Biological basis for the benefit of nutraceutical supplementation in arthritis

Arthritis the big picture. ARC publication (2002) (http://www.arc.org.uk) Percival, T (1783) Observations on the medicinal uses of the Oleum Jecoris Aselli, or cod liver oil in the chronic rheumatism, and other painful disorders. London Med. J. 3, 393–401 Kromann, 1980, Epidemiological studies in the Upernavik district, Greenland. Incidence of some chronic diseases 1950–1974, Acta Med. Scand., 208, 401, 10.1111/j.0954-6820.1980.tb01221.x Alexander, 1984 Alexander, 1987 Belch, 1990, The role of leukotrienes as mediators of inflammation, 37 Okuyama, 1996, Dietary fatty acids: the n-6/n-3 balance and chronic elderly diseases, Prog. Lipid Res., 35, 409, 10.1016/S0163-7827(96)00012-4 Haywood, 2003, Inflammation and angiogenesis in osteoarthritis, Arthritis Rheum., 48, 2173, 10.1002/art.11094 Panash, 1983, Diet therapy for rheumatoid arthritis, Arthritis Rheum., 26, 462, 10.1002/art.1780260403 Kremer, J.M. et al. (1985) Effects of manipulating dietary fatty acids on clinical manifestations of rheumatoid arthritis. Lancet i, 184–187 Volker, 1996, Dietary n-3 fatty acid supplementation in rheumatoid arthritis: mechanisms, clinical outcomes, controversies, and future directions, J. Clin. Biochem. Nut., 20, 83, 10.3164/jcbn.20.83 Garg, 1994, The importance of dietary eicosapentaenoic acid to docosahexaenoic acid ratio in modulation of serum lipid and arachidonic acid levels, Nutr. Res., 14, 1575, 10.1016/S0271-5317(05)80235-0 Robinson, 1991, Rheumatoid arthritis and inflammatory mediators, 66, 44 Mantziores, 1994, Dietary substitution with alpha linolenic acid rich vegetable oil increases eicosapentaenoic acid concentrations in tissues, Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 59, 1304, 10.1093/ajcn/59.6.1304 Guesens, 1994, Long-term effects of omega-3 fatty acid supplementation in active rheumatoid arthritis, Arthritis Rheum., 37, 824, 10.1002/art.1780370608 Stammers, 1992, Efficacy of cod liver oil as an adjunct to non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug treatment in the management of osteoarthritis in general practice, Ann. Rheum. Dis., 51, 128, 10.1136/ard.51.1.128 Milner, M. (1989) Fish oil for preventing coronary re-stenosis. Lancet ii, 693 Venkatraman, 1999, Effects of dietary ω-3 and ω-6 lipids and vitamin E on serum cytokines, lipid mediators and anti-DNA antibodies in a mouse model for rheumatoid arthritis, J. Am. Coll. Nutr., 18, 602, 10.1080/07315724.1999.10718895 Volker, 2000, The eicosapentaenoic to docoshexaenoic acid ratio of diets affects the pathogenesis of arthritis in Lew/SSN rats, J. Nutr., 130, 559, 10.1093/jn/130.3.559 Lee, 1985, Effect of dietary enrichment with eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids on in vitro neutrophil and monocyte leukotriene generation and neutrophil function, N. Engl. J. Med., 312, 1217, 10.1056/NEJM198505093121903 Sperling, 1993, Dietary omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids inhibit phosphoinositide formation and chemotaxis in neutrophils, J. Clin. Invest., 91, 651, 10.1172/JCI116245 Ilic, 1992, Mechanism of catabolism of aggrecan by articular cartilage, Arch. Biochem. Biophys., 294, 115, 10.1016/0003-9861(92)90144-L Little, 1999, Aggrecanase versus matrix metalloproteinases in the catabolism of the IGD of aggrecan in vitro, Biochem. J., 344, 61, 10.1042/0264-6021:3440061 Curtis, 2000, n-3 fatty acids specifically modulate catabolic factors involved in articular cartilage degradation, J. Biol. Chem., 275, 721, 10.1074/jbc.275.2.721 Curtis, 2002, Pathologic indicators of degradation and inflammation in human osteoarthritic cartilage are abrogated by exposure to n-3 fatty acids, Arthritis Rheum., 46, 1544, 10.1002/art.10305 Calder, 2001, n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, inflammation and immunity: pouring oil on troubled waters or another fishy tale?, Nutr. Res., 21, 309, 10.1016/S0271-5317(00)00287-6 Camandola, 1996, Nuclear factor κB is activated by arachidonic acid but not by eicosapentaenoic acid, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 229, 643, 10.1006/bbrc.1996.1857 Mirnikjoo, 2001, Protein kinase inhibition by omega-3 fatty acids, J. Biol. Chem., 276, 10888, 10.1074/jbc.M008150200 Hurst, 2003, Effect of n-3 fatty acids on chondrocyte signalling pathways, Trans. Orthop. Res. Soc., 28, 222 Cleland, 2000, Fish oil and rheumatoid arthritis: anti-inflammatory and collateral health benefits, J. Rheumatol., 27, 2305 Calder, 2001, Polyunsaturated fatty acids and rheumatoid arthritis, Curr. Opin. Clin. Nutr. Metab. Care, 4, 115, 10.1097/00075197-200103000-00006 Wiseman, 1997, Antioxidants in tea, Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr., 37, 705, 10.1080/10408399709527798 Hollman, 1999, Tea flavonoids in cardiovascular disease and cancer epidemiology, Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med., 220, 198, 10.1046/j.1525-1373.1999.d01-33.x Tijburg, 1997, Tea flavonoids and cardiovascular diseases: a review, Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr., 37, 771, 10.1080/10408399709527802 Yang, 1993, Tea and cancer: a review, J. Natl. Cancer Inst., 58, 1038, 10.1093/jnci/85.13.1038 Haqqi, 1999, Prevention of collagen-induced arthritis in mice by a polyphenolic fraction from green tea, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A., 96, 4524, 10.1073/pnas.96.8.4524 Adcocks, 2002, Catechins from green tea (Camellia sinesis) inhibit bovine and human cartilage proteoglycan and type II collagen degradation in vitro, J. Nutr., 132, 341, 10.1093/jn/132.3.341 Singh, 2002, Epigallocatechin-3-gallate inhibits interleukin-1β-induced expression of nitric oxide synthase and production of nitric oxide in human chondrocytes, Arthritis Rheum., 46, 2079, 10.1002/art.10443 Vankemmelbeke, 2003, Selective inhibition of ADAMTS-1, -4 and -5 by catechin gallate esters, Eur. J. Biochem., 270, 2394, 10.1046/j.1432-1033.2003.03607.x Tao, 2002, Benefit of an extract of Tripterygium wilfordii Hook F in patients with rheumatoid arthritis, Arthritis Rheum., 46, 1735, 10.1002/art.10411 Choi, 2002, Effects of SKI 306X, a new herbal agent on proteoglycan degradation in cartilage explant culture and a collagenase-induced rabbit osteoarthritis model, Osteoarthritis Cartilage, 10, 471, 10.1053/joca.2002.0526 Hungerford, 2000, Use of nutraceuticals in the management of arthritis, JAMA, 3, 23 Fattah, 2001, Chondroitin sulfate and glucosamine: a review of their safety profile, JAMA, 4, 16 Adebowale, 2000, Analysis of glucosamine and chondroitin sulphate content in marketed products and CaCO-2 permeability of chondroitin sulphate raw materials, JAMA, 1, 37 Karzel, 1971, Effects of hexosamine derivatives and uronic acid derivatives on glycosaminoglycans metabolism of fibroblast cultures, Pharmacology, 5, 337, 10.1159/000136209 Sandy, 1998, Chondrocyte-mediated catabolism of aggrecan: aggrecanase-dependent cleavage induced by interleukin-1 or retinoic acid can be inhibited by glucosamine, Biochem. J., 335, 59, 10.1042/bj3350059 Andersson, 1999, In vitro effects of glucosamine and acetyl-salicylate on canine chondrocytes in three-dimensional culture, Am. J. Vet. Res., 60, 1546 De Mattei, 2002, High doses of glucosamine HCl have detrimental effects on bovine articular cartilage explants cultured in vitro, Osteoarthritis Cartilage, 10, 816, 10.1053/joca.2002.0834 Gouze, 2002, Glucosamine modulates IL-1-induced activation of rat chondrocytes at a receptor level, and by inhibiting the NFκB pathway, FEBS Lett., 510, 166, 10.1016/S0014-5793(01)03255-0 Fenton, 2000, The effects of glucosamine derivatives on equine articular cartilage degradation in explant culture, Osteoarthritis Cartilage, 8, 444, 10.1053/joca.1999.0320 Fenton, 2000, Glucosamine HCl reduces equine articular cartilage degradation in explant culture, Osteoarthritis Cartilage, 8, 258, 10.1053/joca.1999.0299 Halbekath, 2001, Glucosamine sulphate and osteoarthritis, Lancet, 357, 1617, 10.1016/S0140-6736(00)04750-4 Reginster, 2001, Long-term effects of glucosamine sulphate on osteoarthritis progression: a randomised placebo controlled trial, Lancet, 357, 251, 10.1016/S0140-6736(00)03610-2 Dodge, 2003, Glucosamine sulfate modulates the levels of aggrecan and matrix metalloproteinase-3 synthesized by cultured human osteoarthritis articular chondrocytes, Osteoarthritis Cartilage, 11, 424, 10.1016/S1063-4584(03)00052-9 Largo, 2003, Glucosamine inhibits IL-1(-induced NF(B activation in human osteoarthritic chondrocytes, Osteoarthritis Cartilage, 11, 290, 10.1016/S1063-4584(03)00028-1 Ilic, 2003, Effects of long-term exposure to glucosamine and mannosamine on aggrecan degradation in articular cartilage, Osteoarthritis Cartilage, 11, 613, 10.1016/S1063-4584(03)00092-X Richy, 2003, Structural and symptomatic efficacy of glucosamine and chondroitin in knee osteoarthritis, Arch. Intern. Med., 163, 1514, 10.1001/archinte.163.13.1514 Leeb, 2000, A metaanalysis of chondroitin sulphate in the treatment of osteoarthritis, J. Rheumatol., 27, 205 McAlindon, 2000, Glucosamine and chondroitin for treatment of osteoarthritis. A systemic quality assessment and meta-analysis, JAMA, 283, 1469, 10.1001/jama.283.11.1469 Morris, 2003, Consumption of fish and n-3 fatty acids and risk of incident Alzheimer's disease, Arch. Neurol., 60, 940, 10.1001/archneur.60.7.940