¿Es real el riesgo de osteoporosis y riesgo de fracturas con el uso crónico de inhibidores de la bomba de protones?

García del Pozo, 2009, Estudio de utilización de antiulcerosos en España (2000-2008), Inf Ter Sist Nac Salud., 33, 49 Esplugues, 2006, Seguridad de la utilización de los inhibidores de la bomba de protones, Med Clin (Barc)., 127, 790, 10.1157/13095825 Ali, 2009, Long-term safety concerns with proton pump inhibitors, Am J Med., 122, 896, 10.1016/j.amjmed.2009.04.014 Esplugues, 2010, Seguridad e interacciones de los inhibidores de la bomba de protones: lecciones aprendidas en millones de pacientes, Gastroenterol Hepatol., 33, 15, 10.1016/S0210-5705(10)70004-2 Yang, 2010, Safety of proton pump inhibitor exposure, Gastroenterology., 139, 1115, 10.1053/j.gastro.2010.08.023 Pharm, 2006, Acid suppressive therapy use on an inpatient internal medicine service, Ann Pharmacother., 40, 1261, 10.1345/aph.1G703 Parker, 2006, Hip fracture, BMJ., 333, 27, 10.1136/bmj.333.7557.27 Riggs, 1986, Involutional osteoporosis, N Engl J Med., 314, 1676, 10.1056/NEJM198606263142605 Nordin, 1997, Calcium and osteoporosis, Nutrition., 13, 664, 10.1016/S0899-9007(97)83011-0 Sheikh, 1987, Gastrointestinal absorption of calcium from milk and calcium salts, N Engl J Med., 317, 532, 10.1056/NEJM198708273170903 Schinke, 2009, Impaired gastric acidification negatively affects calcium homeostasis and bone mass, Nat Med., 15, 674, 10.1038/nm.1963 Yang, 2006, Long-term proton pump inhibitor therapy and risk of hip fracture, JAMA., 296, 2947, 10.1001/jama.296.24.2947 Chonan, 1998, Effect of L-lactic acid on calcium absorption in rats fed omeprazole, J Nutr Sci Vitaminol., 44, 473, 10.3177/jnsv.44.473 Chonan, 1998, Effect of L-lactic acid on the absorption of calcium in gastrectomized rats, J Nutr Sci Vitaminol., 44, 869, 10.3177/jnsv.44.869 Goerss, 1992, Risk of fractures in patients with pernicious anemia, J Bone Miner Res., 7, 573, 10.1002/jbmr.5650070514 Graziani, 1995, Effect of gastric acid secretion on intestinal phosphate and calcium absorption in normal subjects, Nephrol Dial Transplant., 10, 1376 Graziani, 2002, Calcium and phosphate plasma levels in dialysis patients after dietary Ca-P overload, Role of gastric acid secretion. Nephron., 91, 474 Hardy, 1998, Inhibition of gastric secretion by omeprazole and efficiency of calcium carbonate on the control of hyperphosphatemia in patients on chronic hemodialisys, Artif Organs., 22, 569, 10.1046/j.1525-1594.1998.06200.x O’Connell, 2005, Effects of proton pump inhibitors on calcium carbonate absorption in women:a randomized crossover trial, Am J Med., 118, 778, 10.1016/j.amjmed.2005.02.007 Insogna, 2009, The effect of proton pump-inhibiting drugs on mineral metabolism, Am J Gastroenterol., 104, S2, 10.1038/ajg.2009.44 Abrams, 1999, Using stable isotopes to asses mineral absorption and utilization by children, Am J Clin Nutr., 70, 955, 10.1093/ajcn/70.6.955 Hansen, 2010, Do proton pump inhibitors decrease calcium absorption?, J Bone Miner Res., 25, 2510, 10.1002/jbmr.166 Wright, 2010, Inhibiting gastric acid production does not affect intestinal calcium absorption in young, healthy individuals:a randomized, crossover, controlled clinical trial, J Bone Miner Res., 25, 2205, 10.1002/jbmr.108 Esplugues, 2005, A pharmacological approach to gastric acid inhibition, Drugs., 65, 7 Yuan, 2010, The vacuolar ATPase in bone cells:a potential therapeutic target in osteoporosis, Mol Biol Rep., 37, 3561, 10.1007/s11033-010-0004-7 Wu, 2009, Atp6v0d2 is an essential component of the osteoclast-specific proton pump that mediates extracellular acidification in bone resorption, J Bone Miner Res., 24, 871, 10.1359/jbmr.081239 Geng, 2009, Inhibition of osteoclast formation and function by bicarbonate:Role of soluble adenylyl cyclise, J Cell Physiol., 220, 332, 10.1002/jcp.21767 Mizunashi, 1993, Effect of omeprazole, an inhibitor of H+,K(+)-ATPase, on bone resorption in humans, Calcif Tissue Int., 53, 21, 10.1007/BF01352010 Rzeszutek, 2003, Proton pump inhibitors control osteoclastic resorption of calcium phosphate implants and stimulate increased local reparative bone growth, J Craniofac Surg., 14, 301, 10.1097/00001665-200305000-00007 Sheraly, 2009, Use of gastrointestinal pump inhibitors to regulate osteoclast-mediated resorption of calcium phosphate cements in vivo, Curr Drug Deliv., 6, 192, 10.2174/156720109787846225 Vestergaard, 2006, Proton pump inhibitors, histamine H2 receptor antagonists, and other antacid medications and the risk of fracture, Calcif Tissue Int., 79, 76, 10.1007/s00223-006-0021-7 Targownik, 2008, Use of proton pump inhibitors and risk of osteoporosis-related fractures, CMAJ., 179, 319, 10.1503/cmaj.071330 Yu, 2008, Acid-suppressive medications and risk of bone loss and fracture in older adults, Calcif Tissue Int., 83, 251, 10.1007/s00223-008-9170-1 Corley, 2010, Proton pump inhibitors and histamine-2 receptor antagonists are associated with hip fracture among at-risk patients, Gastroenterology., 139, 93, 10.1053/j.gastro.2010.03.055 Gray, 2010, Proton pump inhibitors use, hip fracture and change in bone mineral density in postmenopausal women, Arch Int Med., 170, 765, 10.1001/archinternmed.2010.94 Laine, 2009, Proton pump inhibitors and bone fractures?, Am J Gastroenterol., 104, S21, 10.1038/ajg.2009.48 Grisso, 1997, Risk factors for hip fracture in man, Am J Epidemiol., 145, 786, 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a009171 Schoofs, 2003, Thiazide diuretics and the risk of hip fracture, Ann Intern Med., 139, 476, 10.7326/0003-4819-139-6-200309160-00010 Van Staa, 2000, Use of oral corticosteroids and risk of fractures, J Bone Miner Res., 15, 993, 10.1359/jbmr.2000.15.6.993 Kanis, 2005, Assessment of fracture risk, Osteoporos Int., 16, 581, 10.1007/s00198-004-1780-5 Kaye, 2008, Proton pump inhibitors use and risk of hip fractures in patients without major risk factors, Pharmacotherapy., 28, 951, 10.1592/phco.28.8.951 Bodmer, 2010, Proton pump inhibitors and fracture risk:true effect or residual confounding?, Drug Saf., 33, 843, 10.2165/11536780-000000000-00000 Targownik, 2010, Proton-pump inhibitor use is not associated with osteoporosis or accelerated bone mineral density loss, Gastroenterology., 138, 896, 10.1053/j.gastro.2009.11.014 Wainwright, 2005, Hip fracture in women without osteoporosis, J Clin Endocrinol Metab., 90, 2787, 10.1210/jc.2004-1568 Kocher, 2003, Osteopetrosis, Am J Orthop, 32, 222 McGowan, 2010, Prescribing of anti-osteoporotic therapies following the use of proton pump inhibitors in general practice, Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf., 19, 763, 10.1002/pds.1972