaging, 10, 219

Ge, 1999, Screening of ruptured plaques in patients with coronary artery disease by intravascular ultrasound, Heart, 81, 621, 10.1136/hrt.81.6.621

Riouful, 2002, Multiple atherosclerotic plaque rupture in acute coronary syndrome: a three-vessel intravascular ultrasound study, Circulation, 106, 804, 10.1161/01.CIR.0000025609.13806.31

Fujii, 2003, Intravascular ultrasound assessment of ulcerated ruptured plaques: a comparison of culprit and non-culprit lesions of patients with acute coronary syndromes and lesions in patients without acute coronary syndromes, Circulation, 108, 2473, 10.1161/01.CIR.0000097121.95451.39

Yamagishi, 2000, Morphology of vulnerable coronary plaque: insights from follow-up of patients examined by intravascular ultrasound before an acute coronary syndrome, J Am Coll Cardiol, 35, 106, 10.1016/S0735-1097(99)00533-1

von Birgelen, 2001, Plaque distribution and vascular remodeling of ruptured and non-ruptured coronary plaques in the same vessel: an intravascular ultrasound study in vivo, J Am Coll Cardiol, 37, 1864, 10.1016/S0735-1097(01)01234-7

Nair, 2001, Assessing spectral algorithms to predict atherosclerotic plaque composition with normalized and raw intravascular ultrasound data, Ultrasound Med Biol, 10, 1319, 10.1016/S0301-5629(01)00436-7

Landini, 1986, Evaluation of frequency dependence of backscatter coefficient in normal and atherosclerotic aortic walls, Ultrasound Med Biol, 5, 397, 10.1016/0301-5629(86)90197-3

Nair, 2002, Coronary plaque classification with intravascular ultrasound radiofrequency data analysis, Circulation, 106, 2200, 10.1161/01.CIR.0000035654.18341.5E

Rodriguez-Granillo, 2005, In vivo intravascular ultrasound-derived thin-cap fibroatheroma detection using ultrasound radiofrequency data analysis, J Am Coll Cardiol, 46, 2038, 10.1016/j.jacc.2005.07.064

Rodriguez-Granillo, 2005, Coronary artery remodelling is related to plaque composition, Heart, 92, 388, 10.1136/hrt.2004.057810

Ophir, 1991, Elastography: a quantitative method for imaging the elasticity of biological tissues, Ultrason Imaging, 13, 111, 10.1177/016173469101300201

de Korte, 2000, Characterization of plaque components with intravascular ultrasound elastography in human femoral and coronary arteries in vitro, Circulation, 102, 617, 10.1161/01.CIR.102.6.617

Schaar, 2003, Characterizing vulnerable plaque features with intravascular elastography, Circulation, 108, 2636, 10.1161/01.CIR.0000097067.96619.1F

Doyley, 2001, Advancing intravascular ultrasonic palpation toward clinical applications, Ultrasound Med Biol, 27, 1471, 10.1016/S0301-5629(01)00457-4

Schaar, 2004, Incidence of high strain patterns in human coronary arteries: assessment with three-dimensional intravascular palpography and correlation with clinical presentation, Circulation, 109, 2716, 10.1161/01.CIR.0000131887.65955.3B

Ross, 1999, Atherosclerosis: an inflammatory disease, N Engl J Med, 340, 115, 10.1056/NEJM199901143400207

Casscells, 1996, Thermal detection of cellular infiltrates in living atherosclerotic plaques: possible implications for plaque rupture and thrombosis, Lancet, 347, 1447, 10.1016/S0140-6736(96)91684-0

Stefanadis, 1999, Thermal heterogeneity within human atherosclerotic coronary arteries detected in vivo: a new method of detection by application of a special thermography catheter, Circulation, 99, 1965, 10.1161/01.CIR.99.15.1965

Stefanadis, 2001, Increased local temperature in human coronary atherosclerotic plaques: an independent predictor of clinical outcome in patients undergoing a percutaneous coronary intervention, J Am Coll Cardiol, 37, 1277, 10.1016/S0735-1097(01)01137-8

Yabushita, 2002, Characterization of human atherosclerosis by optical coherence tomography, Circulation, 106, 1640, 10.1161/01.CIR.0000029927.92825.F6

Jang, 2002, Visualization of coronary atherosclerotic plaques in patients using optical coherence tomography: comparison with intravascular ultrasound, J Am Coll Cardiol, 39, 604, 10.1016/S0735-1097(01)01799-5

Moreno, 2003, Detection of high-risk atherosclerotic coronary plaques by intravascular spectroscopy, J Interv Cardiol, 16, 243, 10.1034/j.1600-0854.2003.8040.x

Slager, 2000, True 3-dimensional reconstruction of coronary arteries in patients by fusion of angiography and IVUS (ANGUS) and its quantitative validation, Circulation, 102, 511, 10.1161/01.CIR.102.5.511

Wentzel, 2003, Extension of increased wall thickness into high shear stress regions is associated with loss of compensatory remodeling, Circulation, 108, 17, 10.1161/01.CIR.0000078637.21322.D3

Fayad, 2001, Clinical imaging of the high-risk or vulnerable atherosclerotic plaque, Circ Res, 89, 305, 10.1161/hh1601.095596

Schroeder, 2003, Noninvasive evaluation of the prevalence of noncalcified atherosclerotic plaques by multi-slice detector computed tomography: results of a pilot study, Int J Cardiol, 92, 151, 10.1016/S0167-5273(03)00104-9

Naghavi, 2003, From vulnerable plaque to vulnerable patient: a call for new definitions and risk assessment strategies: Part II, Circulation, 108, 1772, 10.1161/01.CIR.0000087481.55887.C9

Buffon, 2002, Widespread coronary inflammation in unstable angina, N Engl J Med, 347, 5, 10.1056/NEJMoa012295

Valgimigli, 2003, Serum from patients with acute coronary syndromes displays a proapoptotic effect on human endothelial cells: a possible link to pan-coronary syndromes, Circulation, 107, 264, 10.1161/01.CIR.0000045665.57256.86

Maseri, 2003, Is there a vulnerable plaque?, Circulation, 107, 2068, 10.1161/01.CIR.0000070585.48035.D1

Casscells, 2003, Vulnerable atherosclerotic plaque: a multifocal disease, Circulation, 107, 2072, 10.1161/01.CIR.0000069329.70061.68

Gibson, 2003, Distance from the coronary ostium to the culprit lesion in acute ST-elevation myocardial infarction and its implications regarding the potential prevention of proximal plaque rupture, J Thromb Thrombolysis, 15, 189, 10.1023/B:THRO.0000011374.60110.bc

Wang, 2004, Coronary artery spatial distribution of acute myocardial infarction occlusions, Circulation, 110, 278, 10.1161/01.CIR.0000135468.67850.F4

Valgimigli, 2006, Distance from the ostium as an independent determinant of coronary plaque composition in vivo: an intravascular ultrasound study based radiofrequency data analysis in humans, Eur Heart J, 27, 655, 10.1093/eurheartj/ehi716