2018 ESC/ESH Guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension

Emdin, 2015, Blood pressure lowering in type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis, JAMA, 313, 603, 10.1001/jama.2014.18574

Ettehad, 2016, Blood pressure lowering for prevention of cardiovascular disease and death: a systematic review and meta-analysis, Lancet, 387, 957, 10.1016/S0140-6736(15)01225-8

Forouzanfar, 2017, Global burden of hypertension and systolic blood pressure of at least 110 to 115 mm Hg, 1990–2015, JAMA, 317, 165, 10.1001/jama.2016.19043

Lewington, 2002, Age-specific relevance of usual blood pressure to vascular mortality: a meta-analysis of individual data for one million adults in 61 prospective studies, Lancet, 360, 1903, 10.1016/S0140-6736(02)11911-8

2017, 1975 to 2015: a pooled analysis of 1479 population-based measurement studies with 19.1 million participants., Lancet, 389, 37, 10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31919-5

O’Donnell, 2016, Global and regional effects of potentially modifiable risk factors associated with acute stroke in 32 countries (INTERSTROKE): a case-control study, Lancet, 388, 761, 10.1016/S0140-6736(16)30506-2

Rapsomaniki, 2014, Blood pressure and incidence of twelve cardiovascular diseases: lifetime risks, healthy life-years lost, and age-specific associations in 1.25 million people, Lancet, 383, 1899, 10.1016/S0140-6736(14)60685-1

Thomopoulos, 2014, Effects of blood pressure lowering on outcome incidence in hypertension. 1. Overview, meta-analyses, and meta-regression analyses of randomized trials, J Hypertens, 32, 2285, 10.1097/HJH.0000000000000378

Tsai, 2017, Association of intensive blood pressure control and kidney disease progression in nondiabetic patients with chronic kidney disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis, JAMA Intern Med, 177, 792, 10.1001/jamainternmed.2017.0197

Yusuf, 2004, Effect of potentially modifiable risk factors associated with myocardial infarction in 52 countries (the INTERHEART study): case-control study, Lancet, 364, 937, 10.1016/S0140-6736(04)17018-9

Banegas, 2011, Achievement of treatment goals for primary prevention of cardiovascular disease in clinical practice across Europe: the EURIKA study, Eur Heart J, 32, 2143, 10.1093/eurheartj/ehr080

Chow, 2013, Prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control of hypertension in rural and urban communities in high-, middle-, and low-income countries, JAMA, 310, 959, 10.1001/jama.2013.184182

Falaschetti, 2014, Hypertension management in England: a serial cross-sectional study from 1994 to 2011, Lancet, 383, 1912, 10.1016/S0140-6736(14)60688-7

Tocci, 2012, Blood pressure control in Italy: analysis of clinical data from 2005–2011 surveys on hypertension, J Hypertens, 30, 1065, 10.1097/HJH.0b013e3283535993

2003, 2003 European Society of Hypertension-European Society of Cardiology guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension., J Hypertens, 21, 1011, 10.1097/00004872-200306000-00001

Mancia, 2007, 2007 Guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension: the Task Force for the Management of Arterial Hypertension of the European Society of Hypertension (ESH) and of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC), J Hypertens, 25, 1105, 10.1097/HJH.0b013e3281fc975a

Mancia, 2013, 2013 ESH/ESC guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension: the Task Force for the Management of Arterial Hypertension of the European Society of Hypertension (ESH) and of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC), Eur Heart J, 34, 2159, 10.1093/eurheartj/eht151

Lurbe, 2016, 2016 European Society of Hypertension guidelines for the management of high blood pressure in children and adolescents, J Hypertens, 34, 1887, 10.1097/HJH.0000000000001039

Kearney, 2005, Global burden of hypertension: analysis of worldwide data, Lancet, 365, 217, 10.1016/S0140-6736(05)17741-1

Lip, 2017, Hypertension and cardiac arrhythmias: executive summary of a consensus document from the European Heart Rhythm Association (EHRA) and ESC Council on Hypertension, endorsed by the Heart Rhythm Society (HRS), Asia-Pacific Heart Rhythm Society (APHRS), and Sociedad Latinoamericana de Estimulacion Cardiaca y Electrofisiologia (SOLEACE), Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Pharmacother, 3, 235

Gottesman, 2017, Associations between midlife vascular risk factors and 25-year incident dementia in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) cohort, JAMA Neurol, 74, 1246, 10.1001/jamaneurol.2017.1658

Rovio, 2017, Cardiovascular risk factors from childhood and midlife cognitive performance: the Young Finns study, J Am Coll Cardiol, 69, 2279, 10.1016/j.jacc.2017.02.060

Vishram, 2012, Impact of age on the importance of systolic and diastolic blood pressures for stroke risk: the MOnica, Risk, Genetics, Archiving, and Monograph (MORGAM) project, Hypertension, 60, 1117, 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.112.201400

Brown, 2007, Blood pressure parameters and risk of fatal stroke, NHANES II mortality study, Am J Hypertens, 20, 338, 10.1016/j.amjhyper.2006.08.004

Lawes, 2003, Blood pressure and cardiovascular disease in the Asia Pacific region, J Hypertens, 21, 707, 10.1097/00004872-200304000-00013

Franklin, 1999, Is pulse pressure useful in predicting risk for coronary heart disease? The Framingham heart study, Circulation, 100, 354, 10.1161/01.CIR.100.4.354

Williams, 2008, Systolic pressure is all that matters, Lancet, 371, 2219, 10.1016/S0140-6736(08)60804-1

Domanski, 2002, Pulse pressure and cardiovascular disease-related mortality: follow-up study of the Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial (MRFIT), JAMA, 287, 2677, 10.1001/jama.287.20.2677

Franklin, 2009, Single versus combined blood pressure components and risk for cardiovascular disease: the Framingham Heart Study, Circulation, 119, 243, 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.108.797936

Bhatt, 2006, International prevalence, recognition, and treatment of cardiovascular risk factors in outpatients with atherothrombosis, JAMA, 295, 180, 10.1001/jama.295.2.180

Mancia, 2005, Relationship of office, home, and ambulatory blood pressure to blood glucose and lipid variables in the PAMELA population, Hypertension, 45, 1072, 10.1161/01.HYP.0000165672.69176.ed

Berry, 2012, Lifetime risks of cardiovascular disease, N Engl J Med, 366, 321, 10.1056/NEJMoa1012848

Aktas, 2004, Global risk scores and exercise testing for predicting all-cause mortality in a preventive medicine program, JAMA, 292, 1462, 10.1001/jama.292.12.1462

Cooney, 2009, Value and limitations of existing scores for the assessment of cardiovascular risk: a review for clinicians, J Am Coll Cardiol, 54, 1209, 10.1016/j.jacc.2009.07.020

Piepoli, 2016, 2016 European Guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice: The Sixth Joint Task Force of the European Society of Cardiology and Other Societies on Cardiovascular Disease Prevention in Clinical Practice (constituted by representatives of 10 societies and by invited experts)Developed with the special contribution of the European Association for Cardiovascular Prevention & Rehabilitation (EACPR), Eur Heart J, 37, 2315, 10.1093/eurheartj/ehw106

Borghi, 2015, Serum uric acid and the risk of cardiovascular and renal disease, J Hypertens, 33, 1729, 10.1097/HJH.0000000000000701

van Dis, 2014, Effect of including nonfatal events in cardiovascular risk estimation, illustrated with data from The Netherlands, Eur J Prev Cardiol, 21, 377, 10.1177/2047487312443485

Cuspidi, 2002, Role of echocardiography and carotid ultrasonography in stratifying risk in patients with essential hypertension: the Assessment of Prognostic Risk Observational Survey, J Hypertens, 20, 1307, 10.1097/00004872-200207000-00017

Roman, 1995, Association of carotid atherosclerosis and left ventricular hypertrophy, J Am Coll Cardiol, 25, 83, 10.1016/0735-1097(94)00316-I

Cuspidi, 2008, Prevalence and correlates of multiple organ damage in a never-treated hypertensive population: role of ambulatory blood pressure, Blood Press Monit, 13, 7, 10.1097/MBP.0b013e3282f13f36

Pontremoli, 1999, Left ventricular geometry and function in patients with essential hypertension and microalbuminuria, J Hypertens, 17, 993, 10.1097/00004872-199917070-00016

Sehestedt, 2010, Risk prediction is improved by adding markers of subclinical organ damage to SCORE, Eur Heart J, 31, 883, 10.1093/eurheartj/ehp546

Perrone-Filardi, 2017, Noninvasive cardiovascular imaging for evaluating subclinical target organ damage in hypertensive patients: a consensus article from the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging, the European Society of Cardiology Council on Hypertension and the European Society of Hypertension, J Hypertens, 35, 1727, 10.1097/HJH.0000000000001396

Stergiou, 2018, A universal standard for the validation of blood pressure measuring devices: Association for the Advancement of Medical Instrumentation/European Society of Hypertension/International Organization for Standardization (AAMI/ESH/ISO) Collaboration Statement, J Hypertens, 36, 472, 10.1097/HJH.0000000000001634

Clark, 2012, Association of a difference in systolic blood pressure between arms with vascular disease and mortality: a systematic review and meta-analysis, Lancet, 379, 905, 10.1016/S0140-6736(11)61710-8

Fagard, 2010, Orthostatic hypotension is a more robust predictor of cardiovascular events than nighttime reverse dipping in elderly, Hypertension, 56, 56, 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.110.151654

Julius, 2012, Usefulness of heart rate to predict cardiac events in treated patients with high-risk systemic hypertension, Am J Cardiol, 109, 685, 10.1016/j.amjcard.2011.10.025

Myers, 2016, A short history of automated office blood pressure – 15 years to SPRINT, J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich, 18, 721, 10.1111/jch.12820

Parati, 1985, Lack of alerting reactions to intermittent cuff inflations during noninvasive blood pressure monitoring, Hypertension, 7, 597, 10.1161/01.HYP.7.4.597

Myers, 2010, Measurement of blood pressure in the office: recognizing the problem and proposing the solution, Hypertension, 55, 195, 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.109.141879

Research Group, 2015, A randomized trial of intensive versus standard blood-pressure control, N Engl J Med, 373, 2103, 10.1056/NEJMoa1511939

Filipovsky, 2016, Automated compared to manual office blood pressure and to home blood pressure in hypertensive patients, Blood Press, 25, 228, 10.3109/08037051.2015.1134086

Myers, 2016, Cardiovascular risk in hypertension in relation to achieved blood pressure using automated office blood pressure measurement, Hypertension, 68, 866, 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.116.07721

Parati, 2014, European Society of Hypertension practice guidelines for ambulatory blood pressure monitoring, J Hypertens, 32, 1359, 10.1097/HJH.0000000000000221

Stergiou, 2016, Methodology and technology for peripheral and central blood pressure and blood pressure variability measurement: current status and future directions – Position statement of the European Society of Hypertension Working Group on blood pressure monitoring and cardiovascular variability, J Hypertens, 34, 1665, 10.1097/HJH.0000000000000969

O’Brien, 2013, European Society of Hypertension position paper on ambulatory blood pressure monitoring, J Hypertens, 31, 1731, 10.1097/HJH.0b013e328363e964

Parati, 2008, European Society of Hypertension guidelines for blood pressure monitoring at home: a summary report of the Second International Consensus Conference on Home Blood Pressure Monitoring, J Hypertens, 26, 1505, 10.1097/HJH.0b013e328308da66

Bliziotis, 2012, Home versus ambulatory and office blood pressure in predicting target organ damage in hypertension: a systematic review and meta-analysis, J Hypertens, 30, 1289, 10.1097/HJH.0b013e3283531eaf

Ward, 2012, Home measurement of blood pressure and cardiovascular disease: systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies, J Hypertens, 30, 449, 10.1097/HJH.0b013e32834e4aed

McManus, 2010, Telemonitoring and self-management in the control of hypertension (TASMINH2): a randomised controlled trial, Lancet, 376, 163, 10.1016/S0140-6736(10)60964-6

McManus, 2014, Effect of self-monitoring and medication self-titration on systolic blood pressure in hypertensive patients at high risk of cardiovascular disease: the TASMIN-SR randomized clinical trial, JAMA, 312, 799, 10.1001/jama.2014.10057

Tucker, 2017, Self-monitoring of blood pressure in hypertension: a systematic review and individual patient data meta-analysis, PLoS Med, 14, e1002389, 10.1371/journal.pmed.1002389

Omboni, 2013, Clinical usefulness and cost effectiveness of home blood pressure telemonitoring: meta-analysis of randomized controlled studies, J Hypertens, 31, 455, 10.1097/HJH.0b013e32835ca8dd

Parati, 2010, Role of home blood pressure telemonitoring in hypertension management: an update, Blood Press Monit, 15, 285, 10.1097/MBP.0b013e328340c5e4

Gaborieau, 2008, Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring versus self-measurement of blood pressure at home: correlation with target organ damage, J Hypertens, 26, 1919, 10.1097/HJH.0b013e32830c4368

Clement, 2003, Prognostic value of ambulatory blood-pressure recordings in patients with treated hypertension, N Engl J Med, 348, 2407, 10.1056/NEJMoa022273

Sega, 2005, Prognostic value of ambulatory and home blood pressures compared with office blood pressure in the general population: follow-up results from the Pressioni Arteriose Monitorate e Loro Associazioni (PAMELA) study, Circulation, 111, 1777, 10.1161/01.CIR.0000160923.04524.5B

Banegas, 2018, Relationship between clinic and ambulatory blood-pressure measurements and mortality, N Engl J Med, 378, 1509, 10.1056/NEJMoa1712231

Investigators, 2014, Prognostic impact from clinic, daytime, and night-time systolic blood pressure in nine cohorts of 13,844 patients with hypertension, J Hypertens, 32, 2332, 10.1097/HJH.0000000000000355

Fagard, 2008, Daytime and nighttime blood pressure as predictors of death and cause-specific cardiovascular events in hypertension, Hypertension, 51, 55, 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.107.100727

Parati, 2016, Hypertension in chronic kidney disease part 2: role of ambulatory and home blood pressure monitoring for assessing alterations in blood pressure variability and blood pressure profiles, Hypertension, 67, 1102, 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.115.06896

Piper, 2015, Diagnostic and predictive accuracy of blood pressure screening methods with consideration of rescreening intervals: a systematic review for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force, Ann Intern Med, 162, 192, 10.7326/M14-1539

Omboni, 1998, Reproducibility and clinical value of nocturnal hypotension: prospective evidence from the SAMPLE study. Study on Ambulatory Monitoring of Pressure and Lisinopril Evaluation, J Hypertens, 16, 733, 10.1097/00004872-199816060-00003

Mancia, 2015, Clinical value of ambulatory blood pressure: evidence and limits, Circ Res, 116, 1034, 10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.116.303755

Salles, 2016, Prognostic effect of the nocturnal blood pressure fall in hypertensive patients: the Ambulatory Blood pressure Collaboration in patients with Hypertension (ABC-H) meta-analysis, Hypertension, 67, 693, 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.115.06981

Mancia, 2012, Short- and long-term blood pressure variability: present and future, Hypertension, 60, 512, 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.112.194340

Kario, 2003, Morning surge in blood pressure as a predictor of silent and clinical cerebrovascular disease in elderly hypertensives: a prospective study, Circulation, 107, 1401, 10.1161/01.CIR.0000056521.67546.AA

Parati, 2012, What are the real determinants of the ambulatory arterial stiffness index?, J Hypertens, 30, 472, 10.1097/HJH.0b013e3283509ae2

Kikuya, 2008, Day-by-day variability of blood pressure and heart rate at home as a novel predictor of prognosis: the Ohasama study, Hypertension, 52, 1045, 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.107.104620

Mancia, 1996, White-coat hypertension: misnomers, misconceptions and misunderstandings. What should we do next?, J Hypertens, 14, 1049, 10.1097/00004872-199609000-00001

Bobrie, 2008, Masked hypertension: a systematic review, J Hypertens, 26, 1715, 10.1097/HJH.0b013e3282fbcedf

Mancia, 2017, Cardiovascular risk associated with white-coat hypertension: pro side of the argument, Hypertension, 70, 668, 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.117.08903

Parati, 1998, Limitations of the difference between clinic and daytime blood pressure as a surrogate measure of the ‘white-coat’ effect. Syst-Eur investigators, J Hypertens, 16, 23, 10.1097/00004872-199816010-00005

Banegas, 2014, High prevalence of masked uncontrolled hypertension in people with treated hypertension, Eur Heart J, 35, 3304, 10.1093/eurheartj/ehu016

Huang, 2017, White-coat hypertension is a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases and total mortality, J Hypertens, 35, 677, 10.1097/HJH.0000000000001226

Briasoulis, 2016, White-coat hypertension and cardiovascular events: a meta-analysis, J Hypertens, 34, 593, 10.1097/HJH.0000000000000832

Grassi, 2007, Neurogenic abnormalities in masked hypertension, Hypertension, 50, 537, 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.107.092528

Mancia, 2016, Clinical significance of white-coat hypertension, J Hypertens, 34, 623, 10.1097/HJH.0000000000000879

Mancia, 2017, White-coat hypertension: growing evidence in favour of its adverse prognostic significance, J Hypertens, 35, 710, 10.1097/HJH.0000000000001289

Mancia, 2016, The heterogeneous nature of white-coat hypertension, J Am Coll Cardiol, 68, 2044, 10.1016/j.jacc.2016.08.043

Asayama, 2017, Cardiovascular risk associated with white-coat hypertension: con side of the argument, Hypertension, 70, 676, 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.117.08902

Lurbe, 2005, Prevalence, persistence, and clinical significance of masked hypertension in youth, Hypertension, 45, 493, 10.1161/01.HYP.0000160320.39303.ab

Mancia, 2006, Long-term risk of mortality associated with selective and combined elevation in office, home, and ambulatory blood pressure, Hypertension, 47, 846, 10.1161/01.HYP.0000215363.69793.bb

Bobrie, 2004, Cardiovascular prognosis of ‘masked hypertension’ detected by blood pressure self-measurement in elderly treated hypertensive patients, JAMA, 291, 1342, 10.1001/jama.291.11.1342

Fagard, 2007, Incidence of cardiovascular events in white-coat, masked and sustained hypertension versus true normotension: a meta-analysis, J Hypertens, 25, 2193, 10.1097/HJH.0b013e3282ef6185

Franklin, 2013, Response to masked hypertension in untreated and treated patients with diabetes mellitus: attractive but questionable interpretations and response to Is masked hypertension related to diabetes mellitus?, Hypertension, 62, e23, 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.113.01700

Lurbe, 2002, Increase in nocturnal blood pressure and progression to microalbuminuria in type 1 diabetes, New Engl J Med, 347, 797, 10.1056/NEJMoa013410

Lindholt, 2017, Population screening and intervention for vascular disease in Danish men (VIVA): a randomised controlled trial, Lancet, 390, 2256, 10.1016/S0140-6736(17)32250-X

Hodgkinson, 2011, Relative effectiveness of clinic and home blood pressure monitoring compared with ambulatory blood pressure monitoring in diagnosis of hypertension: systematic review, BMJ, 342, d3621, 10.1136/bmj.d3621

Vinyoles, 2008, Clinical characteristics of isolated clinic hypertension, J Hypertens, 26, 438, 10.1097/HJH.0b013e3282f3150b

McManus, 2012, Do differences in blood pressure between arms matter?, Lancet, 379, 872, 10.1016/S0140-6736(11)61926-0

McManus, 2018, Efficacy of self-monitored blood pressure, with or without telemonitoring, for titration of antihypertensive medication (TASMINH4): an unmasked randomised controlled trial, Lancet, 391, 949, 10.1016/S0140-6736(18)30309-X

Le, 2008, The blood pressure response to dynamic exercise testing: a systematic review, Prog Cardiovasc Dis, 51, 135, 10.1016/j.pcad.2008.07.001

Holmqvist, 2012, Exercise blood pressure and the risk of future hypertension, J Hum Hypertens, 26, 691, 10.1038/jhh.2011.99

Parati, 2018, Clinical recommendations for high altitude exposure of individuals with preexisting cardiovascular conditions, Eur Heart J, 39, 1546, 10.1093/eurheartj/ehx720

Picone, 2017, Accuracy of cuff-measured blood pressure: systematic reviews and meta-analyses, J Am Coll Cardiol, 70, 572, 10.1016/j.jacc.2017.05.064

Herbert, 2014, Establishing reference values for central blood pressure and its amplification in a general healthy population and according to cardiovascular risk factors, Eur Heart J, 35, 3122, 10.1093/eurheartj/ehu293

Williams, 2006, Differential impact of blood pressure-lowering drugs on central aortic pressure and clinical outcomes: principal results of the Conduit Artery Function Evaluation (CAFE) study, Circulation, 113, 1213, 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.595496

Vlachopoulos, 2010, Prediction of cardiovascular events and all-cause mortality with central haemodynamics: a systematic review and meta-analysis, Eur Heart J, 31, 1865, 10.1093/eurheartj/ehq024

Lurbe, 2016, Isolated systolic hypertension in young people is not spurious and should be treated: con side of the argument, Hypertension, 68, 276, 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.116.06548

McEniery, 2016, Isolated systolic hypertension in young people is not spurious and should be treated: pro side of the argument, Hypertension, 68, 269, 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.116.06547

Devereux, 1993, Role of preclinical cardiovascular disease in the evolution from risk factor exposure to development of morbid events, Circulation, 88, 1444, 10.1161/01.CIR.88.4.1444

Cordero, 2011, Clustering of target organ damage increases mortality after acute coronary syndromes in patients with arterial hypertension, J Hum Hypertens, 25, 600, 10.1038/jhh.2010.109

Greve, 2015, Effective risk stratification in patients with moderate cardiovascular risk using albuminuria and atherosclerotic plaques in the carotid arteries, J Hypertens, 33, 1563, 10.1097/HJH.0000000000000584

de Simone, 2013, Lack of reduction of left ventricular mass in treated hypertension: the strong heart study, J Am Heart Assoc, 2, e000144, 10.1161/JAHA.113.000144

Lonnebakken, 2017, Left ventricular hypertrophy regression during antihypertensive treatment in an outpatient clinic (the Campania Salute Network), J Am Heart Assoc, 6, e004152, 10.1161/JAHA.116.004152

Volpe, 2012, Cardiovascular risk assessment beyond systemic coronary risk estimation: a role for organ damage markers, J Hypertens, 30, 1056, 10.1097/HJH.0b013e3283525715

Bacharova, 2014, The role of ECG in the diagnosis of left ventricular hypertrophy, Curr Cardiol Rev, 10, 257, 10.2174/1573403X10666140514103220

Pahor, 2014, Effect of structured physical activity on prevention of major mobility disability in older adults: the LIFE study randomized clinical trial, JAMA, 311, 2387, 10.1001/jama.2014.5616

Lehtonen, 2016, Prevalence and prognosis of ECG abnormalities in normotensive and hypertensive individuals, J Hypertens, 34, 959, 10.1097/HJH.0000000000000882

Okin, 2004, Regression of electrocardiographic left ventricular hypertrophy during antihypertensive treatment and the prediction of major cardiovascular events, JAMA, 292, 2343, 10.1001/jama.292.19.2343

Okin, 2009, Prognostic value of changes in the electrocardiographic strain pattern during antihypertensive treatment: the Losartan Intervention for End-Point Reduction in Hypertension Study (LIFE), Circulation, 119, 1883, 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.108.812313

de Simone, 2010, Does information on systolic and diastolic function improve prediction of a cardiovascular event by left ventricular hypertrophy in arterial hypertension?, Hypertension, 56, 99, 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.110.150128

Bombelli, 2014, Prognostic significance of left atrial enlargement in a general population: results of the PAMELA study, Hypertension, 64, 1205, 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.114.03975

Devereux, 2004, Prognostic significance of left ventricular mass change during treatment of hypertension, JAMA, 292, 2350, 10.1001/jama.292.19.2350

de Simone, 2015, Cardiovascular risk in relation to a new classification of hypertensive left ventricular geometric abnormalities, J Hypertens, 33, 745, 10.1097/HJH.0000000000000477

Marwick, 2015, Recommendations on the use of echocardiography in adult hypertension: a report from the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging (EACVI) and the American Society of Echocardiography (ASE), Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging, 16, 577

Gerdts, 2007, Left atrial size and risk of major cardiovascular events during antihypertensive treatment: losartan intervention for endpoint reduction in hypertension trial, Hypertension, 49, 311, 10.1161/01.HYP.0000254322.96189.85

Muiesan, 2004, Left ventricular concentric geometry during treatment adversely affects cardiovascular prognosis in hypertensive patients, Hypertension, 43, 731, 10.1161/01.HYP.0000121223.44837.de

Takeuchi, 2008, Measurement of left ventricular mass by real-time three-dimensional echocardiography: validation against magnetic resonance and comparison with two-dimensional and m-mode measurements, J Am Soc Echocardiogr, 21, 1001, 10.1016/j.echo.2008.07.008

Stanton, 2014, Association of outcome with left ventricular parameters measured by two-dimensional and three-dimensional echocardiography in patients at high cardiovascular risk, J Am Soc Echocardiogr, 27, 65, 10.1016/j.echo.2013.09.012

Codella, 2012, Improved left ventricular mass quantification with partial voxel interpolation: in vivo and necropsy validation of a novel cardiac MRI segmentation algorithm, Circ Cardiovasc Imaging, 5, 137, 10.1161/CIRCIMAGING.111.966754

Weinsaft, 2008, Left ventricular papillary muscles and trabeculae are significant determinants of cardiac MRI volumetric measurements: effects on clinical standards in patients with advanced systolic dysfunction, Int J Cardiol, 126, 359, 10.1016/j.ijcard.2007.04.179

Perrone-Filardi, 2017, Noninvasive cardiovascular imaging for evaluating subclinical target organ damage in hypertensive patients: a consensus paper from the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging (EACVI), the European Society of Cardiology Council on Hypertension, and the European Society of Hypertension (ESH), Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging, 18, 945, 10.1093/ehjci/jex094

de Simone, 2005, Left ventricular concentric geometry is associated with impaired relaxation in hypertension: the HyperGEN study, Eur Heart J, 26, 1039, 10.1093/eurheartj/ehi019

Ponikowski, 2016, 2016 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure: the Task Force for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Developed with the special contribution of the Heart Failure Association (HFA) of the ESC, Eur Heart J, 37, 2129, 10.1093/eurheartj/ehw128

Yaghi, 2015, Left atrial enlargement and stroke recurrence: the Northern Manhattan Stroke Study, Stroke, 46, 1488, 10.1161/STROKEAHA.115.008711

Losi, 2015, Cardiovascular ultrasound exploration contributes to predict incident atrial fibrillation in arterial hypertension: the Campania Salute Network, Int J Cardiol, 199, 290, 10.1016/j.ijcard.2015.07.019

Douglas, 2003, The left atrium: a biomarker of chronic diastolic dysfunction and cardiovascular disease risk, J Am Coll Cardiol, 42, 1206, 10.1016/S0735-1097(03)00956-2

Kuznetsova, 2016, Impact and pitfalls of scaling of left ventricular and atrial structure in population-based studies, J Hypertens, 34, 1186, 10.1097/HJH.0000000000000922

Evangelista, 2010, Echocardiography in aortic diseases: EAE recommendations for clinical practice, Eur J Echocardiogr, 11, 645, 10.1093/ejechocard/jeq056

Nambi, 2010, Carotid intima-media thickness and presence or absence of plaque improves prediction of coronary heart disease risk: the ARIC (Atherosclerosis Risk In Communities) study, J Am Coll Cardiol, 55, 1600, 10.1016/j.jacc.2009.11.075

Vlachopoulos, 2015, The role of vascular biomarkers for primary and secondary prevention. A position paper from the European Society of Cardiology Working Group on peripheral circulation: endorsed by the Association for Research into Arterial Structure and Physiology (ARTERY) Society, Atherosclerosis, 241, 507, 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2015.05.007

Touboul, 2004, Mannheim intima-media thickness consensus, Cerebrovasc Dis, 18, 346, 10.1159/000081812

Inaba, 2012, Carotid plaque, compared with carotid intima-media thickness, more accurately predicts coronary artery disease events: a meta-analysis, Atherosclerosis, 220, 128, 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2011.06.044

Zanchetti, 2009, Baseline values but not treatment-induced changes in carotid intima-media thickness predict incident cardiovascular events in treated hypertensive patients: findings in the European Lacidipine Study on Atherosclerosis (ELSA), Circulation, 120, 1084, 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.108.773119

Polak, 2011, Carotid-wall intima-media thickness and cardiovascular events, N Engl J Med, 365, 213, 10.1056/NEJMoa1012592

Laurent, 2006, European Network for Non invasive Investigation of Large Arteries. Expert consensus document on arterial stiffness: methodological issues and clinical applications, Eur Heart J, 27, 2588, 10.1093/eurheartj/ehl254

Van Bortel, 2012, Expert consensus document on the measurement of aortic stiffness in daily practice using carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity, J Hypertens, 30, 445, 10.1097/HJH.0b013e32834fa8b0

2010, Determinants of pulse wave velocity in healthy people and in the presence of cardiovascular risk factors: establishing normal and reference values., Eur Heart J, 31, 2338, 10.1093/eurheartj/ehq165

Ben-Shlomo, 2014, Aortic pulse wave velocity improves cardiovascular event prediction: an individual participant meta-analysis of prospective observational data from 17,635 subjects, J Am Coll Cardiol, 63, 636, 10.1016/j.jacc.2013.09.063

Feringa, 2006, The long-term prognostic value of the resting and postexercise ankle-brachial index, Arch Intern Med, 166, 529, 10.1001/archinte.166.5.529

Fowkes, 2008, Ankle brachial index combined with Framingham Risk Score to predict cardiovascular events and mortality: a meta-analysis, JAMA, 300, 197, 10.1001/jama.300.2.197

De Buyzere, 2008, Management of hypertension in peripheral arterial disease, Prog Cardiovasc Dis, 50, 238, 10.1016/j.pcad.2007.08.001

Clase, 2017, Acute change in glomerular filtration rate with inhibition of the renin-angiotensin system does not predict subsequent renal and cardiovascular outcomes, Kidney Int, 91, 683, 10.1016/j.kint.2016.09.038

Schmidt, 2017, Serum creatinine elevation after renin-angiotensin system blockade and long term cardiorenal risks: cohort study, BMJ, 356, j791, 10.1136/bmj.j791

Levey, 2009, A new equation to estimate glomerular filtration rate, Ann Intern Med, 150, 604, 10.7326/0003-4819-150-9-200905050-00006

Gerstein, 2001, Albuminuria and risk of cardiovascular events, death, and heart failure in diabetic and nondiabetic individuals, JAMA, 286, 421, 10.1001/jama.286.4.421

Kidney, 2013, Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) CKD Work GroupKDIGO 2012 Clinical Practice Guideline for the Evaluation and Management of Chronic Kidney Disease., Kidney Int, 3, 1

McTaggart, 2014, Diagnostic accuracy of point-of-care tests for detecting albuminuria: a systematic review and meta-analysis, Ann Intern Med, 160, 550, 10.7326/M13-2331

Breslin, 1966, Prognostic importance of ophthalmoscopic findings in essential hypertension, JAMA, 195, 335, 10.1001/jama.1966.03100050043015

Frant, 1950, Prognosis of vascular hypertension; a 9 year follow-up study of 418 cases, Arch Intern Med (Chic, 85, 727, 10.1001/archinte.1950.00230110002001

Sairenchi, 2011, Mild retinopathy is a risk factor for cardiovascular mortality in Japanese with and without hypertension: the Ibaraki Prefectural Health Study, Circulation, 124, 2502, 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.111.049965

Dimmitt, 1989, Usefulness of ophthalmoscopy in mild to moderate hypertension, Lancet, 1, 1103, 10.1016/S0140-6736(89)92384-2

Muiesan, 2017, Obesity and ECG left ventricular hypertrophy, J Hypertens, 35, 162, 10.1097/HJH.0000000000001121

Longstreth, 1996, Clinical correlates of white matter findings on cranial magnetic resonance imaging of 3301 elderly people. The Cardiovascular Health Study, Stroke, 27, 1274, 10.1161/01.STR.27.8.1274

Vermeer, 2007, Silent brain infarcts: a systematic review, Lancet Neurol, 6, 611, 10.1016/S1474-4422(07)70170-9

Iadecola, 2016, Impact of hypertension on cognitive function: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association, Hypertension, 68, e67, 10.1161/HYP.0000000000000053

Kearney-Schwartz, 2009, Vascular structure and function is correlated to cognitive performance and white matter hyperintensities in older hypertensive patients with subjective memory complaints, Stroke, 40, 1229, 10.1161/STROKEAHA.108.532853

Tsoi, 2015, Cognitive tests to detect dementia: a systematic review and meta-analysis, JAMA Intern Med, 175, 1450, 10.1001/jamainternmed.2015.2152

Kato, 2018, Variable prognostic value of blood pressure response to exercise, J Cardiol, 71, 31, 10.1016/j.jjcc.2017.07.004

Bang, 2014, Regression of electrocardiographic left ventricular hypertrophy or strain is associated with lower incidence of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in hypertensive patients independent of blood pressure reduction – A LIFE review, J Electrocardiol, 47, 630, 10.1016/j.jelectrocard.2014.07.003

Fagard, 2009, Regression of left ventricular mass by antihypertensive treatment: a meta-analysis of randomized comparative studies, Hypertension, 54, 1084, 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.109.136655

Ibsen, 2005, Reduction in albuminuria translates to reduction in cardiovascular events in hypertensive patients: losartan intervention for endpoint reduction in hypertension study, Hypertension, 45, 198, 10.1161/01.HYP.0000154082.72286.2a

Bakris, 2010, Renal outcomes with different fixed-dose combination therapies in patients with hypertension at high risk for cardiovascular events (ACCOMPLISH): a prespecified secondary analysis of a randomised controlled trial, Lancet, 375, 1173, 10.1016/S0140-6736(09)62100-0

Haller, 2011, Olmesartan for the delay or prevention of microalbuminuria in type 2 diabetes, N Engl J Med, 364, 907, 10.1056/NEJMoa1007994

Holtkamp, 2011, Albuminuria and blood pressure, independent targets for cardioprotective therapy in patients with diabetes and nephropathy: a post hoc analysis of the combined RENAAL and IDNT trials, Eur Heart J, 32, 1493, 10.1093/eurheartj/ehr017

Inker, 2014, Early change in proteinuria as a surrogate end point for kidney disease progression: an individual patient meta-analysis, Am J Kidney Dis, 64, 74, 10.1053/j.ajkd.2014.02.020

de Galan, 2009, Lowering blood pressure reduces renal events in type 2 diabetes, J Am Soc Nephrol, 20, 883, 10.1681/ASN.2008070667

Ninomiya, 2009, Albuminuria and kidney function independently predict cardiovascular and renal outcomes in diabetes, J Am Soc Nephrol, 20, 1813, 10.1681/ASN.2008121270

Chowdhury, 2015, Rate of change in renal function and mortality in elderly treated hypertensive patients, Clin J Am Soc Nephrol, 10, 1154, 10.2215/CJN.07370714

Matsushita, 2009, Change in estimated GFR associates with coronary heart disease and mortality, J Am Soc Nephrol, 20, 2617, 10.1681/ASN.2009010025

Costanzo, 2010, Does carotid intima-media thickness regression predict reduction of cardiovascular events? A meta-analysis of 41 randomized trials, J Am Coll Cardiol, 56, 2006, 10.1016/j.jacc.2010.05.059

Wang, 2006, Carotid intima-media thickness and antihypertensive treatment: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials, Stroke, 37, 1933, 10.1161/01.STR.0000227223.90239.13

Izzo, 2017, Development of left ventricular hypertrophy in treated hypertensive outpatients: the Campania Salute Network, Hypertension, 69, 136, 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.116.08158

Schmieder, 2011, Changes in albuminuria predict mortality and morbidity in patients with vascular disease, J Am Soc Nephrol, 22, 1353, 10.1681/ASN.2010091001

Verdecchia, 2012, Blood pressure and other determinants of new-onset atrial fibrillation in patients at high cardiovascular risk in the Ongoing Telmisartan Alone and in Combination With Ramipril Global Endpoint Trial/Telmisartan Randomized AssessmeNt Study in ACE iNtolerant subjects with cardiovascular Disease studies, J Hypertens, 30, 1004, 10.1097/HJH.0b013e3283522a51

Criqui, 2008, Progression of peripheral arterial disease predicts cardiovascular disease morbidity and mortality, J Am Coll Cardiol, 52, 1736, 10.1016/j.jacc.2008.07.060

Laurent, 2001, Aortic stiffness is an independent predictor of all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in hypertensive patients, Hypertension, 37, 1236, 10.1161/01.HYP.37.5.1236

Aboyans, 2017, 2017 ESC Guidelines on the Diagnosis and Treatment of Peripheral Arterial Diseases, in collaboration with the European Society for Vascular Surgery (ESVS): Document covering atherosclerotic disease of extracranial carotid and vertebral, mesenteric, renal, upper and lower extremity arteries. Endorsed by: the European Stroke Organization (ESO)The Task Force for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Peripheral Arterial Diseases of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and of the European Society for Vascular Surgery (ESVS), Eur Heart J, 39, 763, 10.1093/eurheartj/ehx095

Fagard, 1995, Heritability of conventional and ambulatory blood pressures. A study in twins, Hypertension, 26, 919, 10.1161/01.HYP.26.6.919

Luft, 2001, Twins in cardiovascular genetic research, Hypertension, 37, 350, 10.1161/01.HYP.37.2.350

Warren, 2017, Genome-wide association analysis identifies novel blood pressure loci and offers biological insights into cardiovascular risk, Nat Genet, 49, 403, 10.1038/ng.3768

Burrello, 2017, Is there a role for genomics in the management of hypertension?, Int J Mol Sci, 18, 1131, 10.3390/ijms18061131

Dominiczak, 2017, Genomics and precision medicine for clinicians and scientists in hypertension, Hypertension, 69, e10, 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.116.08252

Zennaro, 2015, An update on novel mechanisms of primary aldosteronism, J Endocrinol, 224, R63, 10.1530/JOE-14-0597

Favier, 2015, Paraganglioma and phaeochromocytoma: from genetics to personalized medicine, Nat Rev Endocrinol, 11, 101, 10.1038/nrendo.2014.188

Lenders, 2014, Pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma: an endocrine society clinical practice guideline, J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 99, 1915, 10.1210/jc.2014-1498

Toledo, 2017, Consensus Statement on next-generation-sequencing-based diagnostic testing of hereditary phaeochromocytomas and paragangliomas, Nat Rev Endocrinol, 13, 233, 10.1038/nrendo.2016.185

Plouin, 2016, European Society of Endocrinology Clinical Practice Guideline for long-term follow-up of patients operated on for a phaeochromocytoma or a paraganglioma, Eur J Endocrinol, 174, G1, 10.1530/EJE-16-0033

Brunstrom, 2018, Association of blood pressure lowering with mortality and cardiovascular disease across blood pressure levels: a systematic review and meta-analysis, JAMA Intern Med, 178, 28, 10.1001/jamainternmed.2017.6015

Collins, 1994, Blood pressure, antihypertensive drug treatment and the risks of stroke and of coronary heart disease, Br Med Bull, 50, 272, 10.1093/oxfordjournals.bmb.a072892

Lv, 2013, Effects of intensive blood pressure lowering on the progression of chronic kidney disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis, CMAJ, 185, 949, 10.1503/cmaj.121468

Chalmers, 2016, Strategies to meet the need for long-term data, J Hypertens, 34, 1473, 10.1097/HJH.0000000000000987

Cirillo, 2014, Cohort profile: the Gubbio Population Study, Int J Epidemiol, 43, 713, 10.1093/ije/dyt025

Sytkowski, 1996, Secular trends in long-term sustained hypertension, long-term treatment, and cardiovascular mortality. The Framingham Heart Study 1950 to 1990, Circulation, 93, 697, 10.1161/01.CIR.93.4.697

Zoungas, 2014, Follow-up of blood-pressure lowering and glucose control in type 2 diabetes, N Engl J Med, 371, 1392, 10.1056/NEJMoa1407963

Kjeldsen, 2014, Updated national and international hypertension guidelines: a review of current recommendations, Drugs, 74, 2033, 10.1007/s40265-014-0306-5

Diao, 2012, Pharmacotherapy for mild hypertension, Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 8, CD006742

Zanchetti, 2009, When should antihypertensive drug treatment be initiated and to what levels should systolic blood pressure be lowered? A critical reappraisal, J Hypertens, 27, 923, 10.1097/HJH.0b013e32832aa6b5

Sundstrom, 2015, Effects of blood pressure reduction in mild hypertension: a systematic review and meta-analysis, Ann Intern Med, 162, 184, 10.7326/M14-0773

Lonn, 2016, Blood-pressure lowering in intermediate-risk persons without cardiovascular disease, N Engl J Med, 374, 2009, 10.1056/NEJMoa1600175

Beckett, 2014, Subgroup and per-protocol analyses from the Hypertension in the Very Elderly Trial, J Hypertens, 32, 1478, 10.1097/HJH.0000000000000195

Benetos, 2016, An expert opinion from the European Society of Hypertension-European Union Geriatric Medicine Society Working Group on the management of hypertension in very old, frail subjects, Hypertension, 67, 820, 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.115.07020

Williamson, 2016, Intensive vs standard blood pressure control and cardiovascular disease outcomes in adults aged ≥75 years: a randomized clinical trial, JAMA, 315, 2673, 10.1001/jama.2016.7050

Carlberg, 2014, What do we know about the risks of stopping antihypertensive treatment?, J Hypertens, 32, 1400, 10.1097/HJH.0000000000000200

Thomopoulos, 2017, Effects of blood-pressure-lowering treatment on outcome incidence. 12. Effects in individuals with high-normal and normal blood pressure: overview and meta-analyses of randomized trials, J Hypertens, 35, 2150, 10.1097/HJH.0000000000001547

Sundstrom, 2014, Blood pressure-lowering treatment based on cardiovascular risk: a meta-analysis of individual patient data, Lancet, 384, 591, 10.1016/S0140-6736(14)62070-5

Lim, 2018, Hypertension: low sodium and DASH diet to lower blood pressure, Nat Rev Cardiol, 15, 68

Beckett, 2008, Treatment of hypertension in patients 80 years of age or older, N Engl J Med, 358, 1887, 10.1056/NEJMoa0801369

Mancia, 2009, Reappraisal of European guidelines on hypertension management: a European Society of Hypertension Task Force document, J Hypertens, 27, 2121, 10.1097/HJH.0b013e328333146d

Bohm, 2017, Achieved blood pressure and cardiovascular outcomes in high-risk patients: results from ONTARGET and TRANSCEND trials, Lancet, 389, 2226, 10.1016/S0140-6736(17)30754-7

Kjeldsen, 2016, No evidence for a J-shaped curve in treated hypertensive patients with increased cardiovascular risk: The VALUE trial, Blood Press, 25, 83, 10.3109/08037051.2015.1106750

Mancia, 2016, Cardiovascular outcomes at different on-treatment blood pressures in the hypertensive patients of the VALUE trial, Eur Heart J, 37, 955, 10.1093/eurheartj/ehv633

Kjeldsen, 2016, Unattended blood pressure measurements in the systolic blood pressure intervention trial: implications for entry and achieved blood pressure values compared with other trials, Hypertension, 67, 808, 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.116.07257

Thomopoulos, 2016, Effects of blood pressure lowering on outcome incidence in hypertension: 7. Effects of more vs. less intensive blood pressure lowering and different achieved blood pressure levels – updated overview and meta-analyses of randomized trials, J Hypertens, 34, 613, 10.1097/HJH.0000000000000881

Thomopoulos, 2016, Effects of blood pressure lowering treatment in hypertension: 8. Outcome reductions vs. discontinuations because of adverse drug events – meta-analyses of randomized trials, J Hypertens, 34, 1451, 10.1097/HJH.0000000000000972

Tarnow, 2000, Long-term renoprotective effect of nisoldipine and lisinopril in type 1 diabetic patients with diabetic nephropathy, Diabetes Care, 23, 1725, 10.2337/diacare.23.12.1725

Patel, 2007, Effects of a fixed combination of perindopril and indapamide on macrovascular and microvascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (the ADVANCE trial): a randomised controlled trial, Lancet, 370, 829, 10.1016/S0140-6736(07)61303-8

Cushman, 2010, Effects of intensive blood-pressure control in type 2 diabetes mellitus, N Engl J Med, 362, 1575, 10.1056/NEJMoa1001286

Brunstrom, 2016, Effect of antihypertensive treatment at different blood pressure levels in patients with diabetes mellitus: systematic review and meta-analyses, BMJ, 352, i717, 10.1136/bmj.i717

Bangalore, 2011, Blood pressure targets in subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus/impaired fasting glucose: observations from traditional and bayesian random-effects meta-analyses of randomized trials, Circulation, 123, 2799, 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.110.016337

Black, 2003, Principal results of the Controlled Onset Verapamil Investigation of Cardiovascular End Points (CONVINCE) trial, JAMA, 289, 2073, 10.1001/jama.289.16.2073

Steptoe, 2013, Cohort profile: the English longitudinal study of ageing, Int J Epidemiol, 42, 1640, 10.1093/ije/dys168

Thomopoulos, 2017, Effects of blood-pressure-lowering treatment on outcome incidence in hypertension: 10 – Should blood pressure management differ in hypertensive patients with and without diabetes mellitus? Overview and meta-analyses of randomized trials, J Hypertens, 35, 922, 10.1097/HJH.0000000000001276

Margolis, 2014, Outcomes of combined cardiovascular risk factor management strategies in type 2 diabetes: the ACCORD randomized trial, Diabetes Care, 37, 1721, 10.2337/dc13-2334

Hansson, 1998, Effects of intensive blood-pressure lowering and low-dose aspirin in patients with hypertension: principal results of the Hypertension Optimal Treatment (HOT) randomised trial. HOT Study Group, Lancet, 351, 1755, 10.1016/S0140-6736(98)04311-6

1998, 2 diabetes: UKPDS 38., BMJ, 317, 703

Mancia, 2007, Blood pressure control and improved cardiovascular outcomes in the International Verapamil SR-Trandolapril Study, Hypertension, 50, 299, 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.107.090290

Rothwell, 2010, Prognostic significance of visit-to-visit variability, maximum systolic blood pressure, and episodic hypertension, Lancet, 375, 895, 10.1016/S0140-6736(10)60308-X

Mancia, 2017, Relative and combined prognostic importance of on-treatment mean and visit-to-visit blood pressure variability in ONTARGET and TRANSCEND patients, Hypertension, 70, 938, 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.117.09714

Parati, 2017, SPRINT blood pressure: sprinting back to Smirk's basal blood pressure?, Hypertension, 69, 15, 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.116.08216

Mancia, 2012, Ambulatory blood pressure values in the Ongoing Telmisartan Alone and in Combination with Ramipril Global Endpoint Trial (ONTARGET), Hypertension, 60, 1400, 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.112.199562

Odden, 2016, Achieved blood pressure and outcomes in the Secondary Prevention of Small Subcortical Strokes Trial, Hypertension, 67, 63, 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.115.06480

Stevens, 2001, Long-term weight loss and changes in blood pressure: results of the Trials of Hypertension Prevention, phase II, Ann Intern Med, 134, 1, 10.7326/0003-4819-134-1-200101020-00007

Whelton, 1998, Sodium reduction and weight loss in the treatment of hypertension in older persons: a randomized controlled trial of nonpharmacologic interventions in the elderly (TONE). TONE Collaborative Research Group, JAMA, 279, 839, 10.1001/jama.279.11.839

Elliott, 1996, Intersalt revisited: further analyses of 24 h sodium excretion and blood pressure within and across populations. Intersalt Cooperative Research Group, BMJ, 312, 1249, 10.1136/bmj.312.7041.1249

He, 2013, Effect of longer-term modest salt reduction on blood pressure, Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 4, CD004937

Suckling, 2016, Modest salt reduction lowers blood pressure and albumin excretion in impaired glucose tolerance and type 2 diabetes mellitus: a randomized double-blind trial, Hypertension, 67, 1189, 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.115.06637

Graudal, 2012, Effects of low-sodium diet vs. high-sodium diet on blood pressure, renin, aldosterone, catecholamines, cholesterol, and triglyceride (Cochrane Review), Am J Hypertens, 25, 1, 10.1038/ajh.2011.210

He, 2003, How far should salt intake be reduced?, Hypertension, 42, 1093, 10.1161/01.HYP.0000102864.05174.E8

Bibbins-Domingo, 2010, Projected effect of dietary salt reductions on future cardiovascular disease, N Engl J Med, 362, 590, 10.1056/NEJMoa0907355

He, 2011, Nutrition in cardiovascular disease: salt in hypertension and heart failure, Eur Heart J, 32, 3073, 10.1093/eurheartj/ehr194

He, 2011, Salt reduction lowers cardiovascular risk: meta-analysis of outcome trials, Lancet, 378, 380, 10.1016/S0140-6736(11)61174-4

Taylor, 2011, Reduced dietary salt for the prevention of cardiovascular disease: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (Cochrane review), Am J Hypertens, 24, 843, 10.1038/ajh.2011.115

Mente, 2016, Associations of urinary sodium excretion with cardiovascular events in individuals with and without hypertension: a pooled analysis of data from four studies, Lancet, 388, 465, 10.1016/S0140-6736(16)30467-6

Binia, 2015, Daily potassium intake and sodium-to-potassium ratio in the reduction of blood pressure: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials, J Hypertens, 33, 1509, 10.1097/HJH.0000000000000611

Aburto, 2013, Effect of lower sodium intake on health: systematic review and meta-analyses, BMJ, 346, f1326, 10.1136/bmj.f1326

O’Donnell, 2014, Urinary sodium and potassium excretion, mortality, and cardiovascular events, N Engl J Med, 371, 612, 10.1056/NEJMoa1311889

Cushman, 1998, Prevention and Treatment of Hypertension Study (PATHS): effects of an alcohol treatment program on blood pressure, Arch Intern Med, 158, 1197, 10.1001/archinte.158.11.1197

Holmes, 2014, Association between alcohol and cardiovascular disease: Mendelian randomisation analysis based on individual participant data, BMJ, 349, g4164, 10.1136/bmj.g4164

Dickinson, 2006, Lifestyle interventions to reduce raised blood pressure: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials, J Hypertens, 24, 215, 10.1097/01.hjh.0000199800.72563.26

Mente, 2009, A systematic review of the evidence supporting a causal link between dietary factors and coronary heart disease, Arch Intern Med, 169, 659, 10.1001/archinternmed.2009.38

Sofi, 2010, Accruing evidence on benefits of adherence to the Mediterranean diet on health: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis, Am J Clin Nutr, 92, 1189, 10.3945/ajcn.2010.29673

Estruch, 2013, Primary prevention of cardiovascular disease with a Mediterranean diet, N Engl J Med, 368, 1279, 10.1056/NEJMoa1200303

Domenech, 2014, Mediterranean diet reduces 24-h ambulatory blood pressure, blood glucose, and lipids: one-year randomized, clinical trial, Hypertension, 64, 69, 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.113.03353

Ding, 2014, Long-term coffee consumption and risk of cardiovascular disease: a systematic review and a dose-response meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies, Circulation, 129, 643, 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.113.005925

Li, 2015, Effect of green tea supplementation on blood pressure among overweight and obese adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis, J Hypertens, 33, 243, 10.1097/HJH.0000000000000426

Greyling, 2014, The effect of black tea on blood pressure: a systematic review with meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials, PLoS One, 9, e103247, 10.1371/journal.pone.0103247

Hall, 2015, Obesity-induced hypertension: interaction of neurohumoral and renal mechanisms, Circ Res, 116, 991, 10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.116.305697

Neter, 2003, Influence of weight reduction on blood pressure: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials, Hypertension, 42, 878, 10.1161/01.HYP.0000094221.86888.AE

Whitlock, 2009, Body-mass index and cause-specific mortality in 900 000 adults: collaborative analyses of 57 prospective studies, Lancet, 373, 1083, 10.1016/S0140-6736(09)60318-4

Flegal, 2013, Association of all-cause mortality with overweight and obesity using standard body mass index categories: a systematic review and meta-analysis, JAMA, 309, 71, 10.1001/jama.2012.113905

Di Angelantonio, 2016, Body-mass index and all-cause mortality: individual-participant-data meta-analysis of 239 prospective studies in four continents, Lancet, 388, 776, 10.1016/S0140-6736(16)30175-1

Jebb, 2011, Primary care referral to a commercial provider for weight loss treatment versus standard care: a randomised controlled trial, Lancet, 378, 1485, 10.1016/S0140-6736(11)61344-5

Jordan, 2012, Joint statement of the European Association for the Study of Obesity and the European Society of Hypertension: obesity and difficult to treat arterial hypertension, J Hypertens, 30, 1047, 10.1097/HJH.0b013e3283537347

Cornelissen, 2013, Exercise training for blood pressure: a systematic review and meta-analysis, J Am Heart Assoc, 2, e004473, 10.1161/JAHA.112.004473

Leitzmann, 2007, Physical activity recommendations and decreased risk of mortality, Arch Intern Med, 167, 2453, 10.1001/archinte.167.22.2453

Rossi, 2012, The impact of physical activity on mortality in patients with high blood pressure: a systematic review, J Hypertens, 30, 1277, 10.1097/HJH.0b013e3283544669

Mann, 1991, Elevation of ambulatory systolic blood pressure in hypertensive smokers. A case-control study, JAMA, 265, 2226, 10.1001/jama.1991.03460170080037

Kotseva, 2016, EUROASPIRE IV: A European Society of Cardiology survey on the lifestyle, risk factor and therapeutic management of coronary patients from 24 European countries, Eur J Prev Cardiol, 23, 636, 10.1177/2047487315569401

Yarlioglues, 2010, Acute effects of passive smoking on blood pressure and heart rate in healthy females, Blood Press Monit, 15, 251, 10.1097/MBP.0b013e32833e439f

Groppelli, 1992, Persistent blood pressure increase induced by heavy smoking, J Hypertens, 10, 495, 10.1097/00004872-199205000-00014

Primatesta, 2001, Association between smoking and blood pressure: evidence from the health survey for England, Hypertension, 37, 187, 10.1161/01.HYP.37.2.187

Doll, 1994, Mortality in relation to smoking: 40 years’ observations on male British doctors, BMJ, 309, 901, 10.1136/bmj.309.6959.901

Lim, 2012, A comparative risk assessment of burden of disease and injury attributable to 67 risk factors and risk factor clusters in 21 regions, 1990–2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010, Lancet, 380, 2224, 10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61766-8

Stead, 2013, Physician advice for smoking cessation, Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 5, CD000165

Cahill, 2013, Pharmacological interventions for smoking cessation: an overview and network meta-analysis, Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 5, CD009329

Stead, 2016, Combined pharmacotherapy and behavioural interventions for smoking cessation, Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 3, CD008286

Berrington de Gonzalez, 2010, Body-mass index and mortality among 1.46 million white adults, N Engl J Med, 363, 2211, 10.1056/NEJMoa1000367

Parving, 2012, Cardiorenal end points in a trial of aliskiren for type 2 diabetes, N Engl J Med, 367, 2204, 10.1056/NEJMoa1208799

Thomopoulos, 2015, Effects of blood pressure-lowering on outcome incidence in hypertension: 5. Head-to-head comparisons of various classes of antihypertensive drugs – overview and meta-analyses, J Hypertens, 33, 1321, 10.1097/HJH.0000000000000614

Corrao, 2008, Discontinuation of and changes in drug therapy for hypertension among newly-treated patients: a population-based study in Italy, J Hypertens, 26, 819, 10.1097/HJH.0b013e3282f4edd7

Thomopoulos, 2016, Effects of blood-pressure-lowering treatment in hypertension: 9. Discontinuations for adverse events attributed to different classes of antihypertensive drugs: meta-analyses of randomized trials, J Hypertens, 34, 1921, 10.1097/HJH.0000000000001052

Volpe, 2005, Angiotensin II receptor blockers and myocardial infarction: deeds and misdeeds, J Hypertens, 23, 2113, 10.1097/01.hjh.0000194114.12228.16

Reboldi, 2008, Comparison between angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers on the risk of myocardial infarction, stroke and death: a meta-analysis, J Hypertens, 26, 1282, 10.1097/HJH.0b013e328306ebe2

Kronish, 2011, Meta-analysis: impact of drug class on adherence to antihypertensives, Circulation, 123, 1611, 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.110.983874

Fried, 2013, Combined angiotensin inhibition for the treatment of diabetic nephropathy, N Engl J Med, 369, 1892, 10.1056/NEJMoa1303154

Yusuf, 2008, Telmisartan, ramipril, or both in patients at high risk for vascular events, N Engl J Med, 358, 1547, 10.1056/NEJMoa0801317

Thomopoulos, 2015, Effects of blood pressure lowering on outcome incidence in hypertension: 4. Effects of various classes of antihypertensive drugs – overview and meta-analyses, J Hypertens, 33, 195, 10.1097/HJH.0000000000000447

Roush, 2015, Head-to-head comparisons of hydrochlorothiazide with indapamide and chlorthalidone: antihypertensive and metabolic effects, Hypertension, 65, 1041, 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.114.05021

Olde Engberink, 2015, Effects of thiazide-type and thiazide-like diuretics on cardiovascular events and mortality: systematic review and meta-analysis, Hypertension, 65, 1033, 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.114.05122

Zanchetti, 1997, Strategies for antihypertensive treatment decisions: how to assess benefits?, J Hypertens, 15, 215

Zillich, 2006, Thiazide diuretics, potassium, and the development of diabetes: a quantitative review, Hypertension, 48, 219, 10.1161/01.HYP.0000231552.10054.aa

Brown, 2016, Effect of amiloride, or amiloride plus hydrochlorothiazide, versus hydrochlorothiazide on glucose tolerance and blood pressure (PATHWAY-3): a parallel-group, double-blind randomised phase 4 trial, Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol, 4, 136, 10.1016/S2213-8587(15)00377-0

Dondo, 2017, Beta-blockers and mortality after acute myocardial infarction in patients without heart failure or ventricular dysfunction, J Am Coll Cardiol, 69, 2710, 10.1016/j.jacc.2017.03.578

Bakris, 2004, Metabolic effects of carvedilol vs metoprolol in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and hypertension: a randomized controlled trial, JAMA, 292, 2227, 10.1001/jama.292.18.2227

Ayers, 2012, Differential effects of nebivolol and metoprolol on insulin sensitivity and plasminogen activator inhibitor in the metabolic syndrome, Hypertension, 59, 893, 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.111.189589

Chapman, 2008, Effect of doxazosin gastrointestinal therapeutic system as third-line antihypertensive therapy on blood pressure and lipids in the Anglo-Scandinavian Cardiac Outcomes Trial, Circulation, 118, 42, 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.737957

Williams, 2015, Spironolactone versus placebo, bisoprolol, and doxazosin to determine the optimal treatment for drug-resistant hypertension (PATHWAY-2): a randomised, double-blind, crossover trial, Lancet, 386, 2059, 10.1016/S0140-6736(15)00257-3

Wang, 2007, Outpatient hypertension treatment, treatment intensification, and control in Western Europe and the United States, Arch Intern Med, 167, 141, 10.1001/archinte.167.2.141

Corrao, 2011, Better compliance to antihypertensive medications reduces cardiovascular risk, J Hypertens, 29, 610, 10.1097/HJH.0b013e328342ca97

Tiffe, 2017, Control of cardiovascular risk factors and its determinants in the general population – findings from the STAAB cohort study, BMC Cardiovasc Disord, 17, 276, 10.1186/s12872-017-0708-x

Mensah, 2010, Treatment and control of high blood pressure in adults, Cardiol Clin, 28, 609, 10.1016/j.ccl.2010.08.002

Gupta, 2017, Biochemical screening for nonadherence is associated with blood pressure reduction and improvement in adherence, Hypertension, 70, 1042, 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.117.09631

2002, Major outcomes in high-risk hypertensive patients randomized to angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor or calcium channel blocker vs diuretic: The Antihypertensive and Lipid-Lowering Treatment to Prevent Heart Attack Trial (ALLHAT)., JAMA, 288, 2981, 10.1001/jama.288.23.2981

Dahlof, 2002, Cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in the Losartan Intervention For Endpoint reduction in hypertension study (LIFE): a randomised trial against atenolol, Lancet, 359, 995, 10.1016/S0140-6736(02)08089-3

Dahlof, 2005, Prevention of cardiovascular events with an antihypertensive regimen of amlodipine adding perindopril as required versus atenolol adding bendroflumethiazide as required, in the Anglo-Scandinavian Cardiac Outcomes Trial-Blood Pressure Lowering Arm (ASCOT-BPLA): a multicentre randomised controlled trial, Lancet, 366, 895, 10.1016/S0140-6736(05)67185-1

McKavanagh, 2015, A comparison of cardiac computerized tomography and exercise stress electrocardiogram test for the investigation of stable chest pain: the clinical results of the CAPP randomized prospective trial, Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging, 16, 441, 10.1093/ehjci/jeu284

Hedner, 1999, Progress report on the Nordic diltiazem study (NORDIL): an outcome study in hypertensive patients, Blood Press, 8, 296, 10.1080/080370599439517

Elgendy, 2016, Long-term mortality in hypertensive patients with coronary artery disease: results from the US cohort of the International Verapamil (SR)/Trandolapril Study, Hypertension, 68, 1110, 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.116.07854

Coope, 1986, Randomised trial of treatment of hypertension in elderly patients in primary care, Br Med J (Clin Res Ed, 293, 1145, 10.1136/bmj.293.6555.1145

1991, Final results of the Systolic Hypertension in the Elderly Program (SHEP)., JAMA, 265, 3255, 10.1001/jama.1991.03460240051027

Dahlof, 1991, Morbidity and mortality in the Swedish Trial in Old Patients with Hypertension (STOP-Hypertension), Lancet, 338, 1281, 10.1016/0140-6736(91)92589-T

Mancia, 2006, New-onset diabetes and antihypertensive drugs, J Hypertens, 24, 3, 10.1097/01.hjh.0000194119.42722.21

Brown, 2000, Morbidity and mortality in patients randomised to double-blind treatment with a long-acting calcium-channel blocker or diuretic in the International Nifedipine GITS study: Intervention as a Goal in Hypertension Treatment (INSIGHT), Lancet, 356, 366, 10.1016/S0140-6736(00)02527-7

Jamerson, 2008, Benazepril plus amlodipine or hydrochlorothiazide for hypertension in high-risk patients, N Engl J Med, 359, 2417, 10.1056/NEJMoa0806182

Ogihara, 2015, Combination therapy of hypertension in the elderly: a subgroup analysis of the Combination of OLMesartan and a calcium channel blocker or diuretic in Japanese elderly hypertensive patients trial, Hypertens Res, 38, 89, 10.1038/hr.2014.144

Matsuzaki, 2011, Prevention of cardiovascular events with calcium channel blocker-based combination therapies in patients with hypertension: a randomized controlled trial, J Hypertens, 29, 1649, 10.1097/HJH.0b013e328348345d

Lithell, 2003, The Study on Cognition and Prognosis in the Elderly (SCOPE): principal results of a randomized double-blind intervention trial, J Hypertens, 21, 875, 10.1097/00004872-200305000-00011

Liu, 2005, The Felodipine Event Reduction (FEVER) Study: a randomized long-term placebo-controlled trial in Chinese hypertensive patients, J Hypertens, 23, 2157, 10.1097/01.hjh.0000194120.42722.ac

Staessen, 1997, Randomised double-blind comparison of placebo and active treatment for older patients with isolated systolic hypertension. The Systolic Hypertension in Europe (Syst-Eur) Trial Investigators, Lancet, 350, 757, 10.1016/S0140-6736(97)05381-6

Wang, 2000, Chinese trial on isolated systolic hypertension in the elderly. Systolic Hypertension in China (Syst-China) Collaborative Group, Arch Intern Med, 160, 211, 10.1001/archinte.160.2.211

Hansson, 1999, Randomised trial of old and new antihypertensive drugs in elderly patients: cardiovascular mortality and morbidity the Swedish Trial in Old Patients with Hypertension-2 study, Lancet, 354, 1751, 10.1016/S0140-6736(99)10327-1

Hansson, 1999, Effect of angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibition compared with conventional therapy on cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in hypertension: the Captopril Prevention Project (CAPPP) randomised trial, Lancet, 353, 611, 10.1016/S0140-6736(98)05012-0

Zanchetti, 2007, Prevalence and incidence of the metabolic syndrome in the European Lacidipine Study on Atherosclerosis (ELSA) and its relation with carotid intima-media thickness, J Hypertens, 25, 2463, 10.1097/HJH.0b013e3282f063d5

Julius, 2004, Outcomes in hypertensive patients at high cardiovascular risk treated with regimens based on valsartan or amlodipine: the VALUE randomised trial, Lancet, 363, 2022, 10.1016/S0140-6736(04)16451-9

2001, 6,105 individuals with previous stroke or transient ischaemic attack., Lancet, 358, 1033

Hansson, 2000, Randomised trial of effects of calcium antagonists compared with diuretics and beta-blockers on cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in hypertension: the Nordic Diltiazem (NORDIL) study, Lancet, 356, 359, 10.1016/S0140-6736(00)02526-5

Pepine, 2003, A calcium antagonist vs a noncalcium antagonist hypertension treatment strategy for patients with coronary artery disease. The International Verapamil-Trandolapril Study (INVEST): a randomized controlled trial, JAMA, 290, 2805, 10.1001/jama.290.21.2805

Wald, 2009, Combination therapy versus monotherapy in reducing blood pressure: meta-analysis on 11,000 participants from 42 trials, Am J Med, 122, 290, 10.1016/j.amjmed.2008.09.038

MacDonald, 2017, Combination therapy is superior to sequential monotherapy for the initial treatment of hypertension: a double-blind randomized controlled trial, J Am Heart Assoc, 6, e006986, 10.1161/JAHA.117.006986

Yusuf, 2016, Blood-pressure and cholesterol lowering in persons without cardiovascular disease, N Engl J Med, 374, 2032, 10.1056/NEJMoa1600177

Xu, 2015, Optimal systolic blood pressure target, time to intensification, and time to follow-up in treatment of hypertension: population based retrospective cohort study, BMJ, 350, h158, 10.1136/bmj.h158

Egan, 2012, Initial monotherapy and combination therapy and hypertension control the first year, Hypertension, 59, 1124, 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.112.194167

Corrao, 2010, Reduced discontinuation of antihypertensive treatment by two-drug combination as first step. Evidence from daily life practice, J Hypertens, 28, 1584, 10.1097/HJH.0b013e328339f9fa

Conn, 2015, Interventions to improve medication adherence in hypertensive patients: systematic review and meta-analysis, Curr Hypertens Rep, 17, 94, 10.1007/s11906-015-0606-5

Mancia, 2017, Blood pressure control in hypertension. Pros and cons of available treatment strategies, J Hypertens, 35, 225, 10.1097/HJH.0000000000001181

Weir, 2011, A titrate-to-goal study of switching patients uncontrolled on antihypertensive monotherapy to fixed-dose combinations of amlodipine and olmesartan medoxomil ± hydrochlorothiazide, J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich, 13, 404, 10.1111/j.1751-7176.2011.00437.x

Volpe, 2012, Efficacy and safety of triple antihypertensive therapy with the olmesartan/amlodipine/hydrochlorothiazide combination, Clin Drug Investig, 32, 649, 10.1007/BF03261919

Gupta, 2010, Compliance, safety, and effectiveness of fixed-dose combinations of antihypertensive agents: a meta-analysis, Hypertension, 55, 399, 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.109.139816

Jung, 2013, Resistant hypertension? Assessment of adherence by toxicological urine analysis, J Hypertens, 31, 766, 10.1097/HJH.0b013e32835e2286

Ibanez, 2018, 2017 ESC Guidelines for the management of acute myocardial infarction in patients presenting with ST-segment elevation: The Task Force for the management of acute myocardial infarction in patients presenting with ST-segment elevation of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC), Eur Heart J, 39, 119, 10.1093/eurheartj/ehx393

Gupta, 2016, How to screen for nonadherence to antihypertensive therapy, Curr Hypertens Rep, 18, 89, 10.1007/s11906-016-0697-7

Coca, 2017, The polypill in cardiovascular prevention: evidence, limitations and perspective – position paper of the European Society of Hypertension, J Hypertens, 35, 1546, 10.1097/HJH.0000000000001390

Castellano, 2014, A polypill strategy to improve adherence: results from the FOCUS project, J Am Coll Cardiol, 64, 2071, 10.1016/j.jacc.2014.08.021

Williams, 2018, Endocrine and haemodynamic changes in resistant hypertension, and blood pressure responses to spironolactone or amiloride: the PATHWAY-2 mechanisms substudies, Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol, 6, 464, 10.1016/S2213-8587(18)30071-8

Bisognano, 2011, Baroreflex activation therapy lowers blood pressure in patients with resistant hypertension: results from the double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled rheos pivotal trial, J Am Coll Cardiol, 58, 765, 10.1016/j.jacc.2011.06.008

Wachter, 2017, An exploratory propensity score matched comparison of second-generation and first-generation baroreflex activation therapy systems, J Am Soc Hypertens, 11, 81, 10.1016/j.jash.2016.12.003

Spiering, 2017, Endovascular baroreflex amplification for resistant hypertension: a safety and proof-of-principle clinical study, Lancet, 390, 2655, 10.1016/S0140-6736(17)32337-1

DiBona, 2005, Physiology in perspective: the wisdom of the body. Neural control of the kidney, Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol, 289, R633, 10.1152/ajpregu.00258.2005

Esler, 2014, Sympathetic nervous system moves toward center stage in cardiovascular medicine: from Thomas Willis to resistant hypertension, Hypertension, 63, e25, 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.113.02439

Mahfoud, 2015, Proceedings from the European Clinical Consensus Conference for Renal Denervation: considerations on future clinical trial design, Eur Heart J, 36, 2219, 10.1093/eurheartj/ehv192

Bohm, 2015, First report of the Global SYMPLICITY Registry on the effect of renal artery denervation in patients with uncontrolled hypertension, Hypertension, 65, 766, 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.114.05010

Krum, 2014, Percutaneous renal denervation in patients with treatment-resistant hypertension: final 3-year report of the Symplicity HTN-1 study, Lancet, 383, 622, 10.1016/S0140-6736(13)62192-3

Townsend, 2017, Catheter-based renal denervation in patients with uncontrolled hypertension in the absence of antihypertensive medications (SPYRAL HTN-OFF MED): a randomised, sham-controlled, proof-of-concept trial, Lancet, 390, 2160, 10.1016/S0140-6736(17)32281-X

Bhatt, 2014, A controlled trial of renal denervation for resistant hypertension, N Engl J Med, 370, 1393, 10.1056/NEJMoa1402670

Mathiassen, 2016, Renal denervation in treatment-resistant essential hypertension, A randomized, SHAM-controlled, double-blinded 24-h blood pressure-based trial J Hypertens, 34, 1639

Azizi, 2015, Optimum and stepped care standardised antihypertensive treatment with or without renal denervation for resistant hypertension (DENERHTN): a multicentre, open-label, randomised controlled trial, Lancet, 385, 1957, 10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61942-5

Rosa, 2015, Randomized comparison of renal denervation versus intensified pharmacotherapy including spironolactone in true-resistant hypertension: six-month results from the Prague-15 study, Hypertension, 65, 407, 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.114.04019

Mahfoud, 2017, Proceedings from the 2nd European Clinical Consensus Conference for device-based therapies for hypertension: state of the art and considerations for the future, Eur Heart J, 38, 3272, 10.1093/eurheartj/ehx215

Ewen, 2015, Reduced effect of percutaneous renal denervation on blood pressure in patients with isolated systolic hypertension, Hypertension, 65, 193, 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.114.04336

Mahfoud, 2017, Reduced blood pressure-lowering effect of catheter-based renal denervation in patients with isolated systolic hypertension: data from SYMPLICITY HTN-3 and the Global SYMPLICITY Registry, Eur Heart J, 38, 93

Burchell, 2014, Arteriovenous anastomosis: is this the way to control hypertension?, Hypertension, 64, 6, 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.114.02925

Ng, 2016, Device-based therapy for hypertension, Curr Hypertens Rep, 18, 61, 10.1007/s11906-016-0670-5

Faul, 2014, Creation of an iliac arteriovenous shunt lowers blood pressure in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients with hypertension, J Vasc Surg, 59, 1078, 10.1016/j.jvs.2013.10.069

Lobo, 2015, Central arteriovenous anastomosis for the treatment of patients with uncontrolled hypertension (the ROX CONTROL HTN study): a randomised controlled trial, Lancet, 385, 1634, 10.1016/S0140-6736(14)62053-5

Ott, 2016, Effect of arteriovenous anastomosis on blood pressure reduction in patients with isolated systolic hypertension compared with combined hypertension, J Am Heart Assoc, 5, e004234, 10.1161/JAHA.116.004234

McBryde, 2013, The carotid body as a putative therapeutic target for the treatment of neurogenic hypertension, Nat Commun, 4, 2395, 10.1038/ncomms3395

Narkiewicz, 2016, Unilateral carotid body resection in resistant hypertension: a safety and feasibility trial, JACC Basic Transl Sci, 1, 313, 10.1016/j.jacbts.2016.06.004

Niewinski, 2017, Carotid body resection for sympathetic modulation in systolic heart failure: results from first-in-man study, Eur J Heart Fail, 19, 391, 10.1002/ejhf.641

Daugherty, 2012, Incidence and prognosis of resistant hypertension in hypertensive patients, Circulation, 125, 1635, 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.111.068064

Myat, 2012, Resistant hypertension, BMJ, 345, e7473, 10.1136/bmj.e7473

de la Sierra, 2012, Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring and development of cardiovascular events in high-risk patients included in the Spanish ABPM registry: the CARDIORISC Event study, J Hypertens, 30, 713, 10.1097/HJH.0b013e328350bb40

Williams, 2009, Resistant hypertension: an unmet treatment need, Lancet, 374, 1396, 10.1016/S0140-6736(09)61600-7

Mantero, 2007, Detecting and treating primary aldosteronism: primary aldosteronism, Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes, 115, 171, 10.1055/s-2007-970409

Fagard, 2012, Resistant hypertension, Heart, 98, 254, 10.1136/heartjnl-2011-300741

Laurent, 2012, New drugs, procedures, and devices for hypertension, Lancet, 380, 591, 10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60825-3

Vrijens, 2008, Adherence to prescribed antihypertensive drug treatments: longitudinal study of electronically compiled dosing histories, BMJ, 336, 1114, 10.1136/bmj.39553.670231.25

Bakris, 2010, Divergent results using clinic and ambulatory blood pressures: report of a darusentan-resistant hypertension trial, Hypertension, 56, 824, 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.110.156976

Oxlund, 2013, Low dose spironolactone reduces blood pressure in patients with resistant hypertension and type 2 diabetes mellitus: a double blind randomized clinical trial, J Hypertens, 31, 2094, 10.1097/HJH.0b013e3283638b1a

Liu, 2017, Addition of spironolactone in patients with resistant hypertension: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials, Clin Exp Hypertens, 39, 257, 10.1080/10641963.2016.1246564

Zhao, 2017, A meta-analysis of add-on use of spironolactone in patients with resistant hypertension, Int J Cardiol, 233, 113, 10.1016/j.ijcard.2016.12.158

Wang, 2016, Efficacy and safety of spironolactone in patients with resistant hypertension: a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials, Heart Lung Circ, 25, 1021, 10.1016/j.hlc.2016.02.016

Pimenta, 2009, Effects of dietary sodium reduction on blood pressure in subjects with resistant hypertension: results from a randomized trial, Hypertension, 54, 475, 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.109.131235

Rimoldi, 2014, Secondary arterial hypertension: when, who, and how to screen?, Eur Heart J, 35, 1245, 10.1093/eurheartj/eht534

Grossman, 2015, Drug induced hypertension-An unappreciated cause of secondary hypertension, Eur J Pharmacol, 763, 15, 10.1016/j.ejphar.2015.06.027

Vaughan, 2000, Hypertensive emergencies, Lancet, 356, 411, 10.1016/S0140-6736(00)02539-3

Chester, 1978, Hypertensive encephalopathy: a clinicopathologic study of 20 cases, Neurology, 28, 928, 10.1212/WNL.28.9.928

van den Born, 2006, Ethnic disparities in the incidence, presentation and complications of malignant hypertension, J Hypertens, 24, 2299, 10.1097/01.hjh.0000249710.21146.38

Cremer, 2016, From malignant hypertension to hypertension-MOD: a modern definition for an old but still dangerous emergency, J Hum Hypertens, 30, 463, 10.1038/jhh.2015.112

Pinna, 2014, Hospital admissions for hypertensive crisis in the emergency departments: a large multicenter Italian study, PLoS One, 9, e93542, 10.1371/journal.pone.0093542

van den Born, 2011, Endothelial dysfunction, platelet activation, thrombogenesis and fibrinolysis in patients with hypertensive crisis, J Hypertens, 29, 922, 10.1097/HJH.0b013e328345023d

Grassi, 2008, Hypertensive urgencies in the emergency department: evaluating blood pressure response to rest and to antihypertensive drugs with different profiles, J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich, 10, 662, 10.1111/j.1751-7176.2008.00001.x

Perez, 2008, Pharmacological interventions for hypertensive emergencies: a Cochrane systematic review, J Hum Hypertens, 22, 596, 10.1038/jhh.2008.25

Lane, 2009, Improving survival of malignant hypertension patients over 40 years, Am J Hypertens, 22, 1199, 10.1038/ajh.2009.153

Amraoui, 2014, Mortality and cardiovascular risk in patients with a history of malignant hypertension: a case-control study, J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich, 16, 122, 10.1111/jch.12243

Gonzalez, 2010, Long-term renal survival in malignant hypertension, Nephrol Dial Transplant, 25, 3266, 10.1093/ndt/gfq143

Cuspidi, 2015, White-coat hypertension, as defined by ambulatory blood pressure monitoring, and subclinical cardiac organ damage: a meta-analysis, J Hypertens, 33, 24, 10.1097/HJH.0000000000000416

Mancia, 2009, Increased long-term risk of new-onset diabetes mellitus in white-coat and masked hypertension, J Hypertens, 27, 1672, 10.1097/HJH.0b013e32832be5f9

Tientcheu, 2015, Target organ complications and cardiovascular events associated with masked hypertension and white-coat hypertension: analysis from the Dallas Heart Study, J Am Coll Cardiol, 66, 2159, 10.1016/j.jacc.2015.09.007

Fagard, 2000, Response to antihypertensive therapy in older patients with sustained and nonsustained systolic hypertension. Systolic Hypertension in Europe (Syst-Eur) Trial Investigators, Circulation, 102, 1139, 10.1161/01.CIR.102.10.1139

Mancia, 2014, Effect of long-term antihypertensive treatment on white-coat hypertension, Hypertension, 64, 1388, 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.114.04278

Staessen, 1994, Efficacy of antihypertensive drugs given once a day: the calcium antagonists revisited, J Hypertens Suppl, 12, S107, 10.1097/00004872-199412001-00020

Bulpitt, 2012, Blood pressure control in the Hypertension in the Very Elderly Trial (HYVET), J Hum Hypertens, 26, 157, 10.1038/jhh.2011.10

Franklin, 2016, The cardiovascular risk of white-coat hypertension, J Am Coll Cardiol, 68, 2033, 10.1016/j.jacc.2016.08.035

Franklin, 2012, Significance of white-coat hypertension in older persons with isolated systolic hypertension: a meta-analysis using the International Database on Ambulatory Blood Pressure Monitoring in Relation to Cardiovascular Outcomes population, Hypertension, 59, 564, 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.111.180653

Mancia, 2013, Long-term prognostic value of white coat hypertension: an insight from diagnostic use of both ambulatory and home blood pressure measurements, Hypertension, 62, 168, 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.111.00690

Mancia, 2015, Adverse prognostic value of persistent office blood pressure elevation in white coat hypertension, Hypertension, 66, 437, 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.115.05367

Gorostidi, 2016, Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring in daily clinical practice – the Spanish ABPM Registry experience, Eur J Clin Invest, 46, 92, 10.1111/eci.12565

Mancia, 2009, Long-term risk of sustained hypertension in white-coat or masked hypertension, Hypertension, 54, 226, 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.109.129882

Ogedegbe, 2010, Masked hypertension: evidence of the need to treat, Curr Hypertens Rep, 12, 349, 10.1007/s11906-010-0140-4

Sundstrom, 2011, Association of blood pressure in late adolescence with subsequent mortality: cohort study of Swedish male conscripts, BMJ, 342, d643, 10.1136/bmj.d643

Zanchetti, 2015, Randomized controlled trials of blood pressure lowering in hypertension: a critical reappraisal, Circ Res, 116, 1058, 10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.116.303641

Williams, 2011, High blood pressure in young people and premature death, BMJ, 342, d1104, 10.1136/bmj.d1104

Julius, 2006, Feasibility of treating prehypertension with an angiotensin-receptor blocker, N Engl J Med, 354, 1685, 10.1056/NEJMoa060838

O’Rourke, 2013, Guidelines on guidelines: focus on isolated systolic hypertension in youth, J Hypertens, 31, 649, 10.1097/HJH.0b013e32835d8230

Yano, 2015, Isolated systolic hypertension in young and middle-aged adults and 31-year risk for cardiovascular mortality: the Chicago Heart Association Detection Project in Industry study, J Am Coll Cardiol, 65, 327, 10.1016/j.jacc.2014.10.060

Palatini, 1994, Factors affecting ambulatory blood pressure reproducibility. Results of the HARVEST Trial. Hypertension and Ambulatory Recording Venetia Study, Hypertension, 23, 211, 10.1161/01.HYP.23.2.211

Briasoulis, 2014, Effects of antihypertensive treatment in patients over 65 years of age: a meta-analysis of randomised controlled studies, Heart, 100, 317, 10.1136/heartjnl-2013-304111

Corrao, 2017, Protective effects of antihypertensive treatment in patients aged 85 years or older, J Hypertens, 35, 1432, 10.1097/HJH.0000000000001323

Corrao, 2015, Antihypertensive medications, loop diuretics, and risk of hip fracture in the elderly: a population-based cohort study of 81,617 Italian patients newly treated between 2005 and 2009, Drugs Aging, 32, 927, 10.1007/s40266-015-0306-5

Kjeldsen, 2016, Treatment of high blood pressure in elderly and octogenarians: European Society of Hypertension statement on blood pressure targets, Blood Press, 25, 333, 10.1080/08037051.2016.1236329

2013, Report of the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists Task Force on Hypertension in Pregnancy., Obstet Gynecol, 122, 1122

Lowe, 2015, The SOMANZ Guidelines for the management of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy 2014, Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol, 55, 11, 10.1111/ajo.12253

Bartsch, 2016, Clinical risk factors for preeclampsia determined in early pregnancy: systematic review and meta-analysis of large cohort studies, BMJ, 353, i1753, 10.1136/bmj.i1753

Penny, 1998, Automated, ambulatory, or conventional blood pressure measurement in pregnancy: which is the better predictor of severe hypertension?, Am J Obstet Gynecol, 178, 521, 10.1016/S0002-9378(98)70432-6

Schmella, 2015, Uric acid determination in gestational hypertension: is it as effective a delineator of risk as proteinuria in high-risk women?, Reprod Sci, 22, 1212, 10.1177/1933719115572477

Chappell, 2008, Assessment of proteinuria in pregnancy, BMJ, 336, 968, 10.1136/bmj.39540.657928.BE

Cnossen, 2008, Use of uterine artery Doppler ultrasonography to predict preeclampsia and intrauterine growth restriction: a systematic review and bivariable meta-analysis, CMAJ, 178, 701, 10.1503/cmaj.070430

Zeisler, 2016, Predictive value of the sFlt-1:PlGF ratio in women with suspected preeclampsia, N Engl J Med, 374, 13, 10.1056/NEJMoa1414838

Rolnik, 2017, Aspirin versus placebo in pregnancies at high risk for preterm preeclampsia, N Engl J Med, 377, 613, 10.1056/NEJMoa1704559

Magee, 2016, The CHIPS randomized controlled trial (Control of Hypertension in Pregnancy Study): is severe hypertension just an elevated blood pressure?, Hypertension, 68, 1153, 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.116.07862

Redman, 1976, Fetal outcome in trial of antihypertensive treatment in pregnancy, Lancet, 2, 753, 10.1016/S0140-6736(76)90597-3

Cockburn, 1982, Final report of study on hypertension during pregnancy: the effects of specific treatment on the growth and development of the children, Lancet, 1, 647, 10.1016/S0140-6736(82)92202-4

Regitz-Zagrosek, 2011, ESC Guidelines on the management of cardiovascular diseases during pregnancy: the Task Force on the Management of Cardiovascular Diseases during Pregnancy of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC), Eur Heart J, 32, 3147, 10.1093/eurheartj/ehr218

Abalos, 2014, Antihypertensive drug therapy for mild to moderate hypertension during pregnancy, Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2, CD002252

Magee, 2003, Hydralazine for treatment of severe hypertension in pregnancy: meta-analysis, BMJ, 327, 955, 10.1136/bmj.327.7421.955

Duley, 2006, Drugs for treatment of very high blood pressure during pregnancy, Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 3, CD001449

Koopmans, 2009, Induction of labour versus expectant monitoring for gestational hypertension or mild preeclampsia after 36 weeks’ gestation (HYPITAT): a multicentre, open-label randomised controlled trial, Lancet, 374, 979, 10.1016/S0140-6736(09)60736-4

Ray, 2005, Cardiovascular health after maternal placental syndromes (CHAMPS): population-based retrospective cohort study, Lancet, 366, 1797, 10.1016/S0140-6736(05)67726-4

Black, 2016, Hypertensive disorders first identified in pregnancy increase risk for incident prehypertension and hypertension in the year after delivery, J Hypertens, 34, 728, 10.1097/HJH.0000000000000855

Chasan-Taber, 1996, Prospective study of oral contraceptives and hypertension among women in the United States, Circulation, 94, 483, 10.1161/01.CIR.94.3.483

Dong, 1997, Blood pressure in women using oral contraceptives: results from the Health Survey for England 1994, J Hypertens, 15, 1063, 10.1097/00004872-199715100-00003

Gillum, 2000, Ischemic stroke risk with oral contraceptives: a meta-analysis, JAMA, 284, 72, 10.1001/jama.284.1.72

Lubianca, 2005, Stopping oral contraceptives: an effective blood pressure-lowering intervention in women with hypertension, J Hum Hypertens, 19, 451, 10.1038/sj.jhh.1001841

Mosca, 2011, Effectiveness-based guidelines for the prevention of cardiovascular disease in women-2011 update: a guideline from the American Heart Association, J Am Coll Cardiol, 57, 1404, 10.1016/j.jacc.2011.02.005

Issa, 2015, Effects of hormone therapy on blood pressure, Menopause, 22, 456, 10.1097/GME.0000000000000322

Modesti, 2016, Panethnic differences in blood pressure in Europe: a systematic review and meta-analysis, PLoS One, 11, e0147601, 10.1371/journal.pone.0147601

Whelton, 2016, Research needs to improve hypertension treatment and control in African Americans, Hypertension, 68, 1066, 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.116.07905

Kaufman, 1997, Socioeconomic status and health in blacks and whites: the problem of residual confounding and the resiliency of race, Epidemiology, 8, 621

Agyemang, 2014, Socioeconomic inequalities in stroke incidence among migrant groups: analysis of nationwide data, Stroke, 45, 2397, 10.1161/STROKEAHA.114.005505

Mehanna, 2017, Blood pressure response to metoprolol and chlorthalidone in European and African Americans with hypertension, J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich, 19, 1301, 10.1111/jch.13094

Erlinger, 2003, The potential impact of nonpharmacologic population-wide blood pressure reduction on coronary heart disease events: pronounced benefits in African-Americans and hypertensives, Prev Med, 37, 327, 10.1016/S0091-7435(03)00140-3

Wright, 2005, Outcomes in hypertensive black and nonblack patients treated with chlorthalidone, amlodipine, and lisinopril, JAMA, 293, 1595, 10.1001/jama.293.13.1595

Wright, 2008, Clinical outcomes by race in hypertensive patients with and without the metabolic syndrome: Antihypertensive and Lipid-Lowering Treatment to Prevent Heart Attack Trial (ALLHAT), Arch Intern Med, 168, 207, 10.1001/archinternmed.2007.66

Agyemang, 2018, Variations in hypertension awareness, treatment, and control among Ghanaian migrants living in Amsterdam, Berlin, London, and nonmigrant Ghanaians living in rural and urban Ghana – the RODAM study, J Hypertens, 36, 169, 10.1097/HJH.0000000000001520

Wijkman, 2009, Masked nocturnal hypertension-a novel marker of risk in type 2 diabetes, Diabetologia, 52, 1258, 10.1007/s00125-009-1369-9

Mann, 2008, Renal outcomes with telmisartan, ramipril, or both, in people at high vascular risk (the ONTARGET study): a multicentre, randomised, double-blind, controlled trial, Lancet, 372, 547, 10.1016/S0140-6736(08)61236-2

Persson, 2011, Aliskiren in combination with losartan reduces albuminuria independent of baseline blood pressure in patients with type 2 diabetes and nephropathy, Clin J Am Soc Nephrol, 6, 1025, 10.2215/CJN.07590810

Zinman, 2015, Empagliflozin, cardiovascular outcomes, and mortality in type 2 diabetes, N Engl J Med, 373, 2117, 10.1056/NEJMoa1504720

Neal, 2017, Canagliflozin and cardiovascular and renal events in type 2 diabetes, N Engl J Med, 377, 644, 10.1056/NEJMoa1611925

Mancia, 2011, Blood pressure targets recommended by guidelines and incidence of cardiovascular and renal events in the Ongoing Telmisartan Alone and in Combination With Ramipril Global Endpoint Trial (ONTARGET), Circulation, 124, 1727, 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.110.008870

Wanner, 2016, Empagliflozin and progression of kidney disease in type 2 diabetes, N Engl J Med, 375, 323, 10.1056/NEJMoa1515920

Mancia, 2016, Impact of empagliflozin on blood pressure in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and hypertension by background antihypertensive medication, Hypertension, 68, 1355, 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.116.07703

Buse, 2016, Liraglutide and cardiovascular outcomes in type 2 diabetes, N Engl J Med, 375, 1798

Bethel, 2018, Cardiovascular outcomes with glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists in patients with type 2 diabetes: a meta-analysis, Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol, 6, 105, 10.1016/S2213-8587(17)30412-6

Thomopoulos, 2014, Effects of blood pressure lowering on outcome incidence in hypertension: 2. Effects at different baseline and achieved blood pressure levels-overview and meta-analyses of randomized trials, J Hypertens, 32, 2296, 10.1097/HJH.0000000000000379

Drawz, 2016, Masked hypertension and elevated nighttime blood pressure in CKD: prevalence and association with target organ damage, Clin J Am Soc Nephrol, 11, 642, 10.2215/CJN.08530815

Rossignol, 2015, The double challenge of resistant hypertension and chronic kidney disease, Lancet, 386, 1588, 10.1016/S0140-6736(15)00418-3

Malhotra, 2017, Association between more intensive vs less intensive blood pressure lowering and risk of mortality in chronic kidney disease stages 3 to 5: a systematic review and meta-analysis, JAMA Intern Med, 177, 1498, 10.1001/jamainternmed.2017.4377

de Zeeuw, 2004, Albuminuria, a therapeutic target for cardiovascular protection in type 2 diabetic patients with nephropathy, Circulation, 110, 921, 10.1161/01.CIR.0000139860.33974.28

Jafar, 2003, Progression of chronic kidney disease: the role of blood pressure control, proteinuria, and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition: a patient-level meta-analysis, Ann Intern Med, 139, 244, 10.7326/0003-4819-139-4-200308190-00006

Upadhyay, 2011, Systematic review: blood pressure target in chronic kidney disease and proteinuria as an effect modifier, Ann Intern Med, 154, 541, 10.7326/0003-4819-154-8-201104190-00335

Sim, 2014, Impact of achieved blood pressures on mortality risk and end-stage renal disease among a large, diverse hypertension population, J Am Coll Cardiol, 64, 588, 10.1016/j.jacc.2014.04.065

Farsang, 2016, Treatment of hypertension in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), European Society of Hypertension Scientific Newsletter, 17, 62

Baker, 2017, Wilcox RG. beta-Blockers, heart disease and COPD: current controversies and uncertainties, Thorax, 72, 271, 10.1136/thoraxjnl-2016-208412

Salpeter, 2006, Meta-analysis: effect of long-acting beta-agonists on severe asthma exacerbations and asthma-related deaths, Ann Intern Med, 144, 904, 10.7326/0003-4819-144-12-200606200-00126

Rutten, 2010, Beta-blockers may reduce mortality and risk of exacerbations in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, Arch Intern Med, 170, 880, 10.1001/archinternmed.2010.112

Coiro, 2017, Association of beta-blocker treatment with mortality following myocardial infarction in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and heart failure or left ventricular dysfunction: a propensity matched-cohort analysis from the High-Risk Myocardial Infarction Database Initiative, Eur J Heart Fail, 19, 271, 10.1002/ejhf.647

Cazzola, 2002, The pharmacologic treatment of uncomplicated arterial hypertension in patients with airway dysfunction, Chest, 121, 230, 10.1378/chest.121.1.230

Xie, 2016, Effects of intensive blood pressure lowering on cardiovascular and renal outcomes: updated systematic review and meta-analysis, Lancet, 387, 435, 10.1016/S0140-6736(15)00805-3

Bangalore, 2009, Treating to New Targets Steering Committee and Investigators. J-Curve revisited: an analysis of the Treating to New Targets (TNT) Trial, J Am Coll Cardiol, 53, A217

Bangalore, 2010, What is the optimal blood pressure in patients after acute coronary syndromes?: relationship of blood pressure and cardiovascular events in the PRavastatin OR atorVastatin Evaluation and Infection Therapy-Thrombolysis In Myocardial Infarction (PROVE IT-TIMI) 22 trial, Circulation, 122, 2142, 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.905687

Messerli, 2006, Dogma disputed: can aggressively lowering blood pressure in hypertensive patients with coronary artery disease be dangerous?, Ann Intern Med, 144, 884, 10.7326/0003-4819-144-12-200606200-00005

Sleight, 2009, Prognostic value of blood pressure in patients with high vascular risk in the Ongoing Telmisartan Alone and in combination with Ramipril Global Endpoint Trial study, J Hypertens, 27, 1360, 10.1097/HJH.0b013e32832d7370

Vidal-Petiot, 2016, Cardiovascular event rates and mortality according to achieved systolic and diastolic blood pressure in patients with stable coronary artery disease: an international cohort study, Lancet, 388, 2142, 10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31326-5

Redon, 2012, Safety and efficacy of low blood pressures among patients with diabetes: subgroup analyses from the ONTARGET (ONgoing Telmisartan Alone and in combination with Ramipril Global Endpoint Trial), J Am Coll Cardiol, 59, 74, 10.1016/j.jacc.2011.09.040

Law, 2009, Use of blood pressure lowering drugs in the prevention of cardiovascular disease: meta-analysis of 147 randomised trials in the context of expectations from prospective epidemiological studies, BMJ, 338, b1665, 10.1136/bmj.b1665

Thomopoulos, 2016, Effects of blood pressure-lowering treatment. 6. Prevention of heart failure and new-onset heart failure-meta-analyses of randomized trials, J Hypertens, 34, 373, 10.1097/HJH.0000000000000848

Soliman, 2015, Effect of intensive blood pressure lowering on left ventricular hypertrophy in patients with diabetes mellitus: action to control cardiovascular risk in diabetes blood pressure trial, Hypertension, 66, 1123, 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.115.06236

Verdecchia, 2009, Usual versus tight control of systolic blood pressure in nondiabetic patients with hypertension (Cardio-Sis): an open-label randomised trial, Lancet, 374, 525, 10.1016/S0140-6736(09)61340-4

McMurray, 2014, Angiotensin-neprilysin inhibition versus enalapril in heart failure, N Engl J Med, 371, 993, 10.1056/NEJMoa1409077

Manning, 2015, Short-term blood pressure variability in acute stroke: post hoc analysis of the controlling hypertension and hypotension immediately post stroke and continue or stop poststroke antihypertensives collaborative study trials, Stroke, 46, 1518, 10.1161/STROKEAHA.115.009078

Rodriguez-Luna, 2013, Impact of blood pressure changes and course on hematoma growth in acute intracerebral hemorrhage, Eur J Neurol, 20, 1277, 10.1111/ene.12180

Sakamoto, 2013, Systolic blood pressure after intravenous antihypertensive treatment and clinical outcomes in hyperacute intracerebral hemorrhage: the stroke acute management with urgent risk-factor assessment and improvement-intracerebral hemorrhage study, Stroke, 44, 1846, 10.1161/STROKEAHA.113.001212

Anderson, 2013, Rapid blood-pressure lowering in patients with acute intracerebral hemorrhage, N Engl J Med, 368, 2355, 10.1056/NEJMoa1214609

Qureshi, 2016, Intensive blood-pressure lowering in patients with acute cerebral hemorrhage, N Engl J Med, 375, 1033, 10.1056/NEJMoa1603460

Tsivgoulis, 2014, Intensive blood pressure reduction in acute intracerebral hemorrhage: a meta-analysis, Neurology, 83, 1523, 10.1212/WNL.0000000000000917

Ahmed, 2009, Relationship of blood pressure, antihypertensive therapy, and outcome in ischemic stroke treated with intravenous thrombolysis: retrospective analysis from Safe Implementation of Thrombolysis in Stroke-International Stroke Thrombolysis Register (SITS-ISTR), Stroke, 40, 2442, 10.1161/STROKEAHA.109.548602

Wu, 2016, Relationship between blood pressure and outcomes in acute ischemic stroke patients administered lytic medication in the TIMS-China Study, PLoS One, 11, e0144260, 10.1371/journal.pone.0144260

Lee, 2015, Effect of blood pressure lowering in early ischemic stroke: meta-analysis, Stroke, 46, 1883, 10.1161/STROKEAHA.115.009552

Zhao, 2015, Blood pressure reduction in the acute phase of an ischemic stroke does not improve short- or long-term dependency or mortality: a meta-analysis of current literature, Medicine (Baltimore, 94, e896, 10.1097/MD.0000000000000896

Jauch, 2013, Guidelines for the early management of patients with acute ischemic stroke: a guideline for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association, Stroke, 44, 870, 10.1161/STR.0b013e318284056a

Sandset, 2011, The angiotensin-receptor blocker candesartan for treatment of acute stroke (SCAST): a randomised, placebo-controlled, double-blind trial, Lancet, 377, 741, 10.1016/S0140-6736(11)60104-9

Sandset, 2012, Berge E; Scandinavian Candesartan Acute Stroke Trial (SCAST) Study Group. Relation between change in blood pressure in acute stroke and risk of early adverse events and poor outcome, Stroke, 43, 2108, 10.1161/STROKEAHA.111.647362

2015, Efficacy of nitric oxide, with or without continuing antihypertensive treatment, for management of high blood pressure in acute stroke (ENOS): a partial-factorial randomised controlled trial., Lancet, 385, 617, 10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61121-1

Robinson, 2010, Effects of antihypertensive treatment after acute stroke in the Continue or Stop Post-Stroke Antihypertensives Collaborative Study (COSSACS): a prospective, randomised, open, blinded-endpoint trial, Lancet Neurol, 9, 767, 10.1016/S1474-4422(10)70163-0

1995, A preliminary result., Chin Med J (Engl), 108, 710

White, 2015, Can blood pressure be lowered safely in older adults with lacunar stroke? The Secondary Prevention of Small Subcortical Strokes study experience, J Am Geriatr Soc, 63, 722, 10.1111/jgs.13349

Kernan, 2014, Guidelines for the prevention of stroke in patients with stroke and transient ischemic attack: a guideline for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association, Stroke, 45, 2160, 10.1161/STR.0000000000000024

Arima, 2006, Lower target blood pressures are safe and effective for the prevention of recurrent stroke: the PROGRESS trial, J Hypertens, 24, 1201, 10.1097/01.hjh.0000226212.34055.86

Collier, 2011, Impact of amlodipine-based therapy among older and younger patients in the Anglo-Scandinavian Cardiac Outcomes Trial-Blood Pressure Lowering Arm (ASCOT-BPLA), J Hypertens, 29, 583, 10.1097/HJH.0b013e328342c845

Vickrey, 2002, Occurrence of secondary ischemic events among persons with atherosclerotic vascular disease, Stroke, 33, 901, 10.1161/hs0402.105246

Emdin, 2016, Blood pressure and risk of vascular dementia: evidence from a primary care registry and a cohort study of transient ischemic attack and stroke, Stroke, 47, 1429, 10.1161/STROKEAHA.116.012658

Ninomiya, 2011, Midlife and late-life blood pressure and dementia in Japanese elderly: the Hisayama study, Hypertension, 58, 22, 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.110.163055

Sierra, 2004, Silent cerebral white matter lesions and cognitive function in middle-aged essential hypertensive patients, Am J Hypertens, 17, 529, 10.1016/j.amjhyper.2004.02.014

Snyder, 2015, Vascular contributions to cognitive impairment and dementia including Alzheimer's disease, Alzheimers Dement, 11, 710, 10.1016/j.jalz.2014.10.008

Levi Marpillat, 2013, Antihypertensive classes, cognitive decline and incidence of dementia: a network meta-analysis, J Hypertens, 31, 1073, 10.1097/HJH.0b013e3283603f53

Godin, 2011, Antihypertensive treatment and change in blood pressure are associated with the progression of white matter lesion volumes: the Three-City (3C)-Dijon Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study, Circulation, 123, 266, 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.110.961052

Lip, 2017, Hypertension and cardiac arrhythmias: a consensus document from the European Heart Rhythm Association (EHRA) and ESC Council on Hypertension, endorsed by the Heart Rhythm Society (HRS), Asia-Pacific Heart Rhythm Society (APHRS) and Sociedad Latinoamericana de Estimulacion Cardiaca y Electrofisiologia (SOLEACE), Europace, 19, 891, 10.1093/europace/eux091

Manolis, 2013, The unappreciated importance of blood pressure in recent and older atrial fibrillation trials, J Hypertens, 31, 2109, 10.1097/HJH.0b013e3283638194

Laukkanen, 2014, Left ventricular mass and the risk of sudden cardiac death: a population-based study, J Am Heart Assoc, 3, e001285, 10.1161/JAHA.114.001285

Lip, 2016, Atrial fibrillation in patients with hypertension: trajectories of risk factors in yet another manifestation of hypertensive target organ damage, Hypertension, 68, 544, 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.116.07901

Conen, 2009, Influence of systolic and diastolic blood pressure on the risk of incident atrial fibrillation in women, Circulation, 119, 2146, 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.108.830042

Grundvold, 2012, Upper normal blood pressures predict incident atrial fibrillation in healthy middle-aged men: a 35-year follow-up study, Hypertension, 59, 198, 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.111.179713

Freedman, 2016, Stroke prevention in atrial fibrillation, Lancet, 388, 806, 10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31257-0

Schmieder, 2008, Reduced incidence of new-onset atrial fibrillation with angiotensin II receptor blockade: the VALUE trial, J Hypertens, 26, 403, 10.1097/HJH.0b013e3282f35c67

Wachtell, 2005, Angiotensin II receptor blockade reduces new-onset atrial fibrillation and subsequent stroke compared to atenolol: the Losartan Intervention For End Point Reduction in Hypertension (LIFE) study, J Am Coll Cardiol, 45, 712, 10.1016/j.jacc.2004.10.068

Cohn, 2001, A randomized trial of the angiotensin-receptor blocker valsartan in chronic heart failure, N Engl J Med, 345, 1667, 10.1056/NEJMoa010713

Ducharme, 2006, Prevention of atrial fibrillation in patients with symptomatic chronic heart failure by candesartan in the Candesartan in Heart failure: Assessment of Reduction in Mortality and morbidity (CHARM) program, Am Heart J, 152, 86, 10.1016/j.ahj.2005.06.036

Vermes, 2003, Enalapril decreases the incidence of atrial fibrillation in patients with left ventricular dysfunction: insight from the Studies Of Left Ventricular Dysfunction (SOLVD) trials, Circulation, 107, 2926, 10.1161/01.CIR.0000072793.81076.D4

Disertori, 2009, Valsartan for prevention of recurrent atrial fibrillation, N Engl J Med, 360, 1606, 10.1056/NEJMoa0805710

Goette, 2012, Angiotensin II-antagonist in paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (ANTIPAF) trial, Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol, 5, 43, 10.1161/CIRCEP.111.965178

Tveit, 2007, Candesartan in the prevention of relapsing atrial fibrillation, Int J Cardiol, 120, 85, 10.1016/j.ijcard.2006.08.086

Nasr, 2007, Prevention of atrial fibrillation onset by beta-blocker treatment in heart failure: a meta-analysis, Eur Heart J, 28, 457, 10.1093/eurheartj/ehl484

Swedberg, 2012, Eplerenone and atrial fibrillation in mild systolic heart failure: results from the EMPHASIS-HF (Eplerenone in Mild Patients Hospitalization And SurvIval Study in Heart Failure) study, J Am Coll Cardiol, 59, 1598, 10.1016/j.jacc.2011.11.063

Schaer, 2010, Risk for incident atrial fibrillation in patients who receive antihypertensive drugs: a nested case-control study, Ann Intern Med, 152, 78, 10.7326/0003-4819-152-2-201001190-00005

Hung, 2016, Is an oral anticoagulant necessary for young atrial fibrillation patients with a CHA2DS2-VASc score of 1 (men) or 2 (women)?, J Am Heart Assoc, 5, e003839, 10.1161/JAHA.116.003839

Chao, 2015, Should atrial fibrillation patients with 1 additional risk factor of the CHA2DS2-VASc score (beyond sex) receive oral anticoagulation?, J Am Coll Cardiol, 65, 635, 10.1016/j.jacc.2014.11.046

Kirchhof, 2016, 2016 ESC Guidelines for the management of atrial fibrillation developed in collaboration with EACTS, Eur Heart J, 37, 2893, 10.1093/eurheartj/ehw210

Zanchetti, 2004, Different effects of antihypertensive regimens based on fosinopril or hydrochlorothiazide with or without lipid lowering by pravastatin on progression of asymptomatic carotid atherosclerosis: principal results of PHYLLIS-a randomized double-blind trial, Stroke, 35, 2807, 10.1161/01.STR.0000147041.00840.59

Lorenz, 2012, Carotid intima-media thickness progression to predict cardiovascular events in the general population (the PROG-IMT collaborative project): a meta-analysis of individual participant data, Lancet, 379, 2053, 10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60441-3

Laurent, 2014, Dose-dependent arterial destiffening and inward remodeling after olmesartan in hypertensives with metabolic syndrome, Hypertension, 64, 709, 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.114.03282

Ong, 2011, Aortic stiffness is reduced beyond blood pressure lowering by short-term and long-term antihypertensive treatment: a meta-analysis of individual data in 294 patients, J Hypertens, 29, 1034, 10.1097/HJH.0b013e328346a583

Shahin, 2012, Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors effect on arterial stiffness and wave reflections: a meta-analysis and meta-regression of randomised controlled trials, Atherosclerosis, 221, 18, 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2011.12.005

Ait-Oufella, 2010, Long-term reduction in aortic stiffness: a 5.3-year follow-up in routine clinical practice, J Hypertens, 28, 2336, 10.1097/HJH.0b013e32833da2b2

Guerin, 2001, Impact of aortic stiffness attenuation on survival of patients in end-stage renal failure, Circulation, 103, 987, 10.1161/01.CIR.103.7.987

Singer, 2008, Management of hypertension in peripheral arterial disease: does the choice of drugs matter?, Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg, 35, 701, 10.1016/j.ejvs.2008.01.007

Paravastu, 2009, Beta blockers for peripheral arterial disease, Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg, 38, 66, 10.1016/j.ejvs.2009.02.019

Radack, 1991, Beta-adrenergic blocker therapy does not worsen intermittent claudication in subjects with peripheral arterial disease. A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials, Arch Intern Med, 151, 1769, 10.1001/archinte.1991.00400090063012

Nakamura, 2016, Treatment of hypertension in coarctation of the aorta, Curr Treat Options Cardiovasc Med, 18, 40, 10.1007/s11936-016-0462-x

Erbel, 2014, 2014 ESC Guidelines on the diagnosis and treatment of aortic diseases: Document covering acute and chronic aortic diseases of the thoracic and abdominal aorta of the adult. The Task Force for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Aortic Diseases of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC), Eur Heart J, 35, 2873, 10.1093/eurheartj/ehu281

Shores, 1994, Progression of aortic dilatation and the benefit of long-term beta-adrenergic blockade in Marfan's syndrome, N Engl J Med, 330, 1335, 10.1056/NEJM199405123301902

Groenink, 2013, Losartan reduces aortic dilatation rate in adults with Marfan syndrome: a randomized controlled trial, Eur Heart J, 34, 3491, 10.1093/eurheartj/eht334

Schaefer, 2008, The bicuspid aortic valve: an integrated phenotypic classification of leaflet morphology and aortic root shape, Heart, 94, 1634, 10.1136/hrt.2007.132092

Davies, 2007, Natural history of ascending aortic aneurysms in the setting of an unreplaced bicuspid aortic valve, Ann Thorac Surg, 83, 1338, 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2006.10.074

Lindman, 2013, Time to treat hypertension in patients with aortic stenosis, Circulation, 128, 1281, 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.113.005275

Viigimaa, 2011, Hypertension and sexual dysfunction: time to act, J Hypertens, 29, 403, 10.1097/HJH.0b013e328342c659

Shamloul, 2013, Erectile dysfunction, Lancet, 381, 153, 10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60520-0

Dong, 2011, Erectile dysfunction and risk of cardiovascular disease: meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies, J Am Coll Cardiol, 58, 1378, 10.1016/j.jacc.2011.06.024

La Torre, 2015, Sexual dysfunction related to drugs: a critical review. Part IV: cardiovascular drugs, Pharmacopsychiatry, 48, 1

Pickering, 2004, Sildenafil citrate for erectile dysfunction in men receiving multiple antihypertensive agents: a randomized controlled trial, Am J Hypertens, 17, 1135, 10.1016/j.amjhyper.2004.07.004

Foy, 2016, Blood pressure, sexual activity, and dysfunction in women with hypertension: baseline findings from the Systolic Blood Pressure Intervention Trial (SPRINT), J Sex Med, 13, 1333, 10.1016/j.jsxm.2016.06.014

Jain, 2007, Chemotherapy agents and hypertension: a focus on angiogenesis blockade, Curr Hypertens Rep, 9, 320, 10.1007/s11906-007-0058-7

Abi Aad, 2015, Hypertension induced by chemotherapeutic and immunosuppresive agents: a new challenge, Crit Rev Oncol Hematol, 93, 28, 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2014.08.004

Maitland, 2010, Initial assessment, surveillance, and management of blood pressure in patients receiving vascular endothelial growth factor signaling pathway inhibitors, J Natl Cancer Inst, 102, 596, 10.1093/jnci/djq091

Chang, 2017, Cardiovascular complications of cancer therapy: best practices in diagnosis, prevention, and management: Part 2, J Am Coll Cardiol, 70, 2552, 10.1016/j.jacc.2017.09.1095

Milan, 2014, Arterial hypertension and cancer, Int J Cancer, 134, 2269, 10.1002/ijc.28334

Aronson, 2017, Perioperative management of high-risk patients: going beyond ‘avoid hypoxia and hypotension’, JAMA, 318, 1330, 10.1001/jama.2017.13699

Kristensen, 2014, 2014 ESC/ESA Guidelines on noncardiac surgery: cardiovascular assessment and management: The Joint Task Force on noncardiac surgery: cardiovascular assessment and management of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and the European Society of Anaesthesiology (ESA), Eur Heart J, 35, 2383, 10.1093/eurheartj/ehu282

Futier, 2017, Effect of individualized vs standard blood pressure management strategies on postoperative organ dysfunction among high-risk patients undergoing major surgery: a randomized clinical trial, JAMA, 318, 1346, 10.1001/jama.2017.14172

Bouri, 2014, Meta-analysis of secure randomised controlled trials of beta-blockade to prevent perioperative death in noncardiac surgery, Heart, 100, 456, 10.1136/heartjnl-2013-304262

Blessberger, 2018, Perioperative beta-blockers for preventing surgery-related mortality and morbidity, Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 3, CD004476

Zou, 2016, Perioperative angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors or angiotensin II type 1 receptor blockers for preventing mortality and morbidity in adults, Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 1, CD009210

Roshanov, 2017, Withholding versus continuing angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors or angiotensin II receptor blockers before noncardiac surgery: an analysis of the Vascular events In noncardiac Surgery patIents cOhort evaluatioN Prospective Cohort, Anesthesiology, 126, 16, 10.1097/ALN.0000000000001404

London, 2013, Association of perioperative beta-blockade with mortality and cardiovascular morbidity following major noncardiac surgery, JAMA, 309, 1704, 10.1001/jama.2013.4135

Andersson, 2014, Association of beta-blocker therapy with risks of adverse cardiovascular events and deaths in patients with ischemic heart disease undergoing noncardiac surgery: a Danish nationwide cohort study, JAMA Intern Med, 174, 336, 10.1001/jamainternmed.2013.11349

Kwon, 2012, Beta-blocker continuation after noncardiac surgery: a report from the surgical care and outcomes assessment program, Arch Surg, 147, 467, 10.1001/archsurg.2011.1698

Chapman, 2011, Triglyceride-rich lipoproteins and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol in patients at high risk of cardiovascular disease: evidence and guidance for management, Eur Heart J, 32, 1345, 10.1093/eurheartj/ehr112

Sever, 2003, Prevention of coronary and stroke events with atorvastatin in hypertensive patients who have average or lower-than-average cholesterol concentrations, in the Anglo-Scandinavian Cardiac Outcomes Trial-Lipid Lowering Arm (ASCOT-LLA): a multicentre randomised controlled trial, Lancet, 361, 1149, 10.1016/S0140-6736(03)12948-0

Ridker, 2008, Rosuvastatin to prevent vascular events in men and women with elevated C-reactive protein, N Engl J Med, 359, 2195, 10.1056/NEJMoa0807646

Yusuf, 2016, Cholesterol lowering in intermediate-risk persons without cardiovascular disease, N Engl J Med, 374, 2021, 10.1056/NEJMoa1600176

Catapano, 2016, 2016 ESC/EAS Guidelines for the Management of Dyslipidaemias, Eur Heart J, 37, 2999, 10.1093/eurheartj/ehw272

Boekholdt, 2014, Very low levels of atherogenic lipoproteins and the risk for cardiovascular events: a meta-analysis of statin trials, J Am Coll Cardiol, 64, 485, 10.1016/j.jacc.2014.02.615

Brugts, 2009, The benefits of statins in people without established cardiovascular disease but with cardiovascular risk factors: meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials, BMJ, 338, b2376, 10.1136/bmj.b2376

Fulcher, 2015, Efficacy and safety of LDL-lowering therapy among men and women: meta-analysis of individual data from 174,000 participants in 27 randomised trials, Lancet, 385, 1397, 10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61368-4

Lip, 2000, Hypertension and the prothrombotic state, J Hum Hypertens, 14, 687, 10.1038/sj.jhh.1001051

Lip, 2011, Antiplatelet agents and anticoagulants for hypertension, Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 12, CD003186

Friberg, 2012, Evaluation of risk stratification schemes for ischaemic stroke and bleeding in 182 678 patients with atrial fibrillation: the Swedish Atrial Fibrillation cohort study, Eur Heart J, 33, 1500, 10.1093/eurheartj/ehr488

Lip, 2011, Bleeding risk assessment and management in atrial fibrillation patients. Executive Summary of a Position Document from the European Heart Rhythm Association [EHRA, endorsed by the European Society of Cardiology [ESC] Working Group on, Thrombosis Thromb Haemost, 106, 997, 10.1160/TH11-10-0690

Lip, 2016, Bleeding risk assessment in atrial fibrillation: observations on the use and misuse of bleeding risk scores, J Thromb Haemost, 14, 1711, 10.1111/jth.13386

Marso, 2016, Liraglutide and Cardiovascular Outcomes in Type 2 Diabetes, N Engl J Med, 375, 311, 10.1056/NEJMoa1603827

Marso, 2016, Semaglutide and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes, N Engl J Med, 375, 1834, 10.1056/NEJMoa1607141

Birtwhistle, 2004, Randomised equivalence trial comparing three month and six month follow up of patients with hypertension by family practitioners, BMJ, 328, 204, 10.1136/bmj.37967.374063.EE

Clark, 2010, Nurse led interventions to improve control of blood pressure in people with hypertension: systematic review and meta-analysis, BMJ, 341, c3995, 10.1136/bmj.c3995

Bray, 2010, Does self-monitoring reduce blood pressure? Meta-analysis with meta-regression of randomized controlled trials, Ann Med, 42, 371, 10.3109/07853890.2010.489567

Niiranen, 2010, Home-measured blood pressure is a stronger predictor of cardiovascular risk than office blood pressure: the Finn-Home study, Hypertension, 55, 1346, 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.109.149336

Cook, 2007, Long term effects of dietary sodium reduction on cardiovascular disease outcomes: observational follow-up of the trials of hypertension prevention (TOHP), BMJ, 334, 885, 10.1136/bmj.39147.604896.55

Gupta, 2010, Prehypertension in disease-free adults: a marker for an adverse cardiometabolic risk profile, Hypertens Res, 33, 905, 10.1038/hr.2010.91

Sacks, 2001, Effects on blood pressure of reduced dietary sodium and the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet. DASH-Sodium Collaborative Research Group, N Engl J Med, 344, 3, 10.1056/NEJM200101043440101

Thompson, 2011, Antihypertensive treatment and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease events among persons without hypertension: a meta-analysis, JAMA, 305, 913, 10.1001/jama.2011.250

Viera, 2011, Do clinicians tell patients they have prehypertension?, J Am Board Fam Med, 24, 117, 10.3122/jabfm.2011.01.100206

Gale, 2011, Patient and general practitioner attitudes to taking medication to prevent cardiovascular disease after receiving detailed information on risks and benefits of treatment: a qualitative study, BMC Fam Pract, 12, 59, 10.1186/1471-2296-12-59

Krousel-Wood, 2011, Predictors of decline in medication adherence: results from the cohort study of medication adherence among older adults, Hypertension, 58, 804, 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.111.176859

Mazzaglia, 2009, Adherence to antihypertensive medications and cardiovascular morbidity among newly diagnosed hypertensive patients, Circulation, 120, 1598, 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.108.830299

Burnier, 2013, Measuring, analyzing, and managing drug adherence in resistant hypertension, Hypertension, 62, 218, 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.113.00687

Naderi, 2012, Adherence to drugs that prevent cardiovascular disease: meta-analysis on 376,162 patients, Am J Med, 125, 882, 10.1016/j.amjmed.2011.12.013

Tomaszewski, 2014, High rates of nonadherence to antihypertensive treatment revealed by high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HP LC-MS/MS) urine analysis, Heart, 100, 855, 10.1136/heartjnl-2013-305063

Berra, 2016, Evaluation of adherence should become an integral part of assessment of patients with apparently treatment-resistant hypertension, Hypertension, 68, 297, 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.116.07464

Burnier, 2014, Managing ‘resistance’: is adherence a target for treatment?, Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens, 23, 439, 10.1097/MNH.0000000000000045

Fletcher, 2015, The effect of self-monitoring of blood pressure on medication adherence and lifestyle factors: a systematic review and meta-analysis, Am J Hypertens, 28, 1209, 10.1093/ajh/hpv008

Burnier, 2011, Impact of prolonged antihypertensive duration of action on predicted clinical outcomes in imperfectly adherent patients: comparison of aliskiren, irbesartan and ramipril, Int J Clin Pract, 65, 127, 10.1111/j.1742-1241.2010.02616.x

Lowy, 2011, Effects on blood pressure and cardiovascular risk of variations in patients’ adherence to prescribed antihypertensive drugs: role of duration of drug action, Int J Clin Pract, 65, 41, 10.1111/j.1742-1241.2010.02569.x