VNU Journal of Science: Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences

Abstract: α-glucosidase enzyme is one of the important molecular targets in the treatment of diabetes. In addition, free radicals are the cause of insulin resistance, damage β- cell pancreatic, glucose uptake disorders and induced diabetes. In this study we evaluated the inhibitory effect of α-glucosidase enzyme and antioxidant effect by using DPPH free radical scavenging method of green coffee bean extract (Coffea canephora) and its fractions. Coffee beans were pulverized, extracted with ethanol 70% by sonications,  and fractionated with n-hexane, ethyl acetate (EtOAc) and n-butanol (n-BuOH) solvents. Our results showed that coffee bean extract has a strong α-glucosidase enzyme inhibitory activity, especially EtOAc fraction with an IC50 value of 2.21 ± 0.04 µg/mL. Furthermore, the coffee bean extract has an antioxidant effect by DPPH radical scavenging ability, and EtOAc fraction has the highest effect with an IC50 value of 25.69 ± 3.08 µg/ml. Our  results show that green coffee beans and EtOAc fraction have potential effect in preventing and supporting for the treatment of diabetes. Keywords Coffee; Coffea canephora; free radical; α-glucosidase; DPPH. References [1] Federation ID. IDF Diabetes Atlas 8th Edition (2017).[2] Wright Jr E, Scism‐Bacon J, Glass L. Oxidative stress in type 2 diabetes: the role of fasting and postprandial glycaemia. International journal of clinical practice 60(3) (2006) 308.[3] X. Chen. A review on coffee leaves: Phytochemicals, bioactivities and applications. Critical reviews in food science and nutrition 59(6) (2019) 1008.[4] Chu Y-F. Coffee: emerging health effects and disease prevention. John Wiley & Sons (2012).[5] N.T. Hai, D.K. Thu, B.T. Tung. Sarcandra glabra Extract Protects against Scopolamine Induced Cognitive Deficits by Modulating Neuroinflammation and the Cholinergic System. Current Enzyme Inhibition 14(3) (2018) 210.[6] B.T. Tung, D.K. Thu, P.T. Hai, N.T. Hai. Evaluation of α-glucosidase inhibitory activity of fractions from Punica granatum Linn fruits (in Vietnamese), Journal of Traditional Vietnamese Medicine and Pharmacy 5(18) (2018) 59.[7] S. Lenzen. The mechanisms of alloxan-and streptozotocin-induced diabetes. Diabetologia 51(2) (2008) 216.[8] K. Shapiro, W.C. Gong . Natural products used for diabetes. Journal of the American Pharmaceutical Association 42(2) (2002) 217.[9] O. Babova, A. Occhipinti, M.E. Maffei. Chemical partitioning and antioxidant capacity of green coffee (Coffea arabica and Coffea canephora) of different geographical origin. Phytochemistry 123 (2016) 33.[10] A. Priftis, D. Stagos, K. Konstantinopoulos, C. Tsitsimpikou, D.A. Spandidos, A.M. Tsatsakis, et al. Comparison of antioxidant activity between green and roasted coffee beans using molecular methods. Molecular medicine reports 12(5) (2015) 7293.[11] N. Liang, D.D. Kitts. Antioxidant property of coffee components: assessment of methods that define mechanisms of action. Molecules 19(11) (2014) 19180.[12] Vieira TMFdS. Potential antioxidant of brazilian coffee from the region of Cerrado. Food Science and Technology 38(3) (2018) 447.[13] S.D. Kim. α-Glucosidase inhibitor isolated from coffee. J Microbiol Biotechnol 25(2) (2015) 174.[14] Y. Zheng, K. Liu, G. Jia, H. Li, L. Han, Y. Kimura Effect of hot-water extract of coffee seeds on postprandial blood glucose concentration in rats. (2007).    

Rutin is a natural flavonoid that has many effects on human health and beauty. However, rutin has low solubility and bioavailability. Niosomes are drug delivery system that enhance drug permeation of drug through the skin. Aloe is widly used in cosmetic preparations due to its anti-aging, moisturizing and essential skin nutrients. Therefore, the aim of study is preparation of nano niosomes, loaded with rutin and aloe gel extraction (rutin-aloe niosomes) by thin film hydration method. Rutin niosomes was reduced size by ultrasonic method. The size and distribution of vesicles were determined by dynamic light scattering method.  Drug content in niosomal suspension was determined by UV-Vis absorption spectroscopy. The results showed that rutin-aloe niosomes were prepared by thin-film hydration method using Span 60, cholesterol and rutin in molar ratio of 7:3:4 using aloe gel extract as hydration solvent. Mixture of methanol-chloroform (volume ratio 1:1) was used as solvent for solution of membrane companents for evaporation. The manufactured rutin-aloe niosomes had size of about 160 nm, the entrapment efficiency was 95,57% and drug loading was 32,06%. Keywords Rutin, aloe, niosomes, nano, entrapment efficiency, drug loading. References [1] A. Ganeshpurkar, A.K. Saluja, The Pharmacological Potential of Rutin, Saudi pharmaceutical journal 2 (2017) 149-164. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsps.2016.04.025.[2] N.B. Mahale, P.D. Thakkar, Niosomes: novel sustained release nonionic stable vesicular systems—an overview, Advances in colloid and interface science 183 (2012) 46-54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cis.2012.08.002[3] V.B. Junyaprasert, P. Singhsa, Physicochemical properties and skin permeation of Span 60/Tween 60 niosomes of ellagic acid, International journal of pharmaceutics 2 (2012) 303-311. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpharm.2011.11.032.[4] A. Manosroi, P. Jantrawut et al, In vitro and in vivo skin anti-aging evaluation of gel containing niosomes loaded with a semi-purified fraction containing gallic acid from Terminalia chebula galls, Pharmaceutical biology 11 (2011) 1190-1203.https://doi.org/10.3109/13880209.2011.576347.[5] A. Surjushe, R. Vasani et al, Aloe vera: a short review, Indian journal of dermatology 4 (2008) 163 - 166. https://doi.org/10.4103/0019-5154.44785.[6] M. Takahashi, D. Kitamoto et al, Liposomes encapsulating Aloe vera leaf gel extract significantly enhance proliferation and collagen synthesis in human skin cell lines, Journal of oleo science 12 (2009) 643-650. https://doi.org/ 10.5650/jos.58.643.      

 This study develops a high performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection (HPLC-UV) for simultaneous quantification of hederacoside C and α-hederin in Hedera nepalensis K. Koch. The method proposed in this study was validated in terms of the analytical parameters such as high repeatability, high accuracy and good sensitivity. The method was used to determine the content of hederacoside C and α-hederin in Hedera nepalensis K. Koch, which had been collected in Ha Giang, Lao Cai and Lai Chau. The study results show that the content of hederacoside C and the content of α-hederin ranged from 0.40 to 4.01% and 0.21 – 0.54% based on absolute dry mass, respectively. Keywords Hedera nepalensis K. Koch, hederacoside C, α-hederin, HPLC-UV. References [1] L. Jafri, et al, In vitro assessment of antioxidant potential and determination of polyphenolic compounds of Hedera nepalensis K. Koch, Arabian Journal of Chemistry. 10 (2017) 3699-3706. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arabjc.2014.05.002.[2] S. Saleem, et al, Plants Fagonia cretica L, and Hedera nepalensis K. Koch contain natural compounds with potent dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitory activity, Journal of ethnopharmacology. 156 (2014) 26-32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2014.08.017[3] D.H. Bich, Medicinal plants and animals for medicine in Vietnam, Vol 1, Science and Technics Publishing House, Hanoi, 2006 (in Vietnamese).[4] National Institute Of Medicinal Materials, List of medicinal plants in Vietnam, Science and Technics Publishing House, Hanoi, 2016 (in Vietnamese).[5] L. Jafri, et al, Hedera nepalensis K. Koch: A Novel Source of Natural Cancer Chemopreventive and Anticancerous Compounds, Phytotherapy research. 30(3) (2016) 447-453. https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.5546. [6] S. Kanwal, et al, Antioxidant, antitumor activities and phytochemical investigation of Hedera nepalensis K. Koch, an important medicinal plant from Pakistan, Pakistan Journal of Botany. 43 (2011) 85-89. [7] G. Uddin, et al, Biological screening of ethyl acetate extract of Hedera nepalensis stem, African Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology. 6(42) (2012) 2934-2937. https://doi.org/10.5897/AJPP12.828 [8] H. Kizu, et al, Studies on Nepalese Crude Drugs, III, On the Saponins of Hedera nepalensis K. Koch, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 33(8) (1985) 3324-3329. https://doi.org/0.1248/cpb.33.3324[9] X. Tong, et al, Extraction and GC-MS Analysis of Volatile Oil from Hedera nepalensis var sinensis, Fine Chemicals. 24(6) (2007) 559-561. [10] EDQM, European Pharmacopoeia, fifth ed., Council of Europe, France, 2015. [11] N.T.H. Mai, et al, Simultaneous Quantification of Hederacoside C and α-Hederin from the Leaves of Hedera helix L. by HPLC, Journal of Medicinal Material. 21(6) (2016). (in Vietnamese).[12] L. Havlíková, et al, Rapid Determination of α-Hederin and Hederacoside C in Extracts of Hedera helix Leaves Available in the Czech Republic and Poland, Natural product communications. 10(9) (2015). https://doi.org/10.1177/1934578X1501000910[13] M. Yu, et al, Determination of Saponins and Flavonoids in Ivy Leaf Extracts Using HPLC-DAD, Journal of Chromatographic Science. 53(4) (2014) 478-483. https://doi.org/10.1093/chromsci/bmu068.[14] EMEA, Validation of analytical procedures: text and methodology Q2 (R1), in International conference on harmonization, Geneva, Switzerland, 2005. [15] W. Horwitz, Official methods of analysis, 12 ed., Vol 1, Association of Official Analytical Chemists, Washington DC, 1975.

This study aims to evaluate the antioxidant ability and α-glucosidase inhibitory activities of Codonopsisjavanica extract to elucidate its mechanism in the treatment of diabetes type 2. The roots of Codonopsisjavanica were extracted with ethanol solvents and fractionated with n-hexane, ethyl acetate and butanol solvents. The total extract and the fractions were evaluated for free radical scavenging by 2.2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl method and α-glucosidase inhibitory activity in vitro. The study results show that ethyl acetate fraction from Codonopsisjavanica roots had the strongest antioxidant activity with a value of IC50 of 80.6 ± 2.8 µg/mL and a strong α-glucosidase enzyme inhibitory activity with a value of IC50 of 80.4 ± 5 µg/mL. These data suggest that ethyl acetate fraction from Codonopsisjavanica roots may have potential for the prevention and treatment of diabetes type 2. Keywords Codonopsisjavanica, diabetes type 2, α-glucosidase, antioxidant ability, fraction. References [1] B.Y. Te. Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of type 2 diabetes, 2017.[2] U. Asmat, K. Abad, K. Ismail. Diabetes mellitus and oxidative stress-A concise review. Saudi pharmaceutical journal 24(5) (2016) 547.[3] D.K. Thu, V.M. Hung, N.T. Trang, B.T. Tung. Study on α-glucosidase enzyme inhibitory activity and DPPH free radical scavenging of green coffee bean extract (Coffea canephora). VNU Journal of Science: Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences 35(2) (2019).[4] C.Y. Li, H.X. Xu, Q.B. Han, T.S. Wu. Quality assessment of Radix Codonopsis by quantitative nuclear magnetic resonance. Journal of Chromatography A 1216(11) (2009) 2124.[5] S.M. Gao, J.S. Liu, M. Wang, T.T. Cao, Y.D. Qi, B.G. Zhang, et al. Traditional uses, phytochemistry, pharmacology and toxicology of Codonopsis: A review. Journal of ethnopharmacology 219((2018) 50.[6] T.T. Ha, H.V. Oanh, D.T. Ha. Chemical constituents of the n-butanol fractions from the roots of Vietnamese Codonopsis javanica (Blume) Hook.f. Journal of Pharmacy 56(4) (2016).[7] T.T. Ha, N.M. Khoi, N.T. Ha, N.V. Nghi, D.T. Ha. Chemical Constituents from Roots of Codonopsis javanica (Blume) Hook.f. Journal of Medicinal Materials 19((2014) 211.[8] B.T. Tung, D.K. Thu, N.T.K. Thu, N.T. Hai. Antioxidant and acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activities of ginger root (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) extract. Journal of Complementary and Integrative Medicine 14(4) (2017).[9] B.T. Tung, D.K. Thu, P.T. Hai, N.T. Hai. Evaluation of α-glucosidase inhibitory effects of Pomegranate fruit extracts (Punica granatum Linn). Journal of Traditional Vietnamese Medicine and Pharmacy 5(18) (2018) 59.[10] F. Moradi-Afrapoli, B. Asghari, S. Saeidnia, Y. Ajani, M. Mirjani, M. Malmir, et al. In vitro α-glucosidase inhibitory activity of phenolic constituents from aerial parts of Polygonum hyrcanicum. DARU Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 20(1) (2012) 37.[11] D.T. Bao. Free radicals. Journal of Pharmacy 6((2001) 29.[12] M. Carocho, I.C. Ferreira. A review on antioxidants, prooxidants and related controversy: natural and synthetic compounds, screening and analysis methodologies and future perspectives. Food and chemical toxicology 51((2013) 15.[13] National Institute of Medicinal Materials. Method for studying the pharmacological effects of herbal drugs. Science and Technology Publishing House, 2006.[14] J.W. Baynes. Role of oxidative stress in development of complications in diabetes. Diabetes 40(4) (1991) 405.[15] S.M. Jeon, S.Y. Kim, I.H. Kim, J.S. Go, H.R. Kim, J.Y. Jeong, et al. Antioxidant activities of processed Deoduck (Codonopsis lanceolata) extracts. Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition 42(6) (2013) 924.[16] C.S. Yoo, S.J. Kim. Methanol extract of Codonopsis pilosula inhibits inducible nitric oxide synthase and protein oxidation in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated raw cells. Tropical Journal of Pharmaceutical Research 12(5) (2013) 705.[17] J.Y.W. Chan, F.C. Lam, P.C. Leung, C.T. Che, K.P. Fung. Antihyperglycemic and antioxidative effects of a herbal formulation of Radix Astragali, Radix Codonopsis and Cortex Lycii in a mouse model of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Phytotherapy Research: An International Journal Devoted to Pharmacological and Toxicological Evaluation of Natural Product Derivatives 23(5) (2009) 658.[18] S. Kumar, S. Narwal, V. Kumar, O. Prakash. α-glucosidase inhibitors from plants: A natural approach to treat diabetes. Pharmacognosy reviews 5(9) (2011) 19.[19] K. Tadera, Y. Minami, K. Takamatsu, T. Matsuoka. Inhibition of α-glucosidase and α-amylase by flavonoids. Journal of nutritional science and vitaminology 52(2) (2006) 149.[20] C.W. Choi, Y.H. Choi, M.-R. Cha, D.S. Yoo, Y.S. Kim, G.H. Yon, et al. Yeast α-glucosidase inhibition by isoflavones from plants of Leguminosae as an in vitro alternative to acarbose. Journal of agricultural and food chemistry 58(18) (2010) 9988.[21] K. He, X. Li, X. Chen, X. Ye, J. Huang, Y. Jin, et al. Evaluation of antidiabetic potential of selected traditional Chinese medicines in STZ-induced diabetic mice. Journal of ethnopharmacology 137(3) (2011) 1135.[22] S.W. Jung, A.J. Han, H.J. Hong, M.G. Choung, K.S. Kim, S.H. Park. alpha-glucosidase inhibitors from the roots of Codonopsis lanceolata Trautv. Agricultural Chemistry and Biotechnology 49(4) (2006) 162.[23] R. Gupta, A.K. Sharma, M. Dobhal, M. Sharma, R. Gupta. Antidiabetic and antioxidant potential of β‐sitosterol in streptozotocin‐induced experimental hyperglycemia. Journal of diabetes 3(1) (2011) 29.[24] R. Khanra, N. Bhattacharjee, T.K. Dua, A. Nandy, A. Saha, J. Kalita, et al. Taraxerol, a pentacyclic triterpenoid, from Abroma augusta leaf attenuates diabetic nephropathy in type 2 diabetic rats. Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy 94((2017) 726.[25] A.I. Alagbonsi, T.M. Salman, H.M. Salahdeen, A.A. Alada. Effects of adenosine and caffeine on blood glucose levels in rats. Nigerian Journal of Experimental and Clinical Biosciences 4(2) (2016) 35.[26] A.M. Mahmoud, O.E. Hussein. Hesperidin as a promising anti-diabetic flavonoid: the underlying molecular mechanism. Int J Food Nutr Sci| Volume 3(3) (2014) 1.      

Panax L. is a small genus in the Araliaceae family. In Vietnam, this genus is distributed in the high mountains in the North and in some high mountains in the Central Highlands. In traditional medicine, roots and rhizomes of all Panax species are of high utility. Recently, the finding of new distributions of some Panax species in Vietnam has caused much controversy and confusion. This study investigates 27 fresh specimens of 6 taxa of Panax genus that have been collected from 6 provinces of Vietnam. Based on the combined ITS-rDNA and matK dataset, a well-resolved phylogeny of Panax species/varieties distributed in Vietnam was constructed. Thereby, the study suggests identifying Tam that la xe as Panax stipuleanatus H.T.Tsai et K.M.Feng and Sam puxailaileng as Panax vietnamensis var. fuscidiscus K.Komatsu, S.Zhu & S.Q.Cai, which contributes a new distribution point of this variety in Vietnam. The study also shows that ITS-rDNA and matK genes are highly potential in identifying and distinguishing the taxa of Panax genus. Keywords Panax, ginseng, molecular phylogeny, taxonomy, ITS-rDNA, matK. References [1] Xiang, Q.B. & Lowry, P.P. Araliaceae, In: Wu, C.Y., Rawen, P.H. & Hong (2007).[2] Nguyen Tap, The species of Panax L. in Vietnam, Journal of Medicinal Material, 10 (3) (2005) 71-76 (in Vietnamese).[3] Phan Ke Long, Le Thanh Son, Phan Ke Loc, Vu Dinh Duy and Pham Van The, Lai Chau ginseng Panax vietnamensis var. fuscidiscus K. Komatsu, S. Zhu & S.Q. Cai.I. morphology, ecology, distribution and conservation status, Proceedings of the 2nd VAST – KAST workshop on biodiversity and bio-active compounds, Hanoi- Vietnam, October 28th – 29th (2013), pp. 65-73, Publishing house for science and technology. [4] Nong Van Duy, Le Ngoc Trieu, Nguyen Duy Chinh & Van Tien Tran, A new variety of Panax (Araliace) from Lam Vien Plateau, Vietnam and its molecular evidence, J. Phytotaxa 277(1) (2016) 047-058. http://dx.doi.org/10. 11646/ phytotaxa.277.1.4[5] Tran Ngoc Lan et al., Results of study on Sam Puxailaileng in high moutain, Nghe An province, Nghe An journal of Science and Technology 12 (2016) 7-11 (in Vietnamese). [6] Do Huy Bich et al., Medicinal plant and animal in Vietnam, ep. II (2004), Science & Technic Pub. pp. 1255 (in Vietnamese).[7] X. Chen, B. Liao, J. Song, X. Pang, J. Han, S. Chen, A fast SNP identification and analysis of intraspecific variation in the medicinal Panax species based on DNA barcoding, Gene 530(1) (2013) 39-43. http://doi.org/10.1186/j.gene.2013.07.097[8] Jun Wen and Elizabeth A. Zimmer, Phylogeny and Biogeography of Panax L. (the Ginseng Genus, Araliaceae): Inferences from ITS Sequences of Nuclear Ribosomal DNA, Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 6(2) (1996) 167-177.[9] C. Lee, J. Wen, Phylogeny of Panax using chloroplast trnC–trnD intergenic region and the utility of trnC–trnD in interspecific studies of plants, Mol Phylogenet Evol 31(2004): 894-903, DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2003.10.009[10] Y. Zuo, Z. Chen, K. Kondo, T. Funamoto, J. Wen, S. Zhou, DNA barcoding of Panax species, Planta Med. 2011 Jan, 77(2) (2011):182-187. Doi: 0.1055/s-0030-1250166.[11] K. Komatsu, S. Zhu, S.Q. Cai, A new variety of the genus Panax from Southern Yunnan, China and its nucleotide sequences of 18S ribosomal RNA gene and matK gene, J. Jap. Bot 78(2) (2003) 86-94. [12] V. Manzanilla1, A. Kool, L. Nguyen Nhat, H. Nong Van, H. Le Thi Thu and H. J. de Boe, Phylogenomics and barcoding of Panax: toward the identification of ginseng species. BMC Evolutionary Biology (2018) 18-44. http://doi.org/10.1186/s12862-018-1160-y[13] Vu Huyen Trang, Hoang Dang Hieu, Chu Hoang Ha, Study on DNA barcode for identify Sam ngoc linh, National conference of biotechnology, Ep.2, (2013) 1100-1104.[14] Nguyen Thi Phuong Trang, Nguyen Thi Hong Mai, Zhuravlev Yury N, Reunova Galina D., rbcL and rpoB gene sequences of Panax vietnamensis var. fuscidiscus and Panax vietnamensis, the background for identification and comparison, Journal of Biology 39(1) (2016) 80-85. http://doi.org/10.15625/0866-7160/v39n1.7870[15] Phan Ke Long, Tran Thi Viet Thanh, Nguyen Thien Tao, Phan Ke Loc, Nguyen Tu Lenh, Nguyen Tien Lam, Dang Xuan Minh, Morphological and molecular characsteristics of Panax sp. (Araliaceae) from Phu Xai Lai Leng mountain, Nghe An province, Vietnam, Journal of Biology 36(4) (2014) 494-499. https://doi.org/ 10.15625/0866-7160/v36n4.5212[16] Phan Ke Long, Vu Dinh Duy, Phan Ke Loc, Nguyen Giang Son, Nguyen Thi Phuong Trang, Le Thi Mai Linh, Le Thanh Son, Phylogenetic relationships of the Panax samples collected in Lai Chau province based on matK and ITS-rDNA sequences, Journal of Biology 12(2) (2014) 327-337 (in Vietnamese).[17] Nguyen Thi Phuong Trang, Le Thanh Son, Nguyen Giang Son, Phan Ke Long, A new ginseng species Panax sp. (Araliaceae) in Vietnam, Journal of Pharmacology 10 (2011) 59-63. [18] Pham Thi Ngoc, Pham Thanh Huyen, Nguyen Quynh Nga, Nguyen Minh Khoi, Morphological characteristics of genus Panax L. (Araliaceae) in Vietnam, Journal of Medicinal Materials, 22(3) (2017) 315-322.      

This paper uses the model of experimental mouse liver damage with paracetamol to evaluate the liver protective effects of the methanol extract (Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott) (MCE). After 8 days, the hepatoprotective activities of MCE in mice (damaged by paracetamol) at doses of 500, 1,000 and 2,000 mg/kg/day proved effective as the AST enzyme content decreased by 6.98, 22.84 and 26.59%, respectively; and ALT decreased by 53.17, 56.46 and 57.93%, respectively. MCE at a dose of 1,000 mg/kg/day had a protective effect equivalent to that of silymarin (used in liver treatment) at a dose of 50 mg/kg/day and MCE at a dose of 2,000 mg/kg/day had better effect. Observation of the microscopic liver tissue cross section also revealed that the mice treated with MCE of C. esculenta at doses of 1,000 and 2,000 mg/kg/day showed significantly improvement in their liver tissues compared to the non-treated control group. Keywords: Colocasia esculenta, hepatoprotective, paracetamol. References [1] S. Shahani. Evaluation of hepatoprotective efficacy of APCL-A poly herbal formulation in vivo in rats, Indian Drugs. 36(1999) 628-631.[2] Y. Cui, X. Yang, X. Lu, J. Chen, Y. Zhao. Protective effects of polyphenols-enriched extract from Huangshan Maofeng green tea against CCl4-induced liver injury in mice, Chemico- Biological Interactions 220 (5) (2014) 75-83. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cbi.2014.06.018 [3] K.C. Choi, W.T. Chung, J.K. Kwon, J.Y. Yu, Y.S. Jang, S.M. Park, S.Y. Lee, J.C. Lee. Inhibitory effects of quercetin on aflatoxin B1 induced hepatic damage in mice, Food Chemical Toxicology, 48 (10) (2010) 2747-2753 . https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2010.07.001[4] E.S. Sabina, J. Samue, S.R. Ramya, S. Patel, N. Mandal, P. Preety, P.P. Mishra, M.K. Rasool. Hepatoprotective and antioxidant potential of Spirulina fusiformis on acetaminophen induced hepatotoxicity in mice, International Journal of Integrative Biology 6 (1) (2009) 1-5. http://ijib.classicrus.com/.../1501.pdf[5] Pham Hoang Ho. Vietnamese plants, episode III. Young Publishing House, (1999), pp. 353 (in Vietnamese).[6] C.O. Eleazu, M. Iroaganachi, K.C. Eleazu. Ameliorative potentials of cocoyam (Colocasia esculenta L.) and unripe plantain (Musa paradisiaca L.) on the relative tissue weights ofstreptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Journal of Diabetes Research, 197 (2013), https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/160964.[7] R.C. Cambie, L.R. Ferguson. Potential functional foods in the traditional Maori diet. Mutation Research Letters 523–524 (2003) 109-117. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0027-5107(02)00344-5[8] C.L. Abraham, K. Yoshinori, T. Masakuni, I. Hironori, O. Hirosuke, T. Hajime. Flavonoid glycosides in the shoot system of Okinawa Taumu (Colocasia esculenta S). Food Chemistry 119 (2010) 630- 635. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2009.07.004[9] P.J. Bouic, D. Etsebeth, R.W. Liebenberg, C.F. Albrecht, K. Pegel, J.P.P. Van. Beta sitosterol and beta sitosterol glycoside stimulate human peripheral blood lymphocyte proliferation: Implications for their use as an immunomodulatory vitamin combination. International Journal of Immuno-pharmacology 18 (12) (1996) 693-700. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0192-0561(97)85551-8.[10] Vo Van Chi. Dictionary of Vietnamese medicinal plants. Medical Publishing House (1997), pp. 871-873 (in Vietnamese).[11] Do Trung Dam. Method of determining drug toxicity. Medical Publishing House, Hanoi (2014), pp. 11-137 (in Vietnamese). [12] J.T. Litchfield, F. Wilcoxon. A simplified method of evaluating dose-effect experiments, Journal of Pharmcology and Experimental Therapeutics, 96 (2) (1949) 99-113. PMID: 18152921 [13] Doan Thi Nhu, Do Trung Dam, Pham Duy Mai. Method research of the pharmacological effect of drugs from medicinal herbs, Science and Technics Publishing House, Hanoi (2006), pp. 142 (in Vietnamese).[14] A. Godwin. Histochemical uses of haematoxylin - A Review. JPCS 1 (2011) 24-34. [15] Ho Thi Thanh Huyen, Thai Nguyen Hung Thu, Nguyen Thai An. Some results of plan microscopic studies and chemical composition of Bombax malabaricum DC., Bombacaceae, Proceeding Pharma Indochina VII, 10/2011, The 7th Indochina Conference on Pharmaceutical science, Bangkok, Thai Lan (2011) 270-274.[16] A.N. Chinonyelum, A.P. Uwadiegwu, O.C. Nwachukwu, O. Emmanuel. Evaluation of hepatoprotective activity of Colocasia esculenta (L. Schott) leaves on thioacetamide-induced hepatotoxicity in rats. Pakistan Journal Pharmaceutical Sciences, 28 (6S) (2015) 2237-2241. [17] O.F. Dayo, B.C. Eluke, E.O. Ukaejiofo, O.L. Olayinka, C.I. Johnpaul, O.A.K .Tajudeen, I. Chinwe, L.S. Adetona. Hepatoproactive and haematopoietic modulatory efficacy of leaf extract of Colocasia esculenta in Albino wistar rats. International Journal of Tropical Medicine 12 (3-6) (2017) 35-41. https://doi.org/3923/ijtmed.2017.35.41.          

Mục tiêu: Khảo sát kiến thức và tác động của tư vấn cách sử dụng thuốc điều trị đái tháo đường týp 2 có dạng bào chế đặc biệt tại khoa Nội tiết - Bệnh viện đa khoa khu vực (ĐKKV) Phúc Yên. Đối tượng và phương pháp nghiên cứu: Bệnh nhân được chỉ định sử dụng ít nhất một thuốc có dạng bào chế đặc biệt: Diamicron MR, Panfor SR, insulin dạng bút tiêm hoặc lọ tiêm trong thời gian từ 01/09/2016 - 15/01/2017. Kết quả: Trước khi có tư vấn, tỷ lệ bệnh nhân sử dụng đúng dạng bào chế chiếm tỷ lệ khoảng 50%. Sau khi có hoạt động tư vấn, tỷ lệ bệnh nhân sử dụng đúng các thuốc có dạng bào chế đặc biệt khoảng 90%. Kiến thức và cách sử dụng thuốc của bệnh nhân được cải thiện có ý nghĩa thống kê (p<0.05). Kết luận: Sau khi được tư vấn bởi dược sĩ lâm sàng, bệnh nhân đã thay đổi nhận thức, hiểu được ý nghĩa của việc sử dụng các thuốc uống có dạng bào chế đặc biệt và thực hiện đúng các bước tiêm thuốc insulin.

Abstract: Melanocortin-4 receptor (MC4R) plays an important role in regulating food intake and energy balance. A number of studies have revealed that variant rs17782313 is significantly associated with obesity in different populations. However, its role to obesity in the Vietnamese populations has not been identified. This study aims to evaluate the association of rs17782313 with anthropometric indices and obesity in a group of Vietnamese children. A case-control study was conducted on 559 children aged 6-11 years (278 obese cases and 281 normal controls). The nutrition status of the children was classified using both the criteria of the International Obesity Task Force 2000 and those of the World Health Organization 2007. The results show that in the normal group, the data of z score of weight for age was the highest in CC genotype group and was the lowest in TT genotype group (0.11 and -0.38, respectively, p=0.023). In the obese group, the waist hip ratio was the lowest in TT genotype group and the highest one was in CC genotype group (0.93 and 0.97 respectively, p=0.031). The study findings indicate that variant rs17782313 of MC4R is likely to have an impact on the changing of weight and central obesity in the Vietnamese children. Keywords: rs17782313, MC4R, obesity, anthropometric indices, Vietnamese children. References [1] C.H. Andreasen, G. Andersen, Gene - environment interactions and obesity - Further aspects of genome wide association studies, Nutrition 25(10), (2009), 998. [2] T. Fall, E. Ingelsson, Genome–wide association studies of obesity and metabolic syndrome, Mol Cell Endocrinol, 382(1), (2012), 740. [3] Y. Lu, R.J. Loos, Obesity genomics: assessing the transferability of susceptibility loci across diverse populations, Genome Med, 5(6), (2013), 55. [4] C. Cyrus, M.H. Ismail, S. Chathoth, et al., Analysis of the impact of common polymorphisms of the FTO and MC4R Genes with the risk of severe obesity in Saudi Arabian population, Genet Test Mol Biomarkers, 22(3), (2018), 170. [5] A.M. de Carvalho, P. Shao, H. Liu et al., The MC4R genotype is associated with postpartum weight reduction and glycemic changes among women with prior gestational diabetes: longitudinal analysis. Sci Rep 7(1), (2017), 9654. [6] N. Balthasar, L.T. Dalgaard, C.E. Lee et al., Divergence of melanocortin pathways in the control of food intake and energy expenditure. Cell, 123(3), (2005), 493. [7] R.D. Cone, Anatomy and regulation of the central melanocortin system, Nat Neurosci 8(5), (2005), 571. [8] J.F. Davis, D.L. Choi, J.D. Shurdak et al., Central melanocortins modulate mesocorticolimbic activity and food seeking behavior in the rat. Physiol Behav 102(5), (2011), 491. [9] V. Turcot, Y. Lu, H.M. Highland et al., Publisher Correction: Protein-altering variants associated with body mass index implicate pathways that control energy intake and expenditure in obesity. Nat Genet (2018). [10] C.M.M. Resende, D.F. Durso, K.B.G. Borges et al., The polymorphism rs17782313 near MC4R gene is related with anthropometric changes in women submitted to bariatric surgery over 60 months. Clin Nutr. 5614(17), (2017), 30179-6. [11] A.L. Hasselbalch, L. Angquist, L. Christiansen et al., A variant in the fat mass and obesity-associated gene (FTO) and variants near the melanocortin-4 receptor gene (MC4R) do not influence dietary intake, J Nutr. 140(4), (2010), 831. [12] S.F. Grant, J. P. Bradfield, H. Zhang H, et al., Investigation of the locus near MC4R with childhood obesity in Americans of European and African ancestry. Obesity (Silver Spring). 17(7), (2009), 1461. [13] L.T. Tuyet, B.T. Nhung, D.T.A. Dao, et al., The brain-derived neurotrophic factor val66met polymorphism, delivery method, birth weight, and night sleep duration as determinants of obesity in Vietnamese children of primary school age, Childhood Obesity, (2017), DOI: 10.1089/chi.2017.0007. [14] Lê Thị Tuyết, Trần Quang Bình, Bước đầu nghiên cứu đa hình nucleotide đơn MC4R-rs17782313 ở trẻ 5-6 tuổi Hà Nội bằng phương pháp PCR-RFLP, Tạp chí Khoa học Đại học Quốc gia Hà Nội, chuyên san KHTN và Công nghệ, 31 (3), (2015), 57. [15] R.J. Loos, C.M. Lindgren, S. Li, et al., Common variants near MC4R are associated with fat mass, weight and risk of obesity, Nat Genet. 40(6), (2008), 768. [16] W. Huang, Y. Sun, J. Sun, et al., Combined effects of FTO rs9939609 and MC4R rs17782313 on obesity and BMI in Chinese Han populations, Endocrine, 39(1), (2011), 69. [17] D. Lv, D.D. Zhang, H. Wang, et al., Genetic variations in SEC16B, MC4R, MAP2K5 and KCTD15 were associated with childhood obesity and interacted with dietary behaviors in Chinese school-age population, Gene, 560(2), 2015, 149. [18] L. Tao, Z. Zhang, Z. Chen, et al., A Common variant near the melanocortin 4 receptor is associated with low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and total cholesterol in the Chinese Han population, Mol Biol Rep, 39(6), (2012), 6487. [19] J. Wang, H. Mei, W. Chen et al., Study of eight GWAS-identified common variants for association with obesity-related indices in Chinese children at puberty, Int J Obes (Lond) 36(4), (2012), 542.

Microfluidics is an emerging and promising interdisciplinary technology which offers powerful platforms for precise production of novel functional materials (e.g., emulsion droplets, microcapsules, and nanoparticles as drug delivery vehicles) as well as high-throughput analyses (e.g., bioassays and diagnostics). Microfluidics has recently appeared as a new method of manufacturing nanostructures, which allows for reproducible mixing in miliseconds on the nanoliter scale. This review first describes the fundamentals of microfluidics and then introduces the recent advances in making nanostructures for pharmaceutical applications including nano liposomes, polymer nanoparticles and nano polymerosomes. Keywords  Microfluidics, drug nanocarrier, nano liposomes, polymer nanoparticles, polymerosomes. References [1] Nguyễn Thanh Hải, Bùi Thanh Tùng, Phạm Thị Minh Huệ, Phỏng sinh học trong y dược học – Hướng nghiên cứu cần đẩy mạnh, Tạp chí Khoa học ĐHQGHN, Khoa học Y Dược. 33(1) (2017) 1-4. https://doi.org/10.25073/2588-1132/vnumps.4070.[2] Plug & Play Microfluidics. http://www.elveflow.com (truy cập ngày 05/08/2017).[3] L.Capretto, D. Carugo, S. Mazzitelli et al., Microfluidic and lab-on-a-chip preparation routes for organic nanoparticles and vesicular systems fornanomedicine applications, Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews. 65(11–12) (2013) 1496-1532. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addr.2013.08.002.[4] Renolds number. https://neutrium.net/fluid_flow/reynolds-number/ (truy cập ngày 05/08/2017).[5] G.T. Vladisavljević et al., Industrial lab-on-a-chip: Design, applications and scale-up for drug discovery and delivery, Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews. 65(11–12) (2013) 1626-1663.[6] J.C. McDonald and G.M. Whitesides. Poly (dimethylsiloxane) as a Material for Fabricating Microfluidic Devices, Accounts of Chemical Research. 35 (2002) 491–499.[7] K. Ren, J. Zhou, H. Wu, Materials for Microfluidic Chip Fabrication, Accounts of chemical research. 46 (11) (2013) 2396–2406.[8] Y.Chen, L. Zang, G. Chen. Fabrication, modification, and application of poly (methyl methacrylate) microfluidic chips, Electrophoresis. 29 (2008) 1801–1814.[9] Y.P. Patil, S. Jadhav. Novel methods for liposome preparation, Chemistry and Physics of Lipids. 177 (2014) 8-18. [10] B. Yu et al. Microfluidic Methods for Production of Liposomes, Methods in Enzymology. 465 (2009) 129-141.[11] D.B.Weibel and G.M.Whitesides. Applications of microfluidics in chemical biology, Current Opinion in Chemical Biology. 10(6) (2006) 584-591.[12] Trần Thị Hải Yến. Liposome - hệ vận chuyển thuốc tiên tiến trong công nghệ dược phẩm, Tạp chí dược và thông tin thuốc. 4(4) (2013) 146-152.[13] T.M. Allen, P.R.Cullis. Liposomal drug delivery systems: From concept to clinical applications, Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews. 65(1) (2012) 36-48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addr.2012.09.037.[14] D. Carugo, E. Botaro, J. Owen et al., Liposome production by microfluidics: potential and limiting factors, Nature Scientific Reports. 6(1) (2016) 25876. [15] S. Joshi, T.H. Mariam, B.R. Carla et al., Microfluidics based manufacture of liposomes simultaneously entrapping hydrophilic and lipophilic drugs, International Journal of Pharmaceutics. 514(1) (2016) 160-168. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpharm.2016.09.027.[16] D.M. Dykxhoorn and J.Lieberman. Knocking down disease with siRNAs, Cell, 126 (2006) 231–235.[17] J. Kurreck. Antisense technologies. Improvement through novel chemical modifications, Eur. J. Biochem, 270 (2003) 1628–1644.[18] C.G. Koh, X. Zhang, S. Liu et al. Delivery of antisense oligodeoxyribonucleotide lipopolyplex nanoparticles assembled by microfluidic hydrodynamic focusing, Journal of Controlled Release. 141 (2009) 62–69.[19] Trần Thị Hải Yến, Vũ Thị Hương, Phạm Thị Minh Huệ, Bào chế liposome indomethacin bằng phương pháp vi dòng chảy, Tạp chí Dược và Thông tin thuốc. 7(4-5) (2016) 36-40.[20] K.M.El-Say and H.S. El-Sawy. Polymeric nanoparticles: Promising platform for drug delivery, International Journal of Pharmaceutics. 528(1–2) (2017) 675-691.[21] A. Kumari, S.K. Yadav, S.C. Yadav et al., Biodegradable polymeric nanoparticles based drug delivery systems, Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces. 75(1) (2010) 1–18.[22] I.C. Crucho, M.T. Barros. Polymeric nanoparticles: A study on the preparation variables and characterization methods, Materials Science and Engineering. 80 (2017) 771-784. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2017.06.004[23] Phạm Thị Minh Huệ, Nguyễn Thanh Hải. Liposome, phytosome- Phỏng sinh học trong bào chế, nhà xuất bản Đại học Quốc gia Hà Nội, 2017.[24] T. Baby, L. Yun, P.J. Midleberg et.al., Fundamental studies on throughput capacities of hydrodynamic flow-focusing microfluidics for producing monodisperse polymer nanoparticles, Chemical Engineering Science. 169 (2017) 128-139. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ces.2017.04.046Get rights and content.[25] H.K. Makadia and S.J. Siegel. Poly Lactic-co-Glycolic Acid (PLGA) as Biodegradable Controlled Drug Delivery Carrier, Polymers, 3, (2011) 1377-1397.[26] P. Baipaywad, N. Venkatesan, B.V. Betavegi. Size-Controlled Synthesis, Characterization, and Cytotoxicity Study of Monodisperse Poly(dimethylsiloxane) Nanoparticles', Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry. 53 (2017) 177-182. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiec.2017.04.023.[27] R.Ran, Q. Sun, T. Baby et al., Multiphase microfluidic synthesis of micro- and nanostructures. for pharmaceutical applications, Chemical Engineering Science. 169 (2017) 78-96. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ces.2017.01.008.[28] J.Sun, Y. Xiangnuy, M. Li et al., A microfluidic origami chip for synthesis of functionalized polymeric nanoparticles, Nanoscale. 5 (2013) 5262–5265.[29] R. Karnik, F. Gu, P. Basto et al., Microfluidic platform for controlled synthesis of polymeric Nanoparticles, Nano Lett. 8 (2008) 2906–2912.[30] M.Rhee, P.M. Valencia, M.I. Rodrigues et.al. Synthesis of size-tunable polymeric nanoparticles enabled by 3D hydrodynamic flow focusing in single-layer microchannels, Adv. Mater. 23 (2011) H79–H83.[31] J.M. Lim, N. Bertrand, P.M. Valencia et.al., Parallel microfluidic synthesis of size-tunable polymeric nanoparticles using 3D flow focusing towards in vivo study, Nanomedicine: Nanotechnology, Biology and Medicine. 10 (2014) 401–409.[32] M.Mohammadi, R. 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Abstract: 3D-nano-cellulose networks (3DNC) material has various applications in the biomedical fields and advanced drug delivery systems. 3DNC materials produced from Acetobacter xylinum in standard medium (3DNC-STM), coconut medium (3DNC-COM) and rice medium (3DNC-RIM) were loaded with famotidine by absorption method to obtain famotidine-containing 3DNC to investigate the in vivo bioavailability. The results show that famotidine-loaded M3NCs could produce prolonged release drug delivery, where the extended release time of famotidine-loaded 3DNC-STM and famotidine-loaded 3DNC-COM was higher than famotidine-loaded 3DNC-RIM. The in vivo bioavailability of famotidine-loaded 3DNC-STM was 172%, famotidine-loaded 3DNC-COM was 159%, and famotidine-loaded 3DNC-RIM was 131% compared with the commercial famotidine tablet. Famotidine-loaded 3DNC materials increased the famotidine’s bioavailability in comparison with the commercial famotidine tablet. Keywords: Acetobacter xylinum, in vivo bioavailability, famotidine, prolonged release, 3D-nano-cellulose networks (3DNC). References: [1] X. Zhu, X. Qi, Z. Wu, Z. Zhang, J. Xing, X. Li, Preparation of multiple-unit floating-bioadhesive cooperative minitablets for improving the oral bioavailability of famotidine in rats, Drug Delivery 21 (2014) 459. [2] Lê Thị Phương Thảo, Lê Vĩnh Bảo, Nguyễn Thiện Hải, Nghiên cứu xây dựng công thức và bào chế viên nén famotidine 40 mg, Tạp chí Y học TP. HCM 18 (2014) 72. [3] M. Badshah, H. Ullah, S. A. Khan, J. K. Park, T. Khan, Preparation, characterization and in-vitro evaluation of bacterial cellulose matrices for oral drug delivery, Cellulose 24 (2017) 5041. [4] L. Huang, X. Chen, X. T. Nguyen, H. Tang, L. Zhang, G. Yang, Nano-cellulose 3D-networks as controlled-release drug carriers, Journal of Materials Chemistry B (Materials for biology and medicine) 1 (2013) 2976. [5] B. K. Satishbabu, R. Shurtinag, V. R. Sandeep, Formulation and evaluation of floating drug delivery system of famotidine”, Indian J. Pharm. Sci 72 (2010) 738. [6] M. Anraku, A. Hiraga, D. Iohara, J. D. Pipkin, K. Uekama, Slow-release of famotidine from tables consisting of chitosan/sulfobutyl ether β-cyclodextrin composites, Int. J. Pharm 487 (2015) 142. [7] F. M. Maday, K. A. Khaled, K. Yamasaki, D. Iohara, K. Taguchi, M. Anraku, M. Otagiri, Evaluation of carboxymethyl-beta-cyclodextrin with acid function: improvement of chemical stability, oral bioavailability and bitter taste of famotidine, Int. J. Pharm 397 (2010) 1. [8] R. H. Fahmy, M. A. Kassem, Enhancement of famotidine dissolutionrate through liquisolid tablets formulation: In vitro and In vivo evaluation, Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm 69 (2008) 993. [9] S. Hestrin, M. Schramm, Synthesis of cellulose by Acetobacter xylinum (2. Preparation of freeze-dried cells capable of polymerizing glucose to cellulose), Biochem J. 58 (1954) 345. 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