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This article is dedicated to Stanley Falkow. The work of L. L. Cavalli-Sforza was a major source of inspiration. We acknowledge S. Lory for the analysis of Pseudomonas genome; P. Christie and J. Hacker for suggestions; and N. Lange S. Guidotti J. M. Reyrat X. Ji M. Stein and E. Segal for granting access to experimental data. We gratefully acknowledge G. Corsi for the illustrations and C. Mallia for editorial assistance.
