Clinical reasoning by pharmacists: A scoping review

Higgs, 2008 Schalekamp 2015 2015 Pharmacy services in Europe: evaluating trends and value: report 2022 Toekomstvisie openbare farmacie: goede farmaceutische zorg in de buurt American College of Clinical Pharmacy, 2000, A vision of pharmacy’s future roles, responsibilities, and manpower needs in the United States, Pharmacotherapy, 20, 991, 10.1592/phco.20.11.991.35270 van de Pol, 2019, Balancing traditional activities and cognitive pharmaceutical services by community pharmacists: a work sampling study, Int J Clin Pharmacol, 41, 872, 10.1007/s11096-019-00852-0 Allemann, 2014, Pharmaceutical care: the PCNE definition 2013, Int J Clin Pharmacol, 36, 544, 10.1007/s11096-014-9933-x 2020 Pharmacists'’ Patient Care Process Wright, 2019, Clinical decision-making: an essential skill for 21st century pharmacy practice, Res Social Adm Pharm, 15, 600, 10.1016/j.sapharm.2018.08.001 Newell, 1972 Elstein, 1978 Barrows, 1987, The clinical reasoning process, Med Educ, 21, 86, 10.1111/j.1365-2923.1987.tb00671.x Croskerry, 2009, A universal model of diagnostic reasoning, Acad Med, 84, 1022, 10.1097/ACM.0b013e3181ace703 Elstein, 2009, Thinking about diagnostic thinking: a 30-year perspective, Adv Health Sci Educ Theory Pract, 14, 7, 10.1007/s10459-009-9184-0 Patel, 2005 Linn, 2012, Clinical reasoning - a guide to improving teaching and practice, Aust Fam Physician, 41, 18 Bissessur, 2009, Therapeutic reasoning: from hiatus to hypothetical model, J Eval Clin Pract, 15, 985, 10.1111/j.1365-2753.2009.01136.x Custers, 2015, Thirty years of illness scripts: theoretical origins and practical applications, Med Teach, 37, 457, 10.3109/0142159X.2014.956052 Custers, 2013, Medical education and cognitive continuum theory: an alternative perspective on medical problem solving and clinical reasoning, Acad Med, 88, 1074, 10.1097/ACM.0b013e31829a3b10 Croskerry, 2009, Clinical cognition and diagnostic error: applications of a dual process model of reasoning, Adv Health Sci Educ Theory Pract, 14, 27, 10.1007/s10459-009-9182-2 Durning, 2013, Clarifying assumptions to enhance our understanding and assessment of clinical reasoning, Acad Med, 88, 442, 10.1097/ACM.0b013e3182851b5b King, 2018, Clinical reasoning in osteopathy: experiences of novice and experienced practitioners, Int J Osteopath Med, 28, 12, 10.1016/j.ijosm.2018.04.002 Huhn, 2019, Clinical reasoning in physical therapy: a concept analysis, Phys Ther, 99, 440, 10.1093/ptj/pzy148 Young, 2020, Mapping clinical reasoning literature across the health professions: a scoping review, BMC Med Educ, 20, 107, 10.1186/s12909-020-02012-9 Young, 2019, The terminology of clinical reasoning in health professions education: implications and considerations, Med Teach, 41, 1277, 10.1080/0142159X.2019.1635686 Baker, 2010, Teaching, evaluating, and remediating clinical reasoning, Academic Internal Medicine Insight, 8 Guirguis, 2003, Patient assessment and documentation integrated in community practice: chat, check, and chart, J Am Pharm Assoc, 52, e241, 10.1331/JAPhA.2012.12097 Bryant, 2008 Tietze, 2019, Clinical reasoning model for pharmacy students, Clin Teach, 16, 253, 10.1111/tct.12944 Sylvia, 2019, A lesson in clinical reasoning for the pharmacy preceptor, Am J Health Syst Pharm, 76, 944, 10.1093/ajhp/zxz083 Visser, 2019, Students’ motivation for interprofessional collaboration after their experience on an IPE ward: a qualitative analysis framed by self-determination theory, Med Teach, 41, 44, 10.1080/0142159X.2018.1436759 Peters, 2020, Updated methodological guidance for the conduct of scoping reviews, JBI Evid Synth, 18, 2119, 10.11124/JBIES-20-00167 Tricco, 2018, PRISMA extension for scoping reviews (PRISMA-ScR): checklist and explanation, Ann Intern Med, 169, 467, 10.7326/M18-0850 Croft, 2017, Thinking in pharmacy practice: a study of community pharmacists’ clinical reasoning in medication supply using the think-aloud method, Pharmacy (Basel), 6, 1, 10.3390/pharmacy6010001 Nusair, 2019, Community pharmacists’ clinical reasoning: a protocol analysis, Int J Clin Pharmacol, 41, 1471, 10.1007/s11096-019-00906-3 Phansalkar, 2009, Understanding pharmacist decision making for adverse drug event (ADE) detection, J Eval Clin Pract, 15, 266, 10.1111/j.1365-2753.2008.00992.x Akhtar, 2015, Pharmacists’ thought processes in making a differential diagnosis using a gastro-intestinal case vignette, Res Social Adm Pharm, 11, 472, 10.1016/j.sapharm.2014.09.003 Bhogal, 2013, Decision making by community pharmacists when making an over-the-counter diagnosis: a pilot study - poster, Self Care, 4, 20 Haider, 2020, Pharmacists’ advice and clinical reasoning in relation to cardiovascular disease risk factors - a vignette case study, Res Social Adm Pharm, 16, 568, 10.1016/j.sapharm.2019.08.006 Iqbal, 2013, Community pharmacists reasoning when making a diagnosis: a think-aloud study, Int J Pharm Pract, 21, 17 Mallinder, 2022, Exploring community pharmacists’ clinical decision-making using think aloud and protocol analysis, Res Social Adm Pharm, 18, 2606, 10.1016/j.sapharm.2021.05.002 Nusair, 2017, How pharmacists check the appropriateness of drug therapy? Observations in community pharmacy, Res Social Adm Pharm, 13, 349, 10.1016/j.sapharm.2016.03.004 Oliveira, 2020, Decision-making process in comprehensive medication management services: from the understanding to the development of a theoretical model, Pharmacy (Basel), 8, 180, 10.3390/pharmacy8040180 Rutter, 2013, Decision making by community pharmacists when making an over-the-counter diagnosis in response to a dermatological presentation, Self Care, 4, 125 Sinopoulou, 2017, A qualitative study on community pharmacists’ decision-making process when making a diagnosis, J Eval Clin Pract, 23, 1482, 10.1111/jep.12837 Abuzour, 2018, A qualitative study exploring how pharmacist and nurse independent prescribers make clinical decisions, J Adv Nurs, 74, 65, 10.1111/jan.13375 Duffull, 2019, Understanding the process of clinical judgement for pharmacists when making clinical decisions, Res Social Adm Pharm, 15, 607, 10.1016/j.sapharm.2018.08.005 Eva, 2005, What every teacher needs to know about clinical reasoning, Med Educ, 39, 98, 10.1111/j.1365-2929.2004.01972.x ten Cate, 2018, Understanding clinical reasoning from multiple perspectives: a conceptual and theoretical overview, 35 Rutter, 2020, Differential diagnosis in pharmacy practice: time to adopt clinical reasoning and decision making, Res Social Adm Pharm, 16, 1483, 10.1016/j.sapharm.2020.02.020 Sinopoulou, 2019, Approaches to over-the-counter medications teaching in pharmacy education: a global perspective, Pharm Educ, 19, 34 Schmidt, 2015, How to improve the teaching of clinical reasoning: a narrative review and a proposal, Med Educ, 49, 961, 10.1111/medu.12775