¿El cardiólogo debe buscar enfermedad vascular cerebral en el paciente con enfermedad coronaria? Técnicas diagnósticas

Banegas, 2006, Epidemiología de las enfermedades cardiovasculares en España, Rev Esp Cardiol, 6, G3 1996, A randomised, blinded trial of clopidogrel versus aspirin in patients at risk of ischemic events (CAPRIE), Lancet, 348, 1329, 10.1016/S0140-6736(96)09457-3 Rothwell, 2005, Population-based study of event-rate, incidence case fatality and mortality for all acute vascular events in all arterial territories (Oxford Vascular Study), Lancet, 366, 1773, 10.1016/S0140-6736(05)67702-1 Steg, 2007, One year cardiovascular event rates in outpatients with atherotrombosis, JAMA, 297, 1197, 10.1001/jama.297.11.1197 Rosamond, 1999, Stroke incidence and survival among middle-aged adults: Nine-year follow-up of the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) cohort, Stroke, 30, 736, 10.1161/01.STR.30.4.736 Longstreth, 1998, Asymptomatic internal carotid artery stenosis defined by ultrasound and the risk of subsequent stroke in the Elderly. The Cardiovascular Health Study, Stroke, 29, 2371, 10.1161/01.STR.29.11.2371 De Weerd, 2009, Prevalence of asymptomatic carotid artery stenosis according to age and sex. Systematic review and metaregression analysis, Stroke, 40, 1105, 10.1161/STROKEAHA.108.532218 Inzitari, 2000, The causes and risk of stroke in patients with asymptomatic internal-carotid-artery stenosis, N Engl J Med, 342, 1693, 10.1056/NEJM200006083422302 Witt, 2006, The incidence of stroke after myocardial infarction: A meta-analysis, Am J Med, 119, 10.1016/j.amjmed.2005.10.058 Budaj, 2005, Magnitude of and risk factors for in hospital and postdischarge stroke in patients with acute coronary syndromes, Circulation, 111, 3242, 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.104.512806 Mahaffey, 1999, Stroke in patients with acute coronary syndromes: incidence and outcomes in the Platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa in Unstable angina: Receptor Suppression Using Integrilin Therapy (PURSUIT) Trial: the PURSUIT Inverstigators, Circulation, 99, 2371, 10.1161/01.CIR.99.18.2371 Maggioni, 1992, The risk of stroke in patients with acute myocardial infarction after thrombolytic and antithrombotic treatment: Gruppo Italiano per lo Studio della Sopravvivenza nell’Infarto Miocardico II (GISSI-II), and the International Study Group, N Engl J Med, 327, 1, 10.1056/NEJM199207023270101 Mooe, 1997, Ischemic stroke after acute myocardial infarction. A population-based study, Stroke, 28, 762, 10.1161/01.STR.28.4.762 Chung-Wah, 2007, Transient atrial fibrillation complicating acute myocardial infarction. Implications for future risk of ischemic stroke, Chest, 132, 44, 10.1378/chest.06-2733 Turu, 2006, Matrix metalloproteinases in plaque and plasma from patients with advenced carotid atherosclerosis, Atherosclerosis, 187, 161, 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2005.08.039 Saba, 2007, CT and ultrasound in the study of ulcerated carotid plaque compared with surgical results: potentialities and advantages of multidetector row CT angiography, Am J Neuroradiol, 28, 1061, 10.3174/ajnr.A0486 Wallis de Vries, 2008, Current imaging modalities to visualize vulnerability within the atherosclerotic carotid plaque, J Vasc Surg, 48, 1620, 10.1016/j.jvs.2008.07.011 Massie, 2009, Randomized trial of warfarin, aspirin and clopidogrel in patients with chronic heart failure. The Warfarin and Antiplatelet Therapy in Chronic Heart Failure (WATCH) Trial, Circulation, 119, 1616, 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.108.801753 Testa, 2007, Adjusted indirect meta-analysis of aspirin plus warfarin at international normalized ratios 2 to 3 versus aspirin plus clopidogrel after acute coronary syndromes, Am J Cardiol, 99, 1637, 10.1016/j.amjcard.2007.01.052 Herlitz, 2004, Effect of fixed low-dose warfarin added to aspirin in the long-term after acute myocardial infarction the LoWASA Study, Eur Heart J, 25, 232, 10.1016/j.ehj.2003.10.026 Fiore, 2002, Department of Veterans Affairs Cooperative Studies Program clinical trial comparing combined warfarin and aspirin with aspirin alone in survivors of acute myocardial infarction. Primary results of the CHAMP Study, Circulation, 105, 557, 10.1161/hc0502.103329 Van de Werf, 2008, The Task Force on the management of ST-segment elevation acute myocardial infarction of the European Society of Cardiology. Management of acute myocardial infarction in patients presenting with persistent ST segment elevation, Eur Heart J, 29, 2909, 10.1093/eurheartj/ehn416 1991, Beneficial effect of carotid endarterectomy in symptomatic patients with high grade carotid stenosis, N Engl J Med, 325, 445, 10.1056/NEJM199108153250701 1998, Randomised trial of endarterectomy for recently symptomatic carotid stenosis: final results of the MRC European Carotid Surgery Trial (ECST), Lancet, 351, 1359 Lacroix, 2006, Type-2 diabetes and carotid stenosis: a proposal for a screening strategy in asymptomatic individuals, Vasc Med, 1, 93, 10.1191/1358863x06vm677oa Lee, 1997, Cost-effectiveness of screening for carotid stenosis in asymptomatic persons, Ann Intern Med, 126, 337, 10.7326/0003-4819-126-5-199703010-00001 Derdeyn, 1996, Cost-effectiveness of screening for asymptomatic carotid atherosclerotic disease, Stroke, 27, 1944, 10.1161/01.STR.27.11.1944 1995, CEA for asymptomatic carotid stenosis, JAMA, 273, 1421, 10.1001/jama.1995.03520420037035 Halliday, 2004, MRC Asymptomatic Carotid Surgery Trial (ACST) Collaborative Group: Prevention of disabling and fatal strokes by successful carotid endarterectomy in patients without recent neurological symptoms: randomised controlled trial, Lancet, 363, 1491, 10.1016/S0140-6736(04)16146-1 Wolf, 1981, Asymptomatic carotid bruit and risk of stroke: the Framingham Study, JAMA, 245, 1442, 10.1001/jama.1981.03310390042019 Cournot, 2007, Accuracy of the screening physical examination to identify subclinical atherosclerosis and peripheral arterial disease in asymptomatic subjects, J Vasc Surg, 46, 1215, 10.1016/j.jvs.2007.08.022 Whitty, 1998, Investigating individual subjects and screening populations for asymptomatic carotid stenosis can be harmful, J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry, 64, 619, 10.1136/jnnp.64.5.619 Moons, 2002, Prediction of stroke in the general population in Europe (EUROSTROKE): Is there a role for fibrinogen and electrocardiography?, J Epidemiol Community Health, 56, I30, 10.1136/jech.56.suppl_1.i30 Weimar, 2009, The Essen Stroke Risk Score predicts recurrent cardiovascular events. A validation within the Reduction of Atherosclerosis for Continued Health (REACH) Registry, Stroke, 40, 350, 10.1161/STROKEAHA.108.521419 Suri, 2008, Validation of two different grading schemes to identify patients with asymptomatic carotid artery stenosis in general population, J Neuroimaging, 18, 142, 10.1111/j.1552-6569.2007.00192.x Qureshi, 2001, Who should be screened for asymptomatic carotid artery stenosis? Experience from the Western New York Stroke Screening Program, J Neuroimaging, 11, 105, 10.1111/j.1552-6569.2001.tb00019.x Qureshi, 2007, J Neuroimaging, 17, 19, 10.1111/j.1552-6569.2006.00085.x AbuRahma, 2008, Optimal carotid duplex velocity criteria for defining the severity of carotid in-stent restenosis, J Vasc Surg, 48, 589, 10.1016/j.jvs.2008.04.004 Shaalan, 2008, Reappraisal of velocity criteria for carotid bulb/internal carotid stenosis utilizing high-resolution B-mode ultrasound validated with computed tomography angiography, J Vasc Surg, 48, 104, 10.1016/j.jvs.2008.02.068 Jahromi, 2005, Sensitivity and specificity of color duplex ultrasound measurement in the estimation of internal carotid artery stenosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis, J Vasc Surg, 41, 962, 10.1016/j.jvs.2005.02.044 Debrey, 2008, Diagnostic accuracy of magnetic resonance angiography for internal carotid artery disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis, Stroke, 39, 2237, 10.1161/STROKEAHA.107.509877 De Weert, 2009, Atherosclerotic plaque surface morphology in the carotid bifurcation assessed with multidetector computed tomography angiography, Stroke, 40, 1334, 10.1161/STROKEAHA.108.538439