Plant toxic proteins with insecticidal properties. A review on their potentialities as bioinsecticides

Toxicon - Tập 40 - Trang 1515-1539 - 2002
Célia R. Carlini1, Maria Fátima Grossi-de-Sá2
1Department of Biophysics, Institute of Biosciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, 91.501-970 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
2Centro Nacional de Recursos Genéticos, Embrapa, P.O. Box 02372, Brası́lia, DF, Brazil

Tài liệu tham khảo

Abe, 1993, Arginine is essential for the α-amylase inhibitory activity of the α-amylase/subtilisin inhibitor (BASI) from barley seeds, Biochem. J., 293, 151, 10.1042/bj2930151

Abe, 1996, Structural organization of the gene encoding corn cystatin, Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem., 60, 1173, 10.1271/bbb.60.1173

Acosta-Gallegos, 1998, A new variant of arcelin in wild common bean, Phaseolus vulgaris L., from southern Mexico, Gen. Res. Crop. Evol., 45, 235, 10.1023/A:1008636132108

Alves, 1992, Effects of canatoxin on the Ca2+-ATPase of sarcoplasmic reticulum membranes, Toxicon, 30, 1411, 10.1016/0041-0101(92)90516-8

Andrews, 1987, The biotechnology of Bacillus thuringiensis, Crit. Rev. Biotech., 6, 163, 10.3109/07388558709113596

Arai, 1998, Phytocystatins and their target enzymes: From molecular biology to practical application: A review, J. Food Biochem., 22, 287, 10.1111/j.1745-4514.1998.tb00245.x

Barbieri, 1980, Purification and properties of different forms of Modeccin, the toxin of Adenia digitata. Separation of subunits with inhibitory and lectin activity, Biochem. J., 185, 203, 10.1042/bj1850203

Barbieri, 1984, Volkensin, the toxin of Adenia volkensii (kilyambiti plant), FEBS Lett., 171, 277, 10.1016/0014-5793(84)80503-7

Barbieri, 1997, Polynucleotide: adenosine glycosidase activity of ribosome-inactivating proteins: effect on DNA, RNA and poly(A), Nucl. Acids. Res., 25, 518, 10.1093/nar/25.3.518

Barcellos, 1993, Canatoxin-, concanavalin A- and canavalin-cross-reactive materials during maturation of Canavalia brasiliensis seeds, Planta, 189, 397, 10.1007/BF00194437

Bardocz, 1995, Reversible effect of phytohemagglutinin on the growth and metabolism of rat gastrointestinal tract, Gut, 37, 353, 10.1136/gut.37.3.353

Barja-Fidalgo, 1991, Canatoxin, a plant protein, induces insulin release from isolated pancreatic islets, Endocrinology, 128, 675, 10.1210/endo-128-2-675

Bell, 2001, Effect of dietary cowpea trypsin inhibitor (CpTI) on the growth and development of the tomato moth Lacanobia oleracea (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) and on the success of the gregarious ectoparasitoid Eulophus pennicornis (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae), Pest Manag. Sci., 57, 57, 10.1002/1526-4998(200101)57:1<57::AID-PS273>3.0.CO;2-4

Benjamin, 1992, Pharmacological characterization of rat paw edema induced by canatoxin, the toxic protein from Canavalia ensiformis (jack bean) seeds, Toxicon, 30, 879, 10.1016/0041-0101(92)90386-J

Birch, 1999, Tri-trophic interactions involving pest aphids, predatory 2-spot ladybirds and transgenic potatoes expressing snowdrop lectin for aphid resistance, Mol. Breed., 5, 75, 10.1023/A:1009659316170

Bischoff, 1994, Acarbose-ein neues Wirkprinzip in der Diabetes-Therapie, Nachr. Chem. Tech. Lab., 42, 1119, 10.1002/nadc.19940421108

Bompard-Gilles, 1996, Substrate mimicry in the active center of a mammalian alpha-amylase: structural analysis of an enzyme–inhibitor complex, Structure, 12, 1441, 10.1016/S0969-2126(96)00151-7

Bonadé-Bottino, 1999, Physiological adaptation explains the insensitivity of Baris coerulescens to transgenic oilseed rape expressing oryzacystatin I, Insect Biochem. Mol. Biol., 29, 131, 10.1016/S0965-1748(98)00116-7

Botella, 1996, Differential expression of soybean cysteine proteinase inhibitor genes during development and in response to wounding and methyl jasmonate, Plant Physiol., 112, 1201, 10.1104/pp.112.3.1201

Bowles, 1990, Defense-related proteins in higher plants, Ann. Rev. Biochem., 59, 873, 10.1146/annurev.bi.59.070190.004301

Broadway, 1996, Dietary proteinase inhibitors alter complement of midgut proteases Arch, Insect Biochem. Physiol., 32, 39, 10.1002/(SICI)1520-6327(1996)32:1<39::AID-ARCH3>3.0.CO;2-S

Cardona, 1990, Comparative value of four arcelin variants in the development of dry bean lines resistant to the Mexican bean weevil, Entomol. Exp. Appl., 56, 197, 10.1111/j.1570-7458.1990.tb01397.x

Carlini, 1981, Isolation and characterization of a toxic protein from Canavalia ensiformis (jack bean) seeds, distinct from concanavalin A, Toxicon, 19, 667, 10.1016/0041-0101(81)90104-5

Carlini, 1991, Plant and microbial toxic proteins as hemilectins: emphasis on canatoxin, Toxicon, 29, 791, 10.1016/0041-0101(91)90216-E

Carlini, 1997, Comparative effects of processing methods on hemagglutinating and antitryptic activities of Canavalia ensiformis and Canavalia braziliensis seeds, J. Agric. Food Chem., 45, 4372, 10.1021/jf970466+

Carlini, 1984, Central nervous effects of the convulsant protein canatoxin, Acta Pharmacol. Toxicol. (Copenh.), 54, 161, 10.1111/j.1600-0773.1984.tb01912.x

Carlini, 1985, Platelet release reaction and aggregation induced by canatoxin, a convulsant protein: evidence for the involvement of the platelet lipoxygenase pathway, Br. J. Pharmacol., 84, 551, 10.1111/j.1476-5381.1985.tb12940.x

Carlini, 1997, Biological effects of canatoxin in different insect models: evidence for a proteolytic activation of the toxin by insect cathepsinlike enzymes, J. Econ. Entomol., 90, 340, 10.1093/jee/90.2.340

Carlini, C.R., Ferreira-DaSilva, C.T., Gombarovits, M.E.C., 2000. Processo de Produção de Peptı́deo Entomotóxico da Canatoxina. Patent PI0003334-0, DEINPI/RS, Brazil, June 6, 2000.

Cassel, 1978, Mechanism of cholera toxin action: covalent modification of the guanyl nucleotide-binding protein of the adenylate cyclase system, Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA, 75, 2669, 10.1073/pnas.75.6.2669

Chrispeels, 1991, Lectins, lectin genes, and their role in plant defense, Plant Cell, 3, 1, 10.1105/tpc.3.1.1

Chrispeels, 1998, Genetic engineering with alpha-amylase inhibitors makes seeds resistant to bruchids, Seed Sci. Res., 8, 257, 10.1017/S0960258500004153

Cohen, 1993, Chitin synthesis and degradation as targets for pesticide action, Arch. Insect Biochem. Physiol., 22, 245, 10.1002/arch.940220118

Cole, 1994, Isolation of a chitin-binding lectin with insecticidal activity in chemically-defined synthetic diets from two wild Brassica species with resistence to cabbage aphid Brevicoryne brassicae, Entomol. Exp. Appl., 72, 181, 10.1111/j.1570-7458.1994.tb01816.x

Cordeiro, 2000, Molecular modeling of arcelin-5c from bean seeds and determination of its solution state, Protein Peptide Lett., 7, 249, 10.2174/092986650704221207120825

Czapla, 1990, Effect of plant lectins on the larval development of European corn borer (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) and southern corn rootworm (Coleoptera: Crysomelidae), J. Econ. Entomol., 83, 2480, 10.1093/jee/83.6.2480

Da Silva, 2000, Analysis of structural, physico-chemical parameters in the binding of between different α-amylases and their inhibitors, Protein Engng, 13, 167, 10.1093/protein/13.3.167

De Leo, 1998, Opposite effects on Spodoptera littoralis larvae of high expression level of a trypsin proteinase inhibitor in transgenic plants, Plant Physiol., 118, 997, 10.1104/pp.118.3.997

De Leo, 2001, Effects of a mustard trypsin inhibitor expressed in different plants on three lepidopteran pests, Insect Biochem. Mol. Biol., 31, 593, 10.1016/S0965-1748(00)00164-8

Down, 1996, Snowdrop lectin inhibits development and decreases fecundity of the glasshouse potato aphid (Aulacorthum solani) when administered in vitro and via transgenic plants both in laboratory and glasshouse trials, J. Insect Physiol., 42, 1035, 10.1016/S0022-1910(96)00065-0

Down, 2000, Snowdrop lectin (GNA) has no acute toxic effects on a beneficial insect predator, the 2-spot ladybird (Adalia bipunctata L.), J. Insect Physiol., 46, 379, 10.1016/S0022-1910(99)00121-3

Duan, 1996, Transgenic rice plants harboring an introduced potato proteinase inhibitor II genes are insect resistant, Nat. Biotech., 14, 494, 10.1038/nbt0496-494

Eidels, 1983, Membrane receptors for bacterial toxins, Microbiol. Rev., 47, 596, 10.1128/MMBR.47.4.596-620.1983

Eisemann, 1994, Larvicidal activity of lectins on Lucilia cuprina—mechanism of action, Entomol. Exp. Appl., 72, 1, 10.1111/j.1570-7458.1994.tb01796.x

Elden, 2000, Influence of a cysteine proteinase inhibitor on alfalfa weevil (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) growth and development over successive generations, J. Entomol. Sci., 35, 70, 10.18474/0749-8004-35.1.70

Endo, 1987, RNA N-glycosidase activity of ricin A-chain. Mechanism of action of the toxic lectin ricin on eukaryotic ribosomes, J. Biol. Chem., 262, 8128, 10.1016/S0021-9258(18)47538-2

Endo, 1989, The mode of action of the cytotoxic lectin from Phoradendron californicum: the RNA N-glycosidase activity of the protein, FEBS Lett., 248, 115, 10.1016/0014-5793(89)80443-0

Ewen, 1999, Effect of diets containing genetically modified potatoes expressing Galanthus nivalis lectin on rat small intestine, Lancet, 354, 1353, 10.1016/S0140-6736(98)05860-7

Fabre, 1998, Characterization and sugar-binding properties of arcelin-1, an insecticidal lectin-like protein isolated from kidney bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L. cv. RAZ-2) seeds, Biochem. J., 329, 551, 10.1042/bj3290551

Feng, 1996, α-Amylase inhibitors from wheat: amino acid sequences and patterns of inhibition of insect and human α-amylases, Insect Biochem. Mol. Biol., 26, 419, 10.1016/0965-1748(95)00087-9

Ferreira-DaSilva, 2000, Proteolytic activation of Canatoxin, a plant toxic protein, by insect catepsin-like enzymes, Arch. Insect Biochem. Physiol., 44, 162, 10.1002/1520-6327(200008)44:4<162::AID-ARCH3>3.0.CO;2-#

Follmer, 2001, Canatoxin, a toxic protein of jack beans (Canavalia ensiformis), is a variant form of urease (EC 3.5.1.5). Biological effects of urease independent of its ureolytic activity, Biochem. J., 360, 217, 10.1042/0264-6021:3600217

Foriers, 1977, Extensive sequence homologies among lectins from leguminous plants, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 75, 980, 10.1016/0006-291X(77)91478-4

Fory, 1996, Alpha-amylase inhibitors in resistance of common beans to the Mexican bean weevil and the bean weevil (Coleoptera: Bruchidae), J. Econ. Entomol., 89, 204, 10.1093/jee/89.1.204

Franco, 2000, Activity of wheat α-amylase inhibitors towards bruchid α-amylases and structural explanation of observed specificities, Eur. J. Biochem., 267, 2166, 10.1046/j.1432-1327.2000.01199.x

Franz, 1981, Isolation and properties of three lectins from mistletoe (Viscum album L.), Biochem. J., 195, 481, 10.1042/bj1950481

Freitas-Silva, M.A., Grossi-de-Sá, M.F., Carlini, C.R., Moraes, M.G., 2000. The Urease gene family from jackbean: gene expression and characterization of cDNA clones. Proceedings of the VI International Symposium of Plant Molecular Biology, Quebéc, Canada.

Gatehouse, 1998, Identifying proteins with insecticidal activity: use of encoding genes to produce insect-resistant transgenic crops, Pest. Sci., 52, 165, 10.1002/(SICI)1096-9063(199802)52:2<165::AID-PS679>3.0.CO;2-7

Gatehouse, 1984, Effect of seed lectins from Phaseolus vulgaris on the development of larvae of Callosobruchus maculatus—mechanism of toxicity, J. Sci. Food Agric., 35, 373, 10.1002/jsfa.2740350402

Gatehouse, 1990, Effects of ribosome inactivating proteins on insect development differences between Lepidoptera and Coleoptera, Entomol. Exp. Appl., 54, 43, 10.1111/j.1570-7458.1990.tb01310.x

Gatehouse, 1991, Biochemical basis of insect resistance in winged bean (Psophocarpus tetragonolobus) seeds, J. Sci. Food Agric., 55, 63, 10.1002/jsfa.2740550108

Gatehouse, 1993, Approaches to insect resistance using transgenic plants, Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. London B, 342, 279, 10.1098/rstb.1993.0158

Gatehouse, 1999, Digestive proteolytic activity in larvae of tomato moth, Lacanobia oleracea; effects of plant protease inhibitors in vitro and in vivo, J. Insect Physiol., 45, 545, 10.1016/S0022-1910(98)00161-9

Gerhardt, 2000, Molecular characterization of a new arcelin-5 gene, Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1490, 87, 10.1016/S0167-4781(99)00219-5

Ghazaleh, 1997, Stimulation of calcium influx and platelet activation by canatoxin: methoxyverapamil inhibition and downregulation by cGMP, Arch. Biochem. Biophys., 339, 362, 10.1006/abbi.1997.9898

Girard, 1998, Effects of proteinase inhibitor ingestion on survival, learning abilities and digestive proteinases of the honeybee, Transgenic Res., 7, 239, 10.1023/A:1008813910751

Girbés, 1993, Ebulin 1, a nontoxic novel type 2 ribosome-inactivating protein from Sambucus ebulus L. leaves, J. Biol. Chem., 268, 18195, 10.1016/S0021-9258(17)46829-3

Girbés, 1993, Isolation and partial characterization of nigrin b, a non-toxic novel type 2 ribosome-inactivating protein from the bark of Sambucus nigra L, Plant Mol. Biol., 22, 1181, 10.1007/BF00028990

Gill, 1978, 291

Golmirizaie, 1997, Enhanced resistance to West Indian sweetpotato weevil (Euscepes postfaciatus) in transgenic Jewel potato with cowpea trypsin inhibitor and snowdrop lectin, Hortscience, 32, 435, 10.21273/HORTSCI.32.3.435C

Goossens, 1994, Isolation and characterization of arcelin 5 proteins and cDNA, Eur. J. Biochem., 225, 787, 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1994.0787b.x

Goossens, 2000, Analysis of bruchid resistance in the wild common bean accession G02771: no evidence for insecticidal activity of arcelin 5, J. Exp. Bot., 51, 1229, 10.1093/jexbot/51.348.1229

Graham, J., Gordon, S.C., Williamson, B., 1996. Progress towards the use of transgenic plants as an aid to control soft fruits pests and diseases. Brighton Crop Protection Conference: Pests and Diseases. BCPC, Farnham, UK, pp. 777–782.

Grassi-Kassisse, 1992, Canatoxin triggers histamine secretion from rat peritoneal mast cells, Agents Actions, 37, 204, 10.1007/BF02028110

Grossi-de-Sā, 1997, Molecular cloning of bruchid (Zabrotes subfasciatus) alpha-amylase cDNA and interactions of the expressed enzyme with bean amylase inhibitors, Insect Biochem. Mol. Biol., 27, 271, 10.1016/S0965-1748(96)00093-8

Habibi, 1993, Plant lectins affect survival of the potato leaf-hopper (Homoptera-Cicadellidae), J. Econ. Entomol., 86, 945, 10.1093/jee/86.3.945

Habibi, 1998, Subcellular effects and localization of binding sites of phytohemagglutinin in the potato leafhopper, Empoasca fabae (Insecta: Homoptera: Cicadellidae), Cell Tissue Res., 294, 561, 10.1007/s004410051206

Haider, 1986, Specificity of Bacillus thuringiensis var. colmeri insecticidal delta-endotoxin is determined by differential proteolytic processing of the protoxin by larval gut proteases, Eur. J. Biochem., 156, 531, 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1986.tb09612.x

Hao, 1997, Transgenic cabbage plants harbouring cowpea trypsin inhibitor (CPTI) gene showed improved resistance to two major insect pests, Pieris rapae and Heliothis armigera, FASEB J., 11, A868

Hao, 2001, Iris bulbs express type 1 and type 2 ribosome-inactivating proteins with unusual properties, Plant Physiol., 125, 866, 10.1104/pp.125.2.866

Hartley, 1996, The structure and function of ribosome-inactivating proteins, Trends Plant Sci., 1, 254, 10.1016/1360-1385(96)10030-3

Hartweck, 1997, Altering protein composition by genetically removing phaseolin from common bean seeds containing arcelin or phytohemagglutinin, Theor. Appl. Genet., 95, 1012, 10.1007/s001220050655

Hartweck, 1991, Characterization and comparison of arcelin seed protein variants from common bean, Plant Physiol., 97, 204, 10.1104/pp.97.1.204

Hatano, 1998, The amino acid sequences of isoforms of the bromelain inhibitor from pineapple stem, J. Biochem., 124, 457, 10.1093/oxfordjournals.jbchem.a022135

Hegde, 1998, Evolution of tetrameric lectin Ricinus communis agglutinin from two variant groups of ricin toxin dimers, Eur. J. Biochem., 254, 596, 10.1046/j.1432-1327.1998.2540596.x

Hellin, H., 1889. Thesis. University of Dorpat, Dorpat (Tartu).

Herget, 1990, Elicitor-specific induction of one member of the chitinase gene family in Arachis hypogaea, Mol. Gen. Genet., 224, 469, 10.1007/BF00262442

Hibbetts, 1999, An overview of proteinase inhibitors, J. Vet. Int. Med., 13, 302, 10.1111/j.1939-1676.1999.tb02185.x

Hilder, 1999, Genetic engineering of crop plants for insect resistance—a critical review, Crop Prot., 18, 177, 10.1016/S0261-2194(99)00028-9

Hilder, 1987, A novel mechanism for insect resistance engineered into tobacco, Nature, 330, 160, 10.1038/330160a0

Hilder, 1995, Expression of snowdrop lectin in transgenic tobacco plants results in added protection against aphids, Transgenic Res., 4, 18, 10.1007/BF01976497

Ho, 1994, Naturally occurring α-amylase inhibitors: Structure/function relationships, 89

Hoffmann, 1992, Field evaluation of transgenic tobacco containing genes encoding Bacillus thuringiensis δ-endotoxin or cowpea trypsin inhibitor: efficacy against Helicoverpa zea (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), J. Econ. Entomol., 85, 2516, 10.1093/jee/85.6.2516

Honjo, 1968, Diphteria toxin-dependent adenosine diphosphate ribosylation of amino-acyl transferase II and inhibition of protein synthesis, J. Biol. Chem., 243, 3553, 10.1016/S0021-9258(18)93347-8

Huesing, 1991, α-Amylase inhibitor, not phytohemagglutinin explains the resistance of common bean seeds to cowpea weevil, Plant Physiol., 96, 993, 10.1104/pp.96.3.993

Huesing, 1991, Effect of wheat germ isolectins on development of cowpea weevil, Phytochemistry, 30, 785, 10.1016/0031-9422(91)85252-U

Huesing, 1991, Rice and stinging nettle lectins—insecticidal activity similar to wheat-germ-agglutinin, Phytochemistry, 30, 3565, 10.1016/0031-9422(91)80066-A

Iglewski, 1977, Mechanism of action of Pseudomonas aeruginosa exotoxin A: adenosine diphosphate-ribosylates of mammalian elongation factor 2 in vitro and in vivo, Infect. Immun., 15, 138, 10.1128/IAI.15.1.138-144.1977

Ishimoto, 1996, Protective mechanism of the Mexican bean weevil against high levels of alpha-amylase inhibitor in the common bean, Plant Physiol., 111, 393, 10.1104/pp.111.2.393

Ishimoto, 1989, Growth inhibitory effects of an α-amylase inhibitor from kidney bean, Phaseolus vulgaris (L.) on three species of bruchids (Coleoptera: Bruchidae), Appl. Entomol. Zool., 24, 281, 10.1303/aez.24.281

Ishimoto, 1992, Tolerance to the seed alpha-amylase inhibitor by the 2 insect pests of the common bean, Zabrotes subfasciatus and Acanthoscelides-obtectus (Coleoptera, Bruchidae), Appl. Entomol. Zool., 27, 243, 10.1303/aez.27.243

Ishimoto, 1993, Specific inhibitory activity and inheritance of an alpha-amylase inhibitor in a wild common bean accession resistant to the Mexican bean weevil, Jpn. J. Breed., 43, 69, 10.1270/jsbbs1951.43.69

Ishimoto, 1996, Bruchid resistance of transgenic azuki bean expressing seed α-amylase inhibitor of common bean, Entomol. Exp. Appl., 79, 309, 10.1111/j.1570-7458.1996.tb00838.x

Iulek, 2000, Purification, biochemical characterisation and partial primary structure of a new α-amylase inhibitor from Secale cereale (Rye), Int. J. Biochem. Cell Physiol., 32, 1195, 10.1016/S1357-2725(00)00053-4

Johnson, 1989, Expression of proteinase inhibitors I and II in transgenic tobacco plants: effects on natural defense against Manduca sexta larvae, Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA, 86, 9871, 10.1073/pnas.86.24.9871

Jongsma, 1995, Adaptation of Spodoptera exigua larvae to plant proteinase-inhibitors by induction of gut proteinase activity insensitive to inhibition, Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA, 92, 8041, 10.1073/pnas.92.17.8041

Jouanin, 1998, Transgenic plants for insect resistance, Plant Sci., 131, 1, 10.1016/S0168-9452(97)00239-2

Kasahara, 1996, Complete sequence, subunit structure, and complexes with pancreatic α-amylase of an α-amylase inhibitor from Phaseolus vulgaris white kidney beans, J. Biochem., 120, 177, 10.1093/oxfordjournals.jbchem.a021381

Katada, 1982, Modulation by islet-activating protein of adenylate cyclase activity in C6 glioma cells, J. Biol. Chem., 257, 3739, 10.1016/S0021-9258(18)34843-9

Knowles, 1987, Colloid-osmotic lysis is a general feature of the mechanism of action of Bacillus thuringiensis δ-endotoxins with different insect specificity, Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 924, 509, 10.1016/0304-4165(87)90167-X

Koiwa, 1997, Regulation of proteinase inhibitors and plant defense, Trends Plant Sci., 2, 379, 10.1016/S1360-1385(97)90052-2

Koiwa, 1998, Phage display selection can differentiate insecticidal activity of soybean cystatins, Plant J., 14, 371, 10.1046/j.1365-313X.1998.00119.x

Kondo, 1990, Two distinct cystatin species in rice seeds with different specificities against cysteine proteinases, molecular cloning, expression and biochemical studies on oryzacystatin-II, J. Biol. Chem., 265, 15832, 10.1016/S0021-9258(18)55473-9

Kondo, 1991, Gene organization of oryzacystatin-II, a new cystatin superfamily member of plant origin, is closely related to that of oryzacystatin-I but different from those of animal cystatins, FEBS Lett., 278, 87, 10.1016/0014-5793(91)80090-P

Kordas, 2000, Diverse effects of phytohaemagglutinin on gastrointestinal secretions in rats, J. Physiol., Paris, 94, 31, 10.1016/S0928-4257(99)00106-0

Kornegay, 1993, Inheritance of resistance to Mexican bean weevil in common bean, determined by bioassay and biochemical tests, Crop Sci., 33, 589, 10.2135/cropsci1993.0011183X003300030034x

Kouzuma, 2000, Molecular cloning and functional expression of cDNA encoding the cysteine proteinase inhibitor with three cystatin domains from sunflower seeds, J. Biochem., 128, 161, 10.1093/oxfordjournals.jbchem.a022736

Kreitman, 1999, Immunotoxins in cancer therapy, Curr. Opin. Immunol., 11, 570, 10.1016/S0952-7915(99)00005-9

Kumar, 1993, Characterization of the lectin from the bulbs of Eranthis hyemalis (winter aconite) as an inhibitor of protein synthesis, J. Biol. Chem., 268, 25176, 10.1016/S0021-9258(19)74585-2

Kuroda, 1996, Oryzacystatins exhibit growth-inhibitory and lethal effects on different species of bean insect pests Callosobruchus chinensis (Coleoptera) and Riptortus clavatus (Hemiptera), Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem., 60, 209, 10.1271/bbb.60.209

Kuroda, 2001, Molecular cloning, characterization, and expression of wheat cystatins, Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem., 65, 22, 10.1271/bbb.65.22

Lecardonnel, 1999, Effects of rice cystatin I expression in transgenic potato on Colorado potato beetle larvae, Plant Sci., 140, 71, 10.1016/S0168-9452(98)00197-6

Leple, 1995, Toxicity to Chrysomela tremulae (Coleoptera: Crysomelidae) of transgenic poplars expressing a cysteine proteinase inhibitor, Mol. Breed., 1, 319, 10.1007/BF01248409

Lioi, 1989, Identification of a new arcelin variant in wild bean seeds, Bean Improv. Coop., 32, 28

Marshall, 1975, Purification and properties of phaseolamin, an inhibitor of α-amylase, from the kidney bean, Phaseolus vulgaris, J. Biol. Chem., 250, 8030, 10.1016/S0021-9258(19)40811-9

Matsuura, 1984, Structure and possible catalytic residues of taka-amylase A, J. Biochem., 95, 697, 10.1093/oxfordjournals.jbchem.a134659

Montecucco, 1998, Protein toxins and membrane transport, Curr.Opin. Cell Biol., 10, 530, 10.1016/S0955-0674(98)80069-0

Morton, 2000, Bean α-amylase inhibitor-I in transgenic peas (Pisum sativum) provides complete protection from pea weevil (Bruchus pisorum) under field conditions, Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA, 97, 3820, 10.1073/pnas.070054597

Mosolov, 1998, Advances in studies of natural inhibitors of proteolytic enzymes, Bioorg. Khim., 24, 332

Mourey, 1997, Small-angle X-ray scattering and crystallographic studies of arcelin-1: An insecticidal lectin-like glycoprotein from Phaseolus vulgaris L, Proteins: Struct. Funct. Genet., 29, 433, 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0134(199712)29:4<433::AID-PROT4>3.0.CO;2-9

Mourey, 1998, Crystal structure of the arcelin-1 dimer from Phaseolus vulgaris at 1.9Å resolution, J. Biol. Chem., 273, 12914, 10.1074/jbc.273.21.12914

Murdock, 1988, Effects of E-64, a cysteine proteinase-inhibitor, on cowpea weevil growth, development, and fecundity, Environ. Entomol., 17, 467, 10.1093/ee/17.3.467

Nagata, 2000, Three-dimensional solution structure of oryzacystatin-I, a cysteine proteinase inhibitor of the rice, Oryza sativa L. japonica, Biochemistry, 39, 14753, 10.1021/bi0006971

Nahoum, 1999, A plant-seed inhibitor of two classes of alpha-amylases: X-ray analysis of Tenebrio molitor larvae alpha-amylase in complex with the bean Phaseolus vulgaris inhibitor, Acta Crystallogr. D Biol. Crystallogr., 55, 360, 10.1107/S0907444998010701

Nahoum, 2000, Crystal structures of human pancreatic alpha-amylase in complex with carbohydrate and proteinaceous inhibitors, Biochem. J., 346, 201, 10.1042/0264-6021:3460201

Nandeesha, 2001, Characterization of serine proteinase inhibitor from subabul (Leucaena leucocephala Lam) seeds, J. Plant Biochem. Biotechnol., 10, 75, 10.1007/BF03263113

Neurath, 1984, Evolution of proteolytic enzymes, Science, 224, 350, 10.1126/science.6369538

Nodari, 1993, Towards an integrated linkage map of common bean. 2. Development of an RFLP-based linkage map, Theor. Appl. Genet., 85, 513, 10.1007/BF00220907

O'Donnell, 1977, Differential serum amylase determination by use of an inhibitor and design of a routine procedure, Clin. Chem., 23, 560, 10.1093/clinchem/23.3.560

Oerke, 1994

Olsnes, 1999, Binding, uptake, routing and translocation of toxins with intracellular sites of action, 73

Osborn, 1986, Bean arcelin 2. Genetic variation, inheritance and linkage relationships of a novel seed protein of Phaseolus vulgaris L, Theor. Appl. Genet., 71, 847, 10.1007/BF00276428

Osborn, 1988, Insecticidal activity and lectin homology of arcelin seed protein, Science, 240, 207, 10.1126/science.240.4849.207

Pappenheimer, 1977, Diphteria toxin, Ann. Rev. Biochem., 46, 69, 10.1146/annurev.bi.46.070177.000441

Paulillo, 2000, Changes in midgut endopeptidase activity of Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) are responsible for adaptation to soybean proteinase inhibitors, J. Econ. Entomol., 93, 892, 10.1603/0022-0493-93.3.892

Pellizzari, 1999, Tetanus and botulinum neurotoxins: mechanism of action and therapeutic uses, Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. Lond. B., Biol. Sci., 354, 259, 10.1098/rstb.1999.0377

Peumans, 1995, Lectin as plant defense proteins, Plant Physiol., 109, 347, 10.1104/pp.109.2.347

Peumans, 1996, Prevalence, biological activity and genetic manipulation of lectins in foods, Trends Food Sci. Technol., 7, 132, 10.1016/0924-2244(96)10015-7

Pizza, 1999, Molecular, functional and evolutionary aspects of ADP-ribosylating toxins, 45

Pompermayer, 2001, Effects of soybean proteinase inhibitor on development, survival and reproductive potential of the sugarcane borer, Diatrea saccharalis, Entomol. Exp. Appl., 99, 79, 10.1046/j.1570-7458.2001.00804.x

Powell, 2001, Antimetabolic effects of plant lectins towards nymphal stages of the planthoppers Tarophagous proserpina and Nilaparvata lugens, Entomol. Exp. Appl., 99, 71, 10.1046/j.1570-7458.2001.00803.x

Powell, 1993, Antimetabolic effects of plant-lectins and plant and fungal enzymes on the nymphal stages of 2 important rice pests, Nilaparvata lugens and Nephotettix cinciteps, Entomol. Exp. Appl., 66, 119, 10.1111/j.1570-7458.1993.tb00699.x

Powell, 1995, Antifeedant effects of plant-lectins and an enzyme on the adult stage of the rice brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens, Entomol. Exp. Appl., 75, 51, 10.1111/j.1570-7458.1995.tb01909.x

Powell, 1995, Different antimetabolic effects of related lectins towards nymphal stages of Nilaparvata lugens, Entomol. Exp. Appl., 75, 61, 10.1111/j.1570-7458.1995.tb01910.x

Pusztai, 1986, Local (gut) and systemic responses to dietary lectins, IRCS Med. Sci., 14, 205

Pusztai, 1993, Antinutritive effects of wheat-germ agglutinin and other N-acetylglucosamine-specific lectins, Br. J Nutr., 70, 313, 10.1079/BJN19930124

Pusztai, 1999, Expression of the insecticidal bean alpha-amylase inhibitor transgene has minimal detrimental effect on the nutritional value of peas fed to rats at 30% of the diet, J. Nutr., 129, 1597, 10.1093/jn/129.8.1597

Qian, 1993, Structure and molecular-model refinement of pig pancreatic alpha-amylase at 2.1 angstrom resolution, J. Mol. Biol., 231, 785, 10.1006/jmbi.1993.1326

Rahbé, 1993, Protein toxicity to aphids—an in vitro test on Acyrthosiphon pisum, Entomol. Exp. Appl., 67, 149, 10.1111/j.1570-7458.1993.tb01663.x

Rahbé, 1995, Toxicity of lectins and processing of ingested proteins in the pea aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum, Entomol. Exp. Appl., 76, 143, 10.1111/j.1570-7458.1995.tb01956.x

Rajamohan, 1998, Bacillus thuringiensis insecticidal proteins: molecular mode of action, Prog. Nucl. Acid. Res. Mol. Biol., 60, 1, 10.1016/S0079-6603(08)60887-9

Rao, 1998, Expression of snowdrop lectin (GNA) in transgenic rice plants confers resistance to rice brown planthopper, Plant J., 15, 469, 10.1046/j.1365-313X.1998.00226.x

Ribeiro-DaSilva, 1993, Increased insulin circulating levels induced by canatoxin in rats, Toxicon, 31, 1131, 10.1016/0041-0101(93)90128-6

Roberts, 1986, Plant proteins that inactivate foreign ribosomes, Biosci. Rep., 6, 19, 10.1007/BF01145175

Roberts, 1985, The primary sequence of Ricinus communis agglutinin. Comparison with ricin, J. Biol. Chem., 260, 15682, 10.1016/S0021-9258(17)36312-3

Rougé, 1987, Single- and two-chain legume lectins as phylogenetic markers of speciation, Bio. Syst. Econ., 15, 341, 10.1016/0305-1978(87)90009-3

Ryan, 1990, Proteinase inhibitors in plants: genes for improving defenses against insects and pathogens, Annu. Rev. Phytopathol., 28, 425, 10.1146/annurev.py.28.090190.002233

Ryan, 1998, Systemin: A polypeptide signal for plant defensive genes, Annu. Rev. Cell Dev. Biol., 14, 1, 10.1146/annurev.cellbio.14.1.1

Sales, 2000, Do legume storage proteins play a role in defending seeds against bruchids?, Plant Physiol., 124, 515, 10.1104/pp.124.2.515

Santino, 1991, Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) seed lectins: a novel electrophoretic variant of arcelin, Plant Physiol. (Life Sci. Adv.), 10, 7

Schiavo, 1994, Tetanus and botulinum neurotoxins are zinc proteinases specific for components of the neuroexocytosis apparatus, Ann. NY Acad. Sci., 710, 65, 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1994.tb26614.x

Schroeder, 1995, Bean α-amylase inhibitor confers resistance to the pea weevil, Bruchus pisorum, in genetically engineered peas (Pisum sativum L.), Plant Physiol., 107, 1233, 10.1104/pp.107.4.1233

Shaanan, 1991, Structure of a legume lectin with an ordered N-linked carbohydrate in complex with lactose, Science, 254, 862, 10.1126/science.1948067

Shade, 1994, Transgenic pea seeds expressing the α-amylase inhibitor of the common bean are resistant to bruchid beetles, Bio Technology, 12, 793, 10.1038/nbt0894-793

Shukle, 1983, Lipoxygenase, trypsin inhibitor, and lectin from soybeans: effects on larval growth of Manduca sexta (Lepidoptera:Sphingidae), Environ. Entomol., 12, 787, 10.1093/ee/12.3.787

Silva, 1999, Digestion in larvae of Callosobruchus maculatus and Zabrotes subfasciatus (Coleoptera:Bruchidae) with emphasis on alpha-amylases and oligosaccharidases, Insect Biochem. Mol. Biol., 29, 355, 10.1016/S0965-1748(99)00010-7

Silva, 2001, Differences in midgut serine proteinases from larvae of the bruchid beetle Callosobruchus maculatus and Zabrotes subfasciatus, Arch. Insect Biochem. Physiol., 47, 18, 10.1002/arch.1031

Silva, 2001, Digestion of legume starch granules in larvae of Zabrotes subfasciatus (Coleoptera: Bruchidae) and the induction of alpha-amylases in response to different diets, Insect Bichem. Mol. Biol., 31, 41, 10.1016/S0965-1748(00)00103-X

Stillmark, 1888, Ueber Ricin, ein giftiges Ferment aus dem Samen von Ricinus communis L. und einigen anderen Euphorbiaceen, Arb. Pharmak. Inst. Dorpat, 3, 59

Stoger, 1999, Expression of the insecticidal lectin from snowdrop (Galanthus nivalis agglutinin; GNA) in transgenic wheat plants: effects on predation by the grain aphid Sitobion avenae, Mol. Breed., 5, 65, 10.1023/A:1009616413886

Strobl, 1995, Determination of the 3-dimensional structure of the bifunctional alpha-amylase/trypsin inhibitor from ragi seeds by NMR-spectroscopy, Biochemistry, 34, 8281, 10.1021/bi00026a009

Strobl, 1997, The alpha-amylase from the yellow meal worm: Complete primary structure, crystallization and preliminary X-ray analysis, FEBS Lett., 409, 109, 10.1016/S0014-5793(97)00451-1

Strobl, 1998, Crystal structure of yellow meal worm α-amylase at 1.64Å resolution, J. Mol. Biol., 278, 617, 10.1006/jmbi.1998.1667

Sumner, 1936, The identification of the hemagglutinin of the jack bean with concanavalin A, J. Bacteriol., 32, 227, 10.1128/JB.32.2.227-237.1936

Suzuki, 1999, Characterization of the third alpha-amylase inhibitor, alpha AI-3, in the common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), Breed. Sci., 49, 275, 10.1270/jsbbs.49.275

Suzuki, 1993, Growth inhibitory effect of an α-amylase inhibitor from the wild common bean resistant to the mexican bean weevil (Zabrotes subfasciatus), Jpn. J. Breed., 43, 257, 10.1270/jsbbs1951.43.257

Turell, 1988, Mosquito inoculation—an alternative bioassay for toxins, Toxicon, 26, 1089, 10.1016/0041-0101(88)90208-5

Urwin, 1995, Involvement of the NH2-terminal region of oryzacystatin-I in cysteine proteinase inhibition, Protein Engng, 8, 1303, 10.1093/protein/8.12.1303

Ussuf, 2001, Proteinase inhibitors: Plant-derived genes of insecticidal protein for developing insect-resistant transgenic plants, Curr. Sci., 80, 847

Vaeck, 1987, Transgenic plants protected from insect attack, Nature, 328, 33, 10.1038/328033a0

Valencia, 2000, α-Amylases of the coffee berry borer (Hypothenemus hampei) and their inhibition by two plant amylase inhibitors, Insect Biochem. Mol. Biol., 30, 207, 10.1016/S0965-1748(99)00115-0

Van Damme, 2000, Characterization and molecular cloning of two different type 2 ribosome-inactivating proteins from the monocotyledonous plant Polygonatum multiflorum, Eur. J. Biochem., 267, 2746, 10.1046/j.1432-1327.2000.01295.x

Van Driessche, 1996

Vazquez-Padron, 2000, Cry1Ac protoxin from Bacillus thuringiensis sp kurstaki HD73 binds to surface proteins in the mouse small intestine, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 271, 54, 10.1006/bbrc.2000.2584

Vijayan, 1999, Lectins, Curr. Opin. Struct. Biol., 9, 707, 10.1016/S0959-440X(99)00034-2

Yamagata, 1998, Rice bifunctional alpha-amylase/subtilisin inhibitor: characterization, localization, and changes in developing and germinating seeds, Biosci. Biotech. Biochem., 62, 978, 10.1271/bbb.62.978

Zhu-Salzman, 1998, Carbohydrate binding and resistance to proteolysis control insecticidal activity of Griffonia simplicifolia lectin II, Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA, 95, 15123, 10.1073/pnas.95.25.15123