Influence of heating/cooling cycles on the micro/macrocracking characteristics of Rucheng granite under unconfined compression
Tóm tắt
This study experimentally investigates the influence of heating/cooling cycles on the mechanical properties and cracking features of Rucheng granite. The specimens, which were previously subjected to various numbers of heating (350 °C) and cooling (in 21 °C tap water) cycles, were tested under unconfined compression. Integrated acoustic emission (AE) and digital image correlation (DIC) techniques were used to study the micro/macrocracking characteristics of the specimens upon different heating/cooling cycles. The changes in the amount of surface cracks and microcracks, P-wave velocity, unconfined compressive strength (UCS), elastic modulus, and Poisson’s ratio of the specimens prior to and after various heating/cooling cycles were comprehensively analyzed. The results showed that as the number of heating/cooling cycles increased, more surface cracks and internal microcracks (including intergranular and intragranular) were observed, leading to more remarkable decreases in P-wave velocity and substantial loss of the strength and stiffness. The change in the P-wave velocity is more sensitive than the UCS upon the cyclic heating/cooling treatments. An increase in the cycle number yielded an increase in the brittleness and a decrease in the ductility with respect to the stress-strain response. Furthermore, after exposure to a greater number of heating/cooling treatment cycles, the onset of unstable crack propagation will initiate at a lower stress threshold, while the postpeak softening response becomes more prominent. In addition, the failure mode changes from a typical shear failure to an axial splitting fashion as the number of heating/cooling cycles increases.
Tài liệu tham khảo
Aneke M, Wang MH (2016) Energy storage technologies and real life applications - a state of the art review. Appl Energy 179:350–377. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2016.06.097
Anzellini S, Dewaele A, Mezouar M, Loubeyre P, Morard G (2013) Melting of iron at Earth’s inner core boundary based on fast X-ray diffraction. Science 340:464–466. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1233514
Bai MX, Reinicke KM, Teodoriu C, Fichter C (2012) Investigation on water-rock interaction under geothermal hot dry rock conditions with a novel testing method. J Pet Sci Eng 90-91:26–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.petrol.2012.04.009
Brotóns V, Tomás R, Ivorra S, Alarcón JC (2013) Temperature influence on the physical and mechanical properties of a porous rock: San Julian’s calcarenite. Eng Geol 167:117–127. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2013.10.012
Browning J, Meredith P, Gudmundsson A (2016) Cooling-dominated cracking in thermally stressed volcanic rocks. Geophys Res Lett 43:8417–8425. https://doi.org/10.1002/2016GL070532
Cai M, Kaiser PK, Tasaka Y, Maejima T, Morioka H, Minami M (2004) Generalized crack initiation and crack damage stress thresholds of brittle rock masses near underground excavations. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci 41:833–847. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmms.2004.02.001
Cuenot N, Charlety J, Dorbath L, Haessler H (2006) Faulting mechanisms and stress regime at the European HDR site of Soultz-sous-Forets, France Geothermics 35:561–575. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geothermics.2006.11.007
dos Santos JPL, Rosa LG, Amaral PM (2011) Temperature effects on mechanical behaviour of engineered stones. Constr Build Mater 25:171–174. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2010.06.042
Dwivedi RD, Goel RK, Prasad VVR, Sinha A (2008) Thermo-mechanical properties of Indian and other granites. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci 45:303–315. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmms.2007.05.008
Fan LF, Gao JW, Wu ZJ, Yang SQ, Ma GW (2018) An investigation of thermal effects on micro-properties of granite by X-ray CT technique. Appl Therm Eng 140:505–519. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2018.05.074
Fan LF, Wu ZJ, Wan Z, Gao JW (2017) Experimental investigation of thermal effects on dynamic behavior of granite. Appl Therm Eng 125:94–103. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2017.07.007
Feng P, Dai F, Liu Y, Xu NW, Zhao T (2018) Effects of strain rate on the mechanical and fracturing behaviors of rock-like specimens containing two unparallel fissures under uniaxial compression. Soil Dyn Earthq Eng 110:195–211. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2018.03.026
Ge ZL, Sun Q (2018) Acoustic emission (AE) characteristics of granite after heating and cooling cycles. Eng Fract Mech 200:418–429. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engfracmech.2018.08.011
Gerard A, Genter A, Kohl T, Lutz P, Rose P, Rummel F (2006) The deep EGS (enhanced geothermal system) project at Soultz-sous-Forets (Alsace, France). Geothermics 35:473–483. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geothermics.2006.12.001
Geraud Y (1994) Variations of connected porosity and inferred permeability in a thermally cracked granite. Geophys Res Lett 21:979–982. https://doi.org/10.1029/94GL00642
Ghobadi MH, Babazadeh R (2015) Experimental studies on the effects of cyclic freezing–thawing, salt crystallization, and thermal shock on the physical and mechanical characteristics of selected sandstones. Rock Mech Rock Eng 48:1001–1016. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-014-0609-6
Griffiths L, Lengline O, Heap MJ, Baud P, Schmittbuhl J (2018) Thermal cracking in Westerly Granite monitored using direct wave velocity, coda wave interferometry, and acoustic emissions. J Geophys Res-Sol Ea 123:2246–2261. https://doi.org/10.1002/2017JB015191
Hale PA, Shakoor A (2003) A laboratory investigation of the effects of cyclic heating and cooling, wetting and drying, and freezing and thawing on the compressive strength of selected sandstones. Environ Eng Geosci 9:117–130. https://doi.org/10.2113/9.2.117
Heinz SR, Wiggins JS (2010) Uniaxial compression analysis of glassy polymer networks using digital image correlation. Polym Test 29:925–932. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymertesting.2010.08.001
Heuze FE (1983) High-temperature mechanical, physical and thermal-properties of granitic-rocks - a review. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci 20:3–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/0148-9062(83)91609-1
Hosseini M (2017) Effect of temperature as well as heating and cooling cycles on rock properties. J Min Environ 8:631–644. https://doi.org/10.22044/jme.2017.971
Hosseini M, Khodayari AR (2018) Effects of temperature and confining pressure on mode II fracture toughness of rocks (Case study: Lushan Sandstone). J Min Environ 9:379–391. https://doi.org/10.22044/jme.2018.6450.1463
Huang S, Xia KW (2015) Effect of heat-treatment on the dynamic compressive strength of Longyou sandstone. Eng Geol 191:1–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2015.03.007
Isaka BLA, Gamage RP, Rathnaweera TD, Perera MSA, Chandrasekharam D, Kumari WGP (2018) An influence of thermally-induced micro-cracking under cooling treatments: mechanical characteristics of Australian granite. Energies 11 doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/en11061338
Jiang GZ et al. (2016) Heat flow, depth-temperature, and assessment of the enhanced geothermal system (EGS) resource base of continental China. Environ Earth Sci 75 doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-016-6238-5
Khanlari G, Abdilor Y (2015) Influence of wet–dry, freeze–thaw, and heat–cool cycles on the physical and mechanical properties of Upper Red sandstones in central Iran. B Eng Geol Environ 74:1287–1300. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10064-014-0691-8
Khodayar A, Nejati HR (2018) Effect of thermal-induced microcracks on the failure mechanism of rock specimens. Comput Concr 22:93–100. https://doi.org/10.12989/cac.2018.22.1.093
Kim K, Kemeny J, Nickerson M (2014) Effect of rapid thermal cooling on mechanical rock properties. Rock Mech Rock Eng 47:2005–2019. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-013-0523-3
Kumari WGP, Ranjith PG, Perera MBA, Chen BK, Abdulagatov IM (2017a) Temperature-dependent mechanical behaviour of Australian Strathbogie granite with different cooling treatments. Eng Geol 229:31–44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2017.09.012
Kumari WGP, Ranjith PG, Perera MSA, Chen BK (2018) Experimental investigation of quenching effect on mechanical, microstructural and flow characteristics of reservoir rocks: thermal stimulation method for geothermal energy extraction. J Pet Sci Eng 162:419–433. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.petrol.2017.12.033
Kumari WGP et al (2017b) Mechanical behaviour of Australian Strathbogie granite under in-situ stress and temperature conditions: an application to geothermal energy extraction. Geothermics 65:44–59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geothermics.2016.07.002
Laughlin AW, Eddy AC, Laney R, Aldrich MJ (1983) Geology of the Fenton-Hill, New-Mexico, hot dry rock site. J Volcanol Geotherm Res 15:21–41. https://doi.org/10.1016/0377-0273(83)90094-X
Li Z, Rao Q-h, Li P, Yi W (2018) Crack initiation rate of brittle rock under thermal-hydro-mechanical coupling condition. Trans Nonferrous Metals Soc China 28:2107–2113. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1003-6326(18)64855-1
Liang WG, Xu SG, Zhao YS (2006) Experimental study of temperature effects on physical and mechanical characteristics of salt rock. Rock Mech Rock Eng 39:469–482. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-005-0067-2
Liu Q, Qian Z, Wu Z (2017a) Micro/macro physical and mechanical variation of red sandstone subjected to cyclic heating and cooling: an experimental study. B Eng Geol Environ. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10064-017-1196-z
Liu Y, Dai F, Zhao T, Xu NW (2017b) Numerical investigation of the dynamic properties of intermittent jointed rock models subjected to cyclic uniaxial compression. Rock Mech Rock Eng 50:89–112. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-016-1085-y
Long X, Yuan R, Deng X, Li F, Pi J, Li H (2015) Hot dry rock geothermal resources in Ru County. Science & Technology Review 33:68–73. https://doi.org/10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2015.19.011
Lu Y (2017) Laboratory study on the rising temperature of spontaneous combustion in coal stockpiles and a paste foam suppression technique. Energy Fuel 31:7290–7298. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.energyfuels.7b00649
Mahmutoglu Y (1998) Mechanical behaviour of cyclically heated fine grained rock. Rock Mech Rock Eng 31:169–179. https://doi.org/10.1007/s006030050017
Mahmutoğlu Y (2017) Prediction of weathering by thermal degradation of a coarse-grained marble using ultrasonic pulse velocity. Environ Earth Sci 76:435. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-017-6770-y
Martin CD, Chandler NA (1994) The progressive fracture of Lac Du Bonnet granite. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci Geomech Abstr 31:643–659. https://doi.org/10.1016/0148-9062(94)90005-1
McLaren S, Dunlap WJ (2006) Use of 40Ar/39Ar K-feldspar thermochronology in basin thermal history reconstruction: an example from the Big Lake Suite granites, Warburton Basin, South Australia. Basin Res 18:189–203. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2117.2006.00228.x
Meller C, Kontny A, Kohl T (2014) Identification and characterization of hydrothermally altered zones in granite by combining synthetic clay content logs with magnetic mineralogical investigations of drilled rock cuttings. Geophys J Int 199:465–479. https://doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggu278
Meredith PG, Atkinson BK (1985) Fracture-toughness and subcritical crack-growth during high-temperature tensile deformation of Westerly granite and Black gabbro. Phys Earth Planet Inter 39:33–51. https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9201(85)90113-X
Muffler P, Cataldi R (1978) Methods for regional assessment of geothermal resources. Geothermics 7:53–89. https://doi.org/10.1016/0375-6505(78)90002-0
Munoz H, Taheri A (2017a) Local damage and progressive localisation in porous sandstone during cyclic loading. Rock Mech Rock Eng 50:3253–3259. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-017-1298-8
Munoz H, Taheri A (2017b) Specimen aspect ratio and progressive field strain development of sandstone under uniaxial compression by three-dimensional digital image correlation. J Rock Mech Geotech Eng 9:599–610. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrmge.2017.01.005
Munoz H, Taheri A, Chanda EK (2016) Pre-peak and post-peak rock strain characteristics during uniaxial compression by 3D digital image correlation. Rock Mech Rock Eng 49:2541–2554. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-016-0935-y
Peng J, Rong G, Cai M, Yao MD, Zhou CB (2016) Physical and mechanical behaviors of a thermal-damaged coarse marble under uniaxial compression. Eng Geol 200:88–93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2015.12.011
Peng J, Rong G, Yao M, Wong LNY, Tang Z (2018) Acoustic emission characteristics of a fine-grained marble with different thermal damages and specimen sizes. B Eng Geol Environ 78: 4479-4491. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10064-018-1375-6
Rathnaweera TD et al (2018) Experimental investigation of thermomechanical behaviour of clay-rich sandstone at extreme temperatures followed by cooling treatments. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci 107:208–223. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmms.2018.04.048
Rong G, Peng J, Cai M, Yao M, Zhou C, Sha S (2018a) Experimental investigation of thermal cycling effect on physical and mechanical properties of bedrocks in geothermal fields. Appl Therm Eng 141:174–185. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2018.05.126
Rong G, Yao MD, Peng J, Sha S, Tan J (2018b) Influence of initial thermal cracking on physical and mechanical behaviour of a coarse marble: insights from uniaxial compression tests with acoustic emission monitoring. Geophys J Int 214:1886–1900. https://doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggy257
Shao S, Wasantha PLP, Ranjith PG, Chen BK (2014) Effect of cooling rate on the mechanical behavior of heated Strathbogie granite with different grain sizes. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci 70:381–387. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmms.2014.04.003
Sirdesai NN, Gupta T, Singh TN, Ranjith PG (2018a) Studying the acoustic emission response of an Indian monumental sandstone under varying temperatures and strains. Constr Build Mater 168:346–361. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.02.180
Sirdesai NN, Singh A, Sharma LK, Singh R, Singh TN (2018b) Determination of thermal damage in rock specimen using intelligent techniques. Eng Geol 239:179–194. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2018.03.027
Tran NH, Rahman SS (2007) Development of hot dry rocks by hydraulic stimulation: natural fracture network simulation. Theor Appl Fract Mec 47:77–85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tafmec.2006.10.007
Wang SJ, Yan JH, Li F, Hu JW, Li KW (2016) Exploitation and utilization of oilfield geothermal resources in China. Energies 9. https://doi.org/10.3390/en9100798
Wang ZL, He AL, Shi GY, Mei GX (2018) Temperature effect on AE energy characteristics and damage mechanical behaviors of granite. Int J Geomech 18:04017163. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GM.1943-5622.0001094
Wei MD, Dai F, Xu NW, Zhao T, Xia KW (2016) Experimental and numerical study on the fracture process zone and fracture toughness determination for ISRM-suggested semi-circular bend rock specimen. Eng Fract Mech 154:43–56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engfracmech.2016.01.002
Weng L, Huang L, Taheri A, Li X (2017) Rockburst characteristics and numerical simulation based on a strain energy density index: a case study of a roadway in Linglong gold mine, China. Tunn Undergr Sp Tech 69:223–232. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2017.05.011
Wong TF, Brace WF (1979) Thermal expansion of rocks: some measurements at high pressure. Tectonophysics 57:95–117. https://doi.org/10.1016/0040-1951(79)90143-4
Wu Q, Weng L, Zhao Y, Guo B, Luo T (2019) On the tensile mechanical characteristics of fine-grained granite after heating/cooling treatments with different cooling rates. Eng Geol 253:94–110. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2019.03.014
Xu C, Sun Q (2018) Effects of quenching cycle on tensile strength of granite. Geotech Lett 8:165–170. https://doi.org/10.1680/jgele.18.00053
Xu XL, Kang ZX, Ji M, Ge WX, Chen J (2009) Research of microcosmic mechanism of brittle-plastic transition for granite under high temperature. Procedia Earth and Planetary Science 1:432–437. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeps.2009.09.069
Xu XL, Zhang ZZ (2018) Acoustic emission and damage characteristics of granite subjected to high temperature. Adv Mater Sci Eng. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/8149870
Yanagisawa N, Matsunaga I, Sugita H, Sato M, Okabe T (2008) Temperature-dependent scale precipitation in the Hijiori Hot Dry Rock system, Japan Geothermics 37:1–18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geothermics.2007.08.003
Yang G, Cai ZX, Zhang XC, Fu DH (2015) An experimental investigation on the damage of granite under uniaxial tension by using a digital image correlation method. Opt Lasers Eng 73:46–52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.optlaseng.2015.04.004
Yang S-Q, Hu B (2018) Creep and long-term permeability of a red sandstone subjected to cyclic loading after thermal treatments. Rock Mech Rock Eng 51:2981–3004. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-018-1528-8
Yang SQ, Ranjith PG, Jing HW, Tian WL, Ju Y (2017a) An experimental investigation on thermal damage and failure mechanical behavior of granite after exposure to different high temperature treatments. Geothermics 65:180–197. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geothermics.2016.09.008
Yang SQ, Xu P, Li YB, Huang YH (2017b) Experimental investigation on triaxial mechanical and permeability behavior of sandstone after exposure to different high temperature treatments. Geothermics 69:93–109. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geothermics.2017.04.009
Yin TB, Li XB, Xia KW, Huang S (2012) Effect of thermal treatment on the dynamic fracture toughness of Laurentian granite. Rock Mech Rock Eng 45:1087–1094. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-012-0240-3
Yin TB, Shu RH, Li XB, Wang P, Liu XL (2016) Comparison of mechanical properties in high temperature and thermal treatment granite. Trans Nonferrous Metals Soc China 26:1926–1937. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1003-6326(16)64311-X
Zeng YC, Su Z, Wu NY (2013) Numerical simulation of heat production potential from hot dry rock by water circulating through two horizontal wells at Desert Peak geothermal field. Energy 56:92–107. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2013.04.055
Zhang G, Xing Y, Wang L (2018) Comprehensive sandstone fracturing characterization: integration of fiber Bragg grating, digital imaging correlation and acoustic emission measurements. Eng Geol 246:45–56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2018.09.016
Zhao YS, Wan ZJ, Feng ZJ, Yang D, Zhang Y, Qu F (2012) Triaxial compression system for rock testing under high temperature and high pressure. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci 52:132–138. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmms.2012.02.011
Zhao ZH, Liu ZN, Pu H, Li X (2018) Effect of thermal treatment on Brazilian tensile strength of granites with different grain size distributions. Rock Mech Rock Eng 51:1293–1303. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-018-1404-6
Zhou XP, Lian YJ, Wong LNY, Berto F (2018) Understanding the fracture behavior of brittle and ductile multi-flawed rocks by uniaxial loading by digital image correlation. Eng Fract Mech 199:438–460. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engfracmech.2018.06.007
Zhu D, Jing HW, Yin Q, Han GS (2018) Experimental study on the damage of granite by acoustic emission after cyclic heating and cooling with circulating water. Processes 6: 101. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr6080101