High prevalence of adherent-invasive Escherichia coli associated with ileal mucosa in Crohn’s disease

Sartor, 1996, Microbial factors in chronic intestinal inflammation, Curr Opin Gastroenterol, 12, 327, 10.1097/00001574-199607000-00003 Shanahan, 2002, Crohn’s disease, Lancet, 359, 62, 10.1016/S0140-6736(02)07284-7 Elson, 2000, Commensal bacteria as targets in Crohn’s disease, Gastroenterology, 119, 254, 10.1053/gast.2000.9159 Podolsky, 2002, Inflammatory bowel disease, N Engl J Med, 347, 417, 10.1056/NEJMra020831 Zumla, 1996, Granulomatous infections, Clin Infect Dis, 23, 146, 10.1093/clinids/23.1.146 Colombel, 1999, A controlled trial comparing ciprofloxacin with mesalazine for the treatment of active Crohn’s disease. Groupe d’Etudes Therapeutiques des Affections Inflammatoires Digestives (GETAID), Am J Gastroenterol, 94, 674, 10.1111/j.1572-0241.1999.935_q.x Greenbloom, 1998, Combination ciprofloxacin and metronidazole for active Crohn’s disease, Can J Gastroenterol, 12, 53, 10.1155/1998/349460 Turunen, 1998, Long-term treatment of ulcerative colitis with ciprofloxacin, Gastroenterology, 115, 1072, 10.1016/S0016-5085(98)70076-9 Prantera, 1996, An antibiotic regimen for the treatment of active Crohn’s disease, Am J Gastroenterol, 91, 328 Rutgeerts, 1995, Controlled trial of metronidazole treatment for prevention of Crohn’s recurrence after ileal resection, Gastroenterology, 108, 1617, 10.1016/0016-5085(95)90121-3 Sutherland, 1991, Double blind, placebo controlled trial of metronidazole in Crohn’s disease, Gut, 32, 1071, 10.1136/gut.32.9.1071 Rutgeerts, 1991, Effect of faecal stream diversion on recurrence of Crohn’s disease in the neoterminal ileum, Lancet, 338, 771, 10.1016/0140-6736(91)90663-A Neut, 2002, Changes in the bacterial flora of the neoterminal ileum after ileocolonic resection for Crohn’s disease, Am J Gastroenterol, 97, 939, 10.1111/j.1572-0241.2002.05613.x Tamboli, 2004, Dysbiosis in inflammatory bowel disease, Gut, 53, 1, 10.1136/gut.53.1.1 Rath, 1999, Differential induction of colitis and gastritis in HLA-B27 transgenic rats selectively colonized with Bacteroides vulgatus or Escherichia coli, Infect Immun, 67, 2969, 10.1128/IAI.67.6.2969-2974.1999 Dieleman, 2003, Lactobacillus GG prevents recurrence of colitis in HLA-B27 transgenic rats after antibiotic treatment, Gut, 52, 370, 10.1136/gut.52.3.370 Shanahan, 2001, Probiotics in inflammatory bowel disease, Gut, 48, 48, 10.1136/gut.48.5.609 Giaffer, 1992, Virulence properties of Escherichia coli strains isolated from patients with inflammatory bowel disease, Gut, 33, 646, 10.1136/gut.33.5.646 Liu, 1995, Immunocytochemical evidence of Listeria, Escherichia coli, and Streptococcus antigens in Crohn’s disease, Gastroenterology, 108, 1396, 10.1016/0016-5085(95)90687-8 Darfeuille-Michaud, 1998, Presence of adherent Escherichia coli strains in ileal mucosa of patients with Crohn’s disease, Gastroenterology, 115, 1405, 10.1016/S0016-5085(98)70019-8 Swidsinski, 2002, Mucosal flora in inflammatory bowel disease, Gastroenterology, 122, 44, 10.1053/gast.2002.30294 Fujimura, 1996, Pathogenesis of aphthoid ulcers in Crohn’s disease, Gut, 38, 724, 10.1136/gut.38.5.724 Rickert, 1980, The “early” ulcerative lesion of Crohn’s disease, J Clin Gastroenterol, 2, 11, 10.1097/00004836-198003000-00003 Ogura, 2001, A frameshift mutation in NOD2 associated with susceptibility to Crohn’s disease, Nature, 411, 603, 10.1038/35079114 Hugot, 2001, Association of NOD2 leucine-rich repeat variants with susceptibility to Crohn’s disease, Nature, 411, 599, 10.1038/35079107 Inohara, 2003, Host recognition of bacterial muramyl dipeptide mediated through NOD2. Implications for Crohn’s disease, J Biol Chem, 278, 5509, 10.1074/jbc.C200673200 Girardin, 2003, Nod2 is a general sensor of peptidoglycan through muramyl dipeptide (MDP) detection, J Biol Chem, 278, 8869, 10.1074/jbc.C200651200 Hisamatsu, 2003, CARD15/NOD2 functions as an antibacterial factor in human intestinal epithelial cells, Gastroenterology, 124, 993, 10.1053/gast.2003.50153 Tieng, 2002, Binding of Escherichia coli adhesin AfaE to CD55 triggers cell-surface expression of the MHC class I-related molecule MICA, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 99, 2977, 10.1073/pnas.032668099 Boudeau, 1999, Invasive ability of an Escherichia coli strain isolated from the ileal mucosa of a patient with Crohn’s disease, Infect Immun, 67, 4499, 10.1128/IAI.67.9.4499-4509.1999 Boudeau, 2001, Type 1 pili-mediated adherence of Escherichia coli strain LF82 isolated from Crohn’s disease is involved in bacterial invasion of intestinal epithelial cells, Mol Microbiol, 39, 1272, 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2001.02315.x Glasser, 2001, Adherent invasive Escherichia coli strains from patients with Crohn’s disease survive and replicate within macrophages without inducing host cell death, Infect Immun, 69, 5529, 10.1128/IAI.69.9.5529-5537.2001 Rutgeerts, 1990, Predictability of the postoperative course of Crohn’s disease, Gastroenterology, 99, 956, 10.1016/0016-5085(90)90613-6 Barbut, 1999, Comparative value of colonic biopsy and intraluminal fluid culture for diagnosis of bacterial acute colitis in immunocompetent patients. Infectious Colitis Study Group, Clin Infect Dis, 29, 356, 10.1086/520215 Levine, 1985, The diarrheal response of humans to some classic serotypes of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli is dependent on a plasmid encoding an enteroadhesiveness factor, J Infect Dis, 152, 550, 10.1093/infdis/152.3.550 Evans, 1975, Plasmid-controlled colonization factor associated with virulence in Escherichia coli enterotoxigenic for humans, Infect Immun, 12, 656, 10.1128/IAI.12.3.656-667.1975 Le Bouguenec, 1993, Characterization of plasmid-borne afa-3 gene clusters encoding afimbrial adhesins expressed by Escherichia coli strains associated with intestinal or urinary tract infections, Infect Immun, 61, 5106, 10.1128/IAI.61.12.5106-5114.1993 Clerc, 1987, Entry of Shigella flexneri into HeLa cells, Infect Immun, 55, 2681, 10.1128/IAI.55.11.2681-2688.1987 Falkow, 1987, A molecular strategy for the study of bacterial invasion, Rev Infect Dis, 9, S450, 10.1093/clinids/9.Supplement_5.S450 Darfeuille-Michaud, 2002, Adherent-invasive Escherichia coli, Int J Med Microbiol, 292, 185, 10.1078/1438-4221-00201 Klemm, 2000, Bacterial adhesins, Int J Med Microbiol, 290, 27, 10.1016/S1438-4221(00)80102-2 Rhodes, 1996, Unifying hypothesis for inflammatory bowel disease and associated colon cancer, Lancet, 347, 40, 10.1016/S0140-6736(96)91563-9 Geyid, 1996, Invasion of tissue culture cells by diarrhoeagenic strains of Escherichia coli which lack the enteroinvasive inv gene, FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol, 14, 15, 10.1111/j.1574-695X.1996.tb00262.x Dickinson, 1980, Increased incidence of faecal coliforms with in vitro adhesive and invasive properties in patients with ulcerative colitis, Gut, 21, 787, 10.1136/gut.21.9.787 Kagnoff, 1997, Epithelial cells as sensors for microbial infection, J Clin Invest, 100, 6, 10.1172/JCI119522 Ahmad, 2004, Clinical relevance of advances in genetics and pharmacogenetics in inflammatory bowel diseases, Gastroenterology, 126, 1533, 10.1053/j.gastro.2004.01.061 Lala, 2003, Crohn’s disease and the NOD2 gene, Gastroenterology, 125, 47, 10.1016/S0016-5085(03)00661-9 Fellermann, 2003, Crohn’s disease, Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol, 15, 627, 10.1097/00042737-200306000-00008 Wehkamp, 2003, Inducible and constitutive beta-defensins are differentially expressed in Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis, Inflamm Bowel Dis, 9, 215, 10.1097/00054725-200307000-00001 Wehkamp, 2003, Pathomechanism of Crohn’s disease NOD2 (CARD15) mutation, Gut, 35, A1